Introduction: Haematological malignancies (HMs) are a rare and diverse group of malignancies accounting for 9% of cancers globally. These group of malignancies differ by age, sex, subtypes, morphology and geography. The burden and the patterns of diversity of HMs is poorly understood in low and middle-income countries including Kenya. Aim: To analyse the time trends of incidence of haematological malignancies in Kenya by broad subtypes from 2000–2013 and to compare differences in trends of HMs between Nairobi and Uasin Gishu counties for the period 2007-2013. Methods: A retrospective study including all HMs for all ages and sex diagnosed in the period of 2000-2013. Information used was from two population based cancer registries; Eldoret and Nairobi cancer registry. Crude incidence rates were directly standardized with the world population to obtain the age-standardized rates (ASR). Sex rate ratios (SRR) and incident rate ratios (IRR) were then calculated to compare the number of excess cases between sexes and counties. Ms Excel and STATA13 software were used to conduct a time trend analysis of haematological malignancies by broad subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), myeloma and leukaemia. Using the estimated annual percentage change (APC), increase or decrease in trends of HMs was determined. Results: In Kenya, the mean age at diagnosis for all HMs was 32 years. NHL was the most commonly diagnosed HM in Kenya accounting for 43.6% of the cases. The main basis of diagnosis for NHL and HL cases was by cytology while for myeloma and leukaemia was by histology. A male excess was noted in the NHL, myeloma and leukaemia cases with an exemption of a female excess in the HL cases. Trends in incidence of HMs in Kenya increased by 9.8% with the myeloma subtype contributing greatly to the observed increase. By counties, Uasin Gishu county reported a higher number of HM cases per 100000 than Nairobi county (Uasin Gishu-97.6 per 100000 and Nairobi-69.9 per 100000). On the contrary, Nairobi marked a higher increase in trends of HMs than Uasin Gishu county. Conclusion: Trends of haematological malignancies are increasing in Kenya and special attention needs to be given to these under-reported group of malignancies. Finally, this study does support the dire need for a national cancer registry in the country.

Background: According to the WHO, in 2019, of the 384,000 deaths due to malaria globally, Uganda has accounted for 5% of total deaths. This study aims to estimate the fraction of severe malaria cases, and socio-demographic characteristics associated with severe malaria among children aged 0–59 months who are positive for malaria in Uganda. Methods: This is a population based cross sectional study conducted among 1627 children aged  0-59 months who were positive for malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test. Data for this analysis was extracted from Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey 2019. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the prevalence of severe malaria and its association with different background characteristics. The study was conducted using SPSS software version 27. Results: The prevalence of severe malaria symptoms was in 11.7% of included children. Multivariate logistic regression revealed significantly increased odds for children aged 12-23 months (aOR: 2.0;95% CI: 1.3 – 3.3)  and 24 – 35 (aOR: 1.93;95% CI: 1.2 – 3.1) months, children living in urban settings (aOR: 4.9;95% CI: 2.2 – 10.7) , and children belonging to the middle (aOR: 1.9;95% CI: 1.3 – 2.9)  wealth quantile also had significantly higher odds of having one or more symptoms of severe malaria Conclusion: Ages 12–35 months, living in urban areas, and belonging in the middle wealth quantile were significantly associated with increased odds of having one or more symptoms of severe malaria. The results of which suggest a need for malaria intervention policies to address the needs of younger children and urban communities in Uganda.

The aim of this study was to investigate how professionals in nature-based interventions work to promote mental health. The study focused on how professionals find that nature-based interventions are a complement to the traditional therapy for preventing mental illness and promoting mental health. It also addresses what challenges exist in maintaining   of nature-based interventions. Methods: This is a qualitative, inductive study where semi-structured interviews were used. The interviews with five professionals were recorded to facilitate transcription and after that a systematic thematic analysis was started to find patterns and codes in the respondents' answers. The results from this study showed the importance of having both preventive and promotional interventions and that the activities performed are meaningful. Gardening, nature and animalassisted therapy were central activities. It is a stress-free environment, focusing on the  individual in the group. The challenges for the businesses are lack of support from society and traditional health care. Many people have been helped by nature-based interventions as a  complement to traditional therapy.  Conclusion: Mental health is an important issue to tackle and therefore supplementary treatment is needed. Nature-based interventions are needed as a complement to traditional therapy to prevent mental illness and promote mental health. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom naturbaserade interventioner arbetar för att främja den psykiska hälsan. Undersökningen fokuserar på hur yrkesverksamma upplever att naturbaserade interventioner är ett komplement till den traditionella terapin för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa och främja psykisk hälsa. Ett annat syfte med studien var att undersöka vilka utmaningar som finns med upprätthållandet av naturbaserade interventioner. Metod: Detta är en kvalitativ, induktiv studie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Fem yrkesverksamma intervjuades och intervjuerna spelades in för att underlätta vid transkriberingen. Efter transkriberingen inleddes en systematisk tematisk analys för att hitta mönster och koder i respondenternas svar.  Resultatet från denna studien visar att det är viktigt med både förebyggande och främjande interventioner och att aktiviteterna som utförs är meningsfulla. Trädgårdsarbete, vistelse i naturen och djurterapi var centrala delar av interventionen. Det är en stressfri miljö som deltagarna befinner sig i, med fokus på individen i gruppen. Traditionell terapi behövs också och därför är naturbaserade interventioner ett bra komplement till den traditionella terapin. Alla aktiviteter är grundade i evidensbaserad forskning och det är en relativt billig verksamhet. Utmaningar med upprätthållandet av verksamheterna är svårigheten med att få finansiellt stöd. Andra utmaningarna för verksamheterna är brist på stöd från samhället och den traditionella terapin. Deltagarna har ofta hamnat i existentiella dilemman där de tvivlar på sig själva och här kan den gröna vården gå in och hjälpa till. Det är ingen intervention som passar alla, men väldigt många har blivit hjälpta.  Slutsats: Naturen kan ses som en stresslindrande faktor för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa och främja psykisk hälsa och är därför betydelsefull för folkhälsan. Naturbaserade interventioner behöver implementeras som ett komplement till traditionell terapi för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa och främja psykisk hälsa.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka Verkställande direktörers (Vd) föreställningar om Ansvarsfullt ledarskap och deras uppfattningar om socialt ansvar för intressenternas hälsa. Semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes bland ett ändamålsenligt urval av tio Vd:ar från företag som representerar olika sektorer. Innehållsanalys utfördes för att identifiera mönster och kategorier i data. Fyra kategorier identifierades i data. De intervjuade Vd:arnas föreställning om rollen som ansvarig ledare var att bidra, inkludera, skapa en gemenskap och struktur. Deras förståelse för CSR och intressenters hälsa och välbefinnande var i stor utsträckning begränsad till sin egen organisation (interna intressenter). Även om de kunde se att deras aktiviteter påverkat andra intressenter, så var det inte deras första prioritet. / The purpose of this thesis was to investigate CEO´s understanding of Responsible Leadership and their perceptions of Social Responsibility for stakeholders health. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were carried out among a purposive sample of ten CEO´s representing a variety of sectors. Content analysis was conducted to identify patterns and categories in the data.  Four categories were identified in the data. The interviewed CEO´s perceptions of the role of responsible leader were to contribute, inclusiveness, create a community and structure. Their understanding of CSR and stakeholder´s health and well-being was largely limited to their own organization (internal stakeholders). Although they could see that their activities affected other stakeholders, it was not their first priority.

Sammanfattning   I september 2015 beslutade världens länder att en plan för att uppnå hållbarhet skulle antas. Denna plan döptes till Agenda 2030 och består av 17 mål och 169 delmål som ska uppnås till år 2030.   Denna uppsats som du håller i din hand undersöker hur kommunerna i Gävleborgs län arbetar med implementeringen av Agendan samt hur uppföljningsprocessen går till hos respektive kommun. Uppsatsen tar även upp Länsstyrelsen Gävleborgs roll i det hela då de har fått i uppdrag av regeringen att implementera Agenda 2030 i Gävleborgs län. Uppsatsen tar upp de stöd Länsstyrelsen erbjuder till kommunerna runt om i länet för att Agendans mål kan uppnås av kommunerna, men den tar även upp vilket stöd kommunerna efterfrågar av Länsstyrelsen Gävleborg. Uppsatsen ger även en översikt över hur det går för kommunerna i länet och vilken fas de ligger i just nu. Studien lyfter även vikten av att följa upp under arbetets gång vilket kunde ses var en av svagheterna i arbetet med Agenda 21 och milleniemålen, där rutinen om uppföljning inte fanns.   Detta är en kvalitativ empirisk studie med semi-strukturerade frågor. I studien intervjuades fem personer som representerade sex av länets 10 kommuner. Därefter användes en tematisk analys för att sortera ut svaren som besvarar studiens syfte.

The aim of this study is to examine different local actors and workplaces to find out what they are doing to reduce the use of plastic. Four interviews were conducted to find out how they are working to reduce plastic in their workplaces and if the informants were aware of the impact that plastic has on the environment and on human health. The results show that the awareness of the informants has increased, and they are acting to reduce plastic at the workplace. The customers are informed by the informants at the workplace of the actors work to reduce their use of plastic. The public can participate in events hosted by the county where they can come and see what is being done for the environment, human health and the reducing of plastic in nature. Therefor it is very important that the county, local shops and the population are cooperating to ensure a plastic free environment and better health for the people.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the educators' perceptions of school breakfast in order to create a basis for future evaluation. Method: A meaningful selection was made where information-rich people were contacted with the request for an interview. The study used an inductive perspective in order to describe the educators’ perceptions of school breakfast and its effects. Six semi- structured interviews were conducted with educators at a school where school breakfast is served. Using a conventional content analysis, the manifest meaning was developed. Result: The study's results showed an overall positive attitude of school breakfast where the educators conveyed positive effects on the students. Conclusion: School breakfast is an input that can facilitate the work that is expected to be executed at the school by both students and educators. It contributes to a calmer environment in the classrooms where students more easily can focus on their schoolwork. But, in order to make the conditions as good as possible, collaboration should be prioritized in the process of implementation. School breakfast is a multi-facetted input that has the potential to contribute to positive effect in multiple ways depending on the need. For some students it becomes a way to interact and expand their social capital. At the same time, it can contribute so that other students more easily can focus in class, due to the environment being calmer.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the department manager’s experiences of how open-plan offices affect employees' psychosocial health and how they can affect the psychosocial health of employees' in open-plan offices. The method had a qualitative approach and consisted of semi-structured interviews. The sample involved four department heads who worked at government agencies in a medium- sized city in central Sweden whose employees worked in open-plan office spaces. The study interview material was analyzed by a thematic analysis method. The main result indicated primarily that the department managers perceived the open-plan offices as socially reinforcing, a factor that promotes employees' psychosocial health. However, the department managers felt that open-plan offices may have a negative impact on employees' psychosocial health through disruptive elements. These disturbances were mainly caused by noise levels that often occurred in these office design spaces. The conclusion is that the open-plan offices strengthened the psychosocial health of the employees through proximity and collaboration. However, employees often experienced high noise levels in the open-plan offices, which negatively affected their ability to concentrate. Department managers considered themselves able to influence this issue by using behavioral guidelines to reduce noise levels in the open-plan offices. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka avdelningschefers upplevelser av hur öppna kontorslandskap påverkar medarbetarnas psykosociala hälsa samt hur de kan påverka den psykosociala hälsan bland medarbetare i öppna kontorslandskap. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ och bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet innehöll fyra avdelningschefer som arbetade på statliga myndigheter i en medelstor stad i Mellansverige vars medarbetare arbetade i öppna kontorslandskap. Studiens intervjumaterial analyserades genom tematisk analysmetod. Huvudresultatet visade främst att avdelningscheferna upplevde det öppna kontorslandskapet som socialt stärkande, en faktor som främjar medarbetarnas psykosociala hälsa. Avdelningscheferna upplevde dock att öppna kontorslandskap kan påverka medarbetarnas psykosociala hälsa negativt genom störmoment. Dessa störmoment var framför allt höga ljudnivåer som ofta uppstod i kontoren. Slutsatsen indikerar att det öppna kontorslandskapet stärkte medarbetarnas psykosociala hälsa genom närhet och samverkan. Dock upplevde medarbetarna ofta höga ljudnivåer i det öppna kontorslandskapet, något som påverkade deras koncentrationsförmåga negativt. Avdelningscheferna ansågs sig kunna hantera problemet genom att forma förhållningsregler om beteenden för att reducera ljudnivån i det öppna kontorslandskapet.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur invånare i en medelstor kommun i Sverige uppfattar hur miljö, klimat och hälsa är länkade till varandra. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ metod använts och genomförts med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Fem respondenter, tre kvinnor och två män, valdes ut med ett ändamålsenligt urval och intervjuerna kom att variera i tid och plats. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades sedan i en innehållsanalys. Fyra kategorier framträdde ur resultatet: Uppfattningar av hälsa på individ- och samhällsnivå, uppfattningar om länken mellan klimat, miljö och hälsa, attityder rörande global miljöförändring och miljövänligt beteende.  Respondenterna i studien upplevde att det finns en koppling mellan miljö, klimat och människors hälsa men de upplevde att kopplingen är både vag och svår att beskriva. Respondenterna upplevde att konsekvenserna som klimatförändringarna orsakar är otydliga. Ingen av personerna i studien kände sig hotade av de rådande klimatförändringarna. Samtliga respondenter kunde redogöra för sin medvetenhet och vilja att vara miljömedveten, de hade också en föreställning om att vilja och medvetenhet inte automatiskt skapar miljövänligt beteende. Något som upplevdes som ett stort hinder för miljövänliga beteenden är det ekonomiska systemet. Det lyftes en önskan om att åtgärderna skall gå från individ till samhällsnivå. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how residents in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden perceive how the environment, climate and health are linked. To investigate this, a qualitative study was carried out through semi-structured interviews. Five respondents, three women and two men, were selected through a purposive sampling and the interviews varied in time and place. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis.  Four categories emerged from the results: Perceptions of health at the individual and community level, perceptions about the link between climate, environment and health, attitudes regarding global environmental change and environmentally friendly behavior. The respondents in the study perceived that there is a link between environment, climate and human health, but that the link is both vague and difficult to describe. The respondents perceived that the consequences of climate change are unclear. None of the people in the study felt threatened by the climate change. All respondents were able to account for their awareness and desire to be environmentally conscious. In addition, respondents had a notion that awareness did not immediately turn into an environmentally friendly behavior.  A major obstacle to environmentally friendly behavior was, according to the respondents, the economic system. They wished that environmental measures would go from individual to the community level.

ABSTRACT Background Water is an essential requirement for the survival and development of people. It is estimated that 435 million people get their drinking water from unprotected wells worldwide. Water scarcity and chemical or biological aspects in water have been revealed, which can negatively affect health. This study aims to explore individuals’ experiences in drinking water with non-public water, hence individual wells. A further aim of the study is to explore authorities’ perspectives for implementing safe drinking water (SDGs 6) in Swedish coastal and rural areas.     Method In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were implemented to explore the experiences of 17 individual well owners and 4 authorities in non-public water use in Sweden. A thematic analysis was conducted to analyse the collected data.     Findings There were three main findings in the study: Firstly, concerns about water scarcity and water quality, mostly from families with children. Secondly, there was a feeling of exclusion among individuals due to lack of support from authorities and thirdly, a gap between existing assessment guidelines and the practices of individuals in terms of follow-up and benchmarking of the National health guidelines.   Conclusion The experiences of the individual well owners in Stockholm had some concerns due to water quality, the understanding, and implementation of the guidelines to safe drinking water. The authorities also highlighted the need for sustainable strategies. It concluded that multi-disciplinary approaches, communication, and community participation are necessary for a sustainable water strategy. These must be addressed globally as climate change impacts water supply and has a massive effect on rural and coastal areas. / <p>_{<em>We never know the worth of water till the well is dry (Thomas Fuller)</em>}</p> / The project “Evaluation of individual wells and systems”