Uma gestão ambiental adequada poderá estabelecer mecanismos práticos para uma eficiente preservação ambiental. A necessidade de construir um caminho que resulte na perspectiva de apontar à efetiva instrumentalização dos princípios da prevenção e da precaução em Direito Ambiental é de extrema relevância e urgência devido à sua função no meio ambiente, já que, em última análise, vem ao encontro a uma política de gerenciamento de riscos, aplicada em situações que apresentam um grau considerável de incerteza científica, ou até mesmo quando previsível a ação danosa. Impõe-se, pois, a necessidade de atuação direcionada para evitar ou prevenir risco potencial. O objetivo principal do presente estudo é destacar a Auditoria Ambiental como instrumento do princípio da prevenção, já que tal discussão fomenta apenas a elaboração de conceitos teóricos amplamente discutidos em academias e em congressos ambientais, sem que, contudo, tenha logrado êxito na aplicabilidade efetiva em empresas, para conter a degradação ora em andamento. Fundamental a consolidação da tese de que a Auditoria Ambiental tornou-se importante ferramenta no sistema de gestão, sendo indispensável seu estudo como instrumento ativo pró-ambiente, vez que, se aplicada como ferramenta de gestão ambiental nas empresas, seja de forma voluntária ou compulsória, possa gerar subsídios, visando ajustar a variável ambiental em conformidade com as políticas de proteção do meio ambiente. Em contrapartida, a implantação da Auditoria Ambiental contribuirá diretamente para uma ação preventiva, por excelência, com vistas à prevenção da desenfreada depredação ambiental, ora em curso no planeta. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-20T20:30:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alencar Joao Dallagnol.pdf: 797086 bytes, checksum: 9847d1753204e107f0f03b3c05344e64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T20:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alencar Joao Dallagnol.pdf: 797086 bytes, checksum: 9847d1753204e107f0f03b3c05344e64 (MD5) / A proper environmental management can establish practical mechanisms for efficient environmental preservation. The need to build a road that leads to the prospect of pointing the effective exploitation of the principles of prevention and care in Environmental Law is of extreme importance and urgent due to their role in the environment because, ultimately, is this line with the a risk management policy, implemented in situations involving a considerable degree of scientific uncertainty, or even when is predictable the harmful action. It is therefore the need for a targeted action to avoid or prevent the potential risk. The main objective of this study is to highlight the Environmental Audit as a tool of the precautionary principle, because this discussion only encourages the development of theoretical concepts discussed extensively at colleges and conferences on environmental, without, however, has achieved success in effective applicability in companies, to halt the degradation now in progress. Essential a consolidation of this thesis that the Environmental Audit has become an important tool in the management system and its study is an essential active proenvironment, because, if applied as a tool for environmental management in the companies, either voluntary or compulsory, would create subsidies, aimed at adjusting the environmental variable in accordance with the policies of environmental protection. However, the deployment of the Environmental Audit contributes directly to a preventive action, for excellence, with a view to preventing the rampant environmental destruction, now underway in the world.

Uma gestão ambiental adequada poderá estabelecer mecanismos práticos para uma eficiente preservação ambiental. A necessidade de construir um caminho que resulte na perspectiva de apontar à efetiva instrumentalização dos princípios da prevenção e da precaução em Direito Ambiental é de extrema relevância e urgência devido à sua função no meio ambiente, já que, em última análise, vem ao encontro a uma política de gerenciamento de riscos, aplicada em situações que apresentam um grau considerável de incerteza científica, ou até mesmo quando previsível a ação danosa. Impõe-se, pois, a necessidade de atuação direcionada para evitar ou prevenir risco potencial. O objetivo principal do presente estudo é destacar a Auditoria Ambiental como instrumento do princípio da prevenção, já que tal discussão fomenta apenas a elaboração de conceitos teóricos amplamente discutidos em academias e em congressos ambientais, sem que, contudo, tenha logrado êxito na aplicabilidade efetiva em empresas, para conter a degradação ora em andamento. Fundamental a consolidação da tese de que a Auditoria Ambiental tornou-se importante ferramenta no sistema de gestão, sendo indispensável seu estudo como instrumento ativo pró-ambiente, vez que, se aplicada como ferramenta de gestão ambiental nas empresas, seja de forma voluntária ou compulsória, possa gerar subsídios, visando ajustar a variável ambiental em conformidade com as políticas de proteção do meio ambiente. Em contrapartida, a implantação da Auditoria Ambiental contribuirá diretamente para uma ação preventiva, por excelência, com vistas à prevenção da desenfreada depredação ambiental, ora em curso no planeta. / A proper environmental management can establish practical mechanisms for efficient environmental preservation. The need to build a road that leads to the prospect of pointing the effective exploitation of the principles of prevention and care in Environmental Law is of extreme importance and urgent due to their role in the environment because, ultimately, is this line with the a risk management policy, implemented in situations involving a considerable degree of scientific uncertainty, or even when is predictable the harmful action. It is therefore the need for a targeted action to avoid or prevent the potential risk. The main objective of this study is to highlight the Environmental Audit as a tool of the precautionary principle, because this discussion only encourages the development of theoretical concepts discussed extensively at colleges and conferences on environmental, without, however, has achieved success in effective applicability in companies, to halt the degradation now in progress. Essential a consolidation of this thesis that the Environmental Audit has become an important tool in the management system and its study is an essential active proenvironment, because, if applied as a tool for environmental management in the companies, either voluntary or compulsory, would create subsidies, aimed at adjusting the environmental variable in accordance with the policies of environmental protection. However, the deployment of the Environmental Audit contributes directly to a preventive action, for excellence, with a view to preventing the rampant environmental destruction, now underway in the world.

The thesis is a comparative legal analysis of environmental principles in environmental law. Environmental principles are novel concepts in environmental law and they have a high profile in environmental law scholarship. This high profile is promoted by two factors – the high hopes that environmental law scholars have for environmental principles, and the increasing prevalence of environmental principles in legal systems, particularly in case law. This thesis analyses the latter, mapping doctrinal developments involving environmental principles in two jurisdictions and court systems – the courts of the European Union and the New South Wales Land and Environment Court. This doctrinal mapping has both narrow and broad aims. Narrowly, it identifies the legal roles in fact taken on by environmental principles within legal systems. Broadly, and building on this assessment, it responds to scholarly hopes that environmental principles (can) perform a range of significant roles in environmental law, including solving both environmental problems and legal problems in environmental law scholarship. These hopes are based on assumptions about environmental principles that have methodological weaknesses, including that environmental principles are universal and that they fit pre-existing models of ‘legal principles’ drawn from other areas of legal scholarship. The thesis exposes these methodological problems and concludes that environmental principles are not panaceas for pressing and perceived problems in environmental law. It does this by showing that the legal roles of environmental principles, which are significant in environmental law and its current evolution, can only be understood by closely analysing the legal cultures in which they feature. This is a conclusion for environmental law scholarship generally – while environmental issues and problems may be urgent and often global, legal analysis of the law that applies to those problems requires close engagement with legal systems and cultures, as they are and as they develop.

It is common-cause that South Africa can be regarded as a country that is rich in diversity of natural resources. Moreover, it is generally accepted that South Africa has the best legislation with regard to the regulation of the environment in various fields such as water, air, biodiversity and waste management. However, there is to date, no specific legislation regulating renewable energy in South Africa. As a result of the high unemployment rate, poverty and the rural population not having adequate access to electricity, these communities depend heavily on the traditional use of biomass, which refers to the direct combustion of wood, charcoal, leaves, agricultural residue, and animal/human waste for their basic energy needs, which include cooking, drying and charcoal production. The traditional use of biomass results in a host of detrimental side-effects such as environmental degradation and negative social impacts. The latter necessitates that the use of renewable energy sources will need to be regulated in terms of law and policy reflective of section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South-Africa, 1996. In terms of section 24 of the Constitution, the State must establish and implement reasonable legislative measures to promote sustainable development and the sustainable use of natural resources while providing for the protection of the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. It is immediately evident that the legislative measures mandated by section 24 of the Constitution should be geared towards the facilitation of environmental protection. Falling within the ambit of such legislative measures is framework legislation. An example of framework legislation is the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (the NEMA). In this dissertation an overview of the concept of framework legislation will be provided with specific reference to the NEMA and its role as such in South African environmental law. This will be followed by an analysis of existing South African renewable energy policy documents, during which norms and/or principles common to these documents will be identified. The question subsequently arises: What should be included in framework legislation aimed at regulating renewable energy in South Africa? These identified norms will be proposed as the general basic norms which should be included in renewable energy framework legislation aimed at regulating the supply of renewable energy in South Africa. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

It is common-cause that South Africa can be regarded as a country that is rich in diversity of natural resources. Moreover, it is generally accepted that South Africa has the best legislation with regard to the regulation of the environment in various fields such as water, air, biodiversity and waste management. However, there is to date, no specific legislation regulating renewable energy in South Africa. As a result of the high unemployment rate, poverty and the rural population not having adequate access to electricity, these communities depend heavily on the traditional use of biomass, which refers to the direct combustion of wood, charcoal, leaves, agricultural residue, and animal/human waste for their basic energy needs, which include cooking, drying and charcoal production. The traditional use of biomass results in a host of detrimental side-effects such as environmental degradation and negative social impacts. The latter necessitates that the use of renewable energy sources will need to be regulated in terms of law and policy reflective of section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South-Africa, 1996. In terms of section 24 of the Constitution, the State must establish and implement reasonable legislative measures to promote sustainable development and the sustainable use of natural resources while providing for the protection of the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. It is immediately evident that the legislative measures mandated by section 24 of the Constitution should be geared towards the facilitation of environmental protection. Falling within the ambit of such legislative measures is framework legislation. An example of framework legislation is the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (the NEMA). In this dissertation an overview of the concept of framework legislation will be provided with specific reference to the NEMA and its role as such in South African environmental law. This will be followed by an analysis of existing South African renewable energy policy documents, during which norms and/or principles common to these documents will be identified. The question subsequently arises: What should be included in framework legislation aimed at regulating renewable energy in South Africa? These identified norms will be proposed as the general basic norms which should be included in renewable energy framework legislation aimed at regulating the supply of renewable energy in South Africa. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

O presente estudo enfoca o trabalho penoso e as consequências nocivas à saúde dos trabalhadores que exercem atividades penosas, com evidência na reparação social dos danos e com fundamento nos princípios ambientais. Analisam-se o trabalho na sociedade atual, o processo de organização do trabalho, a globalização da economia, a precarização das relações de trabalho e os impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores. Os princípios ambientais são estudados, bem como todo o arcabouço constitucional e legal de proteção ao direito à saúde no trabalho. Efetua-se o debate acerca do papel da sociedade civil, das entidades sindicais, dos empregadores, bem como dos poderes públicos, na fiscalização do meio ambiente de trabalho e na prevenção de doenças e acidentes do trabalho. A responsabilidade do empregador é examinada à luz da doutrina e da jurisprudência predominante nos nossos Tribunais. Realiza-se o estudo de doutrina sobre medicina do trabalho, em especial de ergonomia, psicologia do trabalho, bem como de textos de filosofia e sociologia do trabalho, economia e administração de empresas, para a caracterização da penosidade. Por fim, são debatidas formas de reparação dos danos, descartando-se a via da monetização do risco. Propõe-se a revogação de legislação em vigor, para que nova normatização efetivamente imponha aos responsáveis pelos danos causados aos trabalhadores, os empregadores que exigem tarefas ou condições de trabalho no limite do risco proibido, o dever de arcar com as despesas da reparação, de ressarcimento dos benefícios que serão gastos pelos cofres públicos. / This study approaches the unsafe or overly strenuous labor practises and its nocuous effects on workers health, especially the compensation of the social harms based on the environmental principles. An analysis of the work in the current society is undertaken, along with that of the work organization process, of the economic globalization, of the deterioration of the working conditions and the impacts on the workers health. The environmental principles are addressed, as well as the entire occupational health protection legal framework, along with the debate regarding the roles of society, trade unions, employers, as well as the role of the government on investigating the work environment and preventing labor accidents and diseases. The employers responsibility is examined, according to the prevailing doctrine and cases. There are the doctrine studies regarding occupational medicine, especially ergonomics, occupational psychology; including the study of texts relating to labor philosophy and sociology, economy and business management, in order to distinguish the laboriousness. Lastly, there is the discussion about the compensation of the damages, excluding the commodification of the risk. The proposition repeals the current act, in order for the new statute to effectively hold the employers accountable for the damages caused to the employees, through the burden of bearing the costs of the reparation, as well as the reimbursement of the expenses incurred by the Treasury.

Diante das discussões polêmicas acerca das alterações propostas para o Código Florestal Brasileiro (CFB) e das consequências danosas que elas podem trazer para o futuro da humanidade e do planeta, pensou-se em observar se a Ética Ambiental estaria sendo levada em conta diante dessas propostas de alteração, já que ela surgiu da necessidade de se discutir uma ética com relação ao meio ambiente, partindo da preocupação e da sensibilidade ecológica como reação a uma mentalidade predatória da natureza. O Código Florestal Brasileiro é um dos mais rigorosos do planeta. Surgido como iniciativa à proteção ambiental, agora é alvo de muitas polêmicas ocasionadas pela Proposta ao Substitutivo de Lei N 1876/99, de autoria do deputado Aldo Rebelo. Diante da crise ambiental ocasionada pela difusão da globalização e do crescimento populacional, bem como crescimento consumista, faz-se necessário uma análise dessas propostas dentro da visão da recente Ética Ambiental, que tem como objeto de estudo a relação sustentável entre o homem e o meio ambiente. As questões enfrentadas neste trabalho necessitaram de um enfoque ético reflexivo e do uso de referenciais, que dessem suporte à base teórica necessária para a pesquisa, possibilitando a formação do pensamento crítico e de uma possível conscientização da necessidade da preservação e uso consciente dos recursos naturais. / Given the controversial discussions about the proposed changes to the Brazilian Forest Code (CFB) and the harmful consequences that they can bring to the future of humanity and the planet, it was thought to observe the environmental ethics would be taken into account before these proposals change, since it arose from the need to discuss ethics with regard to the environment, based on the concern and the ecological sensitivity in response to a mentality predatory nature. The Brazilian Forest Code is one of the strictest in the world. Emerged as an initiative for environmental protection, is now the target of many controversies occasioned by the Proposed Substitute Bill No. 1876/99, by Deputy Aldo Rebelo. Given the environmental crisis caused by the spread of globalization and population growth as well as growing consumerism, it is necessary to examine these proposals within view of the recent Environmental Ethics, which has as its object of study the sustainable relationship between man and the environment . The issues addressed in this work required a reflective ethical approach and the use of benchmarks, which would support the theoretical basis needed for research, enabling the formation of critical thinking and a possible awareness of the need for preservation and wise use of natural resources.

O presente estudo enfoca o trabalho penoso e as consequências nocivas à saúde dos trabalhadores que exercem atividades penosas, com evidência na reparação social dos danos e com fundamento nos princípios ambientais. Analisam-se o trabalho na sociedade atual, o processo de organização do trabalho, a globalização da economia, a precarização das relações de trabalho e os impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores. Os princípios ambientais são estudados, bem como todo o arcabouço constitucional e legal de proteção ao direito à saúde no trabalho. Efetua-se o debate acerca do papel da sociedade civil, das entidades sindicais, dos empregadores, bem como dos poderes públicos, na fiscalização do meio ambiente de trabalho e na prevenção de doenças e acidentes do trabalho. A responsabilidade do empregador é examinada à luz da doutrina e da jurisprudência predominante nos nossos Tribunais. Realiza-se o estudo de doutrina sobre medicina do trabalho, em especial de ergonomia, psicologia do trabalho, bem como de textos de filosofia e sociologia do trabalho, economia e administração de empresas, para a caracterização da penosidade. Por fim, são debatidas formas de reparação dos danos, descartando-se a via da monetização do risco. Propõe-se a revogação de legislação em vigor, para que nova normatização efetivamente imponha aos responsáveis pelos danos causados aos trabalhadores, os empregadores que exigem tarefas ou condições de trabalho no limite do risco proibido, o dever de arcar com as despesas da reparação, de ressarcimento dos benefícios que serão gastos pelos cofres públicos. / This study approaches the unsafe or overly strenuous labor practises and its nocuous effects on workers health, especially the compensation of the social harms based on the environmental principles. An analysis of the work in the current society is undertaken, along with that of the work organization process, of the economic globalization, of the deterioration of the working conditions and the impacts on the workers health. The environmental principles are addressed, as well as the entire occupational health protection legal framework, along with the debate regarding the roles of society, trade unions, employers, as well as the role of the government on investigating the work environment and preventing labor accidents and diseases. The employers responsibility is examined, according to the prevailing doctrine and cases. There are the doctrine studies regarding occupational medicine, especially ergonomics, occupational psychology; including the study of texts relating to labor philosophy and sociology, economy and business management, in order to distinguish the laboriousness. Lastly, there is the discussion about the compensation of the damages, excluding the commodification of the risk. The proposition repeals the current act, in order for the new statute to effectively hold the employers accountable for the damages caused to the employees, through the burden of bearing the costs of the reparation, as well as the reimbursement of the expenses incurred by the Treasury.

Significant environmental impacts such as climate change, reduction in biodiversity, increasing food scarcity, impacts on water supply and availability, and exacerbation of human health problems are occurring and are expected to increase. Despite these environmental challenges the teaching of California’s environmental literacy standards, the California Environmental Principles and Concepts (CA EP&Cs), in the K-12 public education system is infrequent and inadequate. The purpose of this study was to use a mixed methods approach to examine relationships between environmental identity (EI), personal environmental education teacher efficacy (PEETE), and peak stage of concern (SOC) for implementing CA EP&Cs for K-12 in-service teachers participating in regional 3-year California Environmental Literacy Projects (CELP). In the last year of CELP, a survey was given to 72 of the participating teachers to probe their EI, PEETE, and peak SOC for implementing CA EP&Cs. Eighteen months after the conclusion of CELP, five participating teachers engaged in a follow-up interview providing further insight about the relationships between EI, PEETE, and peak SOC for implementing CA EP&Cs. The findings from quantitative analysis of the survey and the qualitative analysis of the follow-up interviews indicate that participating teachers had high levels of EI and PEETE, and that there is a moderately large correlation between EI and PEETE within the sample of teachers surveyed. These high levels of EI and PEETE did not translate into impact level peak SOC in the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) for most teachers. This finding demonstrates that environmental literacy professional development providers, site and district administrators, and teachers will have to overcome significant challenges to be able to increase the environmental literacy for students in California’s educational system. For environmental literacy professional development providers, it is suggested to surface teachers’ individual challenges to implementing CA EP&Cs and provide explicit recommendations to overcome these challenges. For district and site administrators, it is suggested that the CA EP&Cs be prioritized as important standards that are taught, and that student access to outdoor field experiences be valued and funded. For teachers, it is suggested to prioritize the teaching of CA EP&Cs and to integrate environmental literacy into the teaching of the various content areas where appropriate. Further details and additional suggestions are outlined in this research study.

Environmental justice, a new but rapidly developing concept in international environmental law, arose in the United States of America during the Environmental Justice Movement of the late 1970s and 1980s. It starkly highlighted injustices faced by people of colour and low-income communities as regards racially skewed environmental legal protection and allocation of environmental risks. The movement radically changed the meaning of ‘environment’ from its conventional green overtones to include issues of social justice at the core of environmental thinking. I critically examine the concept of environmental justice in the Kenyan context by highlighting the injustices, and the formulation and application of laws and policies that significantly impact on environmental regulation and equitable distribution of social services. / Private Law / LL. M.