<p>Lung cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in the world; however it is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of the lung cancer cases. The current strategies to treat NSCLC patients with frequent causal genetic mutations is through targeted therapeutics. Approximately 10-35% of NSCLC patient tumors have activated mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) resulting in uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The standard-of care for such patients is EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), a class of targeted therapeutics that specifically inhibit EGFR activity. One such EGFR-TKI used in this study is erlotinib. Following erlotinib treatment, tumors rapidly regress at first; however, over 50% of patients develop erlotinib resistance within a year post treatment. Development of resistance remains to be the major challenge in treatment of NSCLC using EGFR-TKIs such as erlotinib. </p> <p>In approximately 60% of cases, acquired erlotinib resistance in patients is attributed to a secondary mutation in EGFR, whereas in about 20% of cases, activation of alternative signaling pathways is the reported mechanism. For the remaining 15-20% of <a>cases</a> the mechanism of resistance remains unknown. Therefore, it can be speculated that the common methods used to identify genetic mutations in tumors post erlotinib treatment, such as histologic analysis and genetic screening may fail to identify alterations in epigenetic mediators of erlotinib resistance, also including microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally negatively regulate their target transcripts. Hence, in this study two comprehensive screens were simultaneously conducted in erlotinib sensitive cells: 1) a genome-wide knock-out screen, conducted with the hypothesis that loss of function of certain genes drive erlotinib resistance, 2) a miRNA overexpression screen, conducted with the hypothesis that certain miRNAs drive the development of erlotinib resistance when overexpressed. The overreaching goal of the study was to identify novel drivers of erlotinib resistance such as microRNAs or other epigenetic factors in NSCLC.</p><p>The findings of this study led to the identification of a tumor suppressive protein and an epigenetic regulator, SUV420H2 (KMT5C) that has never been reported to be involved in erlotinib resistance. On the other hand, the miRNA overexpression screen identified five miRNAs that contribute to erlotinib resistance that were extensively analyzed using multiple bioinformatic tools. It was predicted that the miRNAs mediate erlotinib resistance via multiple pathways, owing to the ability of each miRNA to target multiple transcripts via partial complementarity. Importantly, a correlation between the two screens was identified clearly supporting the use of two simultaneous screens as a reliable technique to determine highly significant miRNA-target interactions. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that epigenetic factors, such as histone modifiers and miRNAs function as critical mediators of erlotinib resistance, possibly belonging to the 15-20% of NSCLC cases with unidentified mechanisms involved in erlotinib resistance.</p><p></p>

Mammals have two orthologs, Mll and Trx2, for the Drososphila protein Trithorax (TRX), which is the founding member of the trithorax group (TrxG) of epigenetic regulators. TrxG proteins are characterized by an evolutionary conserved SET domain. A major function of all SET domain- containing proteins is to modulate gene activity, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Apparently TRX, Mll and Trx2 are histone H3 lysine 4 specific methyltransferases. So far all evidence points to roles in expression of specific target genes. However, target genes and function of the epigenetic regulator Trx2 were still unknown. Homozygous trx2 mutant embryos arrest in development because of severe and widespread defects {Glaser, 2005 #296}. Thus mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells carrying a null mutation of trx2 were used as an alternative model system to address the implication of Trx2 in differentiation. This study showed that Trx2 is redundant for ES cell self-renewal. Homozygous trx2 knockout ES cells did not exhibit cell cycle defects. However, loss of Trx2 resulted in reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis rates in trx2-/- ES cells. Due to the fact that differentiation requires an appropriate rate of population growth, trx2-/- cells were affected adversely upon in vitro differentiation. Neurogeneic differentiation of trx2 mutant cells generated fewer mature neurons than wild type cells. Moreover a temporal delay in the developmental progression to differentiation became apparent. Cardiac differentiation of trx2-/- cells confirmed the developmental defect and temporal delay. Notably differentiation of trx2-/- cells was merely delayed or impaired but it was not absent, implying that Trx2 is not required for gene expression programs specific for neurons or cardiac myocytes. We propose that differentiation of trx2-/- ES cells is impaired because apoptosis is disturbing differentiation. Apart from analyzing the phenotype of trx2 mutant cells, this work was focused on the identification of Trx2 target genes. Oligonucleotide expression arrays were used to identify genes whose expression levels were affected by the absence of Trx2. In general, loss of Trx2 function resulted in more genes with decreased than increased expression levels. This is consistent with the hypothesis that Trx2 functions as a transcriptional activator. Comparison of gene expression profiles for constitutive and conditional trx2 mutant cells enabled a distinction between direct and indirect target genes for Trx2. As a result Magoh2 was identified as the key candidate target gene for Trx2. Interaction between Trx2 and Magoh2 suggested a potential regulatory role for Trx2 in alternative splicing. Furthermore this work provided evidence that Trx2 could be involved in the maintenance of CpG island promoter gene expression, thus providing a potent regulatory mechanism for ubiquitously expressed genes.

This PhD thesis is focused on the synthesis of DNA modified with photocleavable 2- nitrobenzyl protecting groups in major groove and its applications in the regulation of gene expression in the level of transcription. In the first part of my thesis, the synthesis of photocaged 2'-deoxyribonucleosides triphosphates and their photolysis to unprotected 5-hydroxymethylated nucleotides is described. All prepared nucleoside triphosphates were good substrates for their enzymatic incorporation into DNA. Synthesized 5-(2-nitrobenzyloxy)methyl-2'-deoxyuridine-5'- monophosphate (dUNBMP) and DNA with one 5-(2-nitrobenzyloxy)methyl- modification in the sequence were used for the detailed kinetic studies of photocleavage reactions. In the second part of the thesis, the series of modified DNAs with specific sequences were prepared by primer extension (PEX) and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A cleavage of prepared modified DNAs was studied by selected restriction endonucleases (REs). In all cases, the nitrobenzylated DNA fully resist the cleavage by REs. The deprotection/ photocleavage conditions for nitrobenzylated DNA were studied in the case of DNAs with positive restriction endonuclease digestion of hydroxymethylated DNA. The resulting photocleaved DNA was fully digested by REs, therefore 2-nitrobenzyl...

Les principaux objectifs de cette étude, une des premières menée au Liban, étaient d’acquérir une meilleure connaissance des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules atmosphériques fines (PF ou PM₂.₅₋₀.₃) et ultrafines (PUF ou PM₀.₃), et d’évaluer in vitro, leur potentiel toxique sur des cellules épithéliales bronchiques humaines (BEAS-2B). L’échantillonnage de PF et de PUF a été mené au Liban à la fois sur un site urbain (Sin El-Fil, du 18 mai au 2 sept. 2011) et un site rural (Beije, du 5 sept. au 28 oct. 2011). Les PF et les PUF ont fait l’objet d’une caractérisation physico-chimique par la détermination de leur composition en éléments et ions inorganiques, carbone total et composés organiques. Ensuite, des échantillons composites de PF et de PUF ont été préparés afin d’exposer les cellules BEAS-2B et évaluer les mécanismes toxiques sous-jacents. Nos résultats ont montré une influence des sources de combustion plus notable pour les particules collectées sur le site urbain, et cela par la présence de carbone total, de composés organiques, de métaux et d’ions inorganiques secondaires à des niveaux de concentration supérieurs à ceux rencontrés sur le site rural. D’autre part, une cytotoxicité plus prononcée a été provoquée par les PUF par comparaison aux PF. Les mécanismes de génotoxicité et de modifications épigénétiques que nous avons étudiés, à savoir l’activation métabolique des composés organiques, la modification de l’expression de trois microARNs, l’activation de la télomérase et l’induction de cassures au niveau de l’ADN, ont été induits par les deux échantillons de PF, avec un effet plus prononcé pour les particules d’origine urbaine. L’exposition des cellules BEAS-2B aux PF collectées, notamment celles d’origine urbaine, pourraient donc favoriser la transformation des cellules pulmonaires en cellules immortelles, et par conséquent, l’initiation ou la promotion de la cancérogenèse broncho-pulmonaire. / The objectives of this study, one of the first conducted in Lebanon, were to acquire a better knowledge on the physico-chemical characteristics of atmospheric fine particles (FP or PM₂.₅₋₀.₃) and ultrafine ones (UFP or PM₀.₃), and to assess their potential toxicity. Particles were collected at two coastal sites between may and sept. 2011 at Sin El-Fil (urban site in Greater Beirut), and between sept. and oct. 2011 at Bejje (rural site). After sampling, FP and UFP were subjected to a physico-chemical characterization by quantifying their inorganic ions and elements, total carbon and organic compounds contents. Then, composite samples of FP and UFP were prepared in order to expose bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) in culture, and therefore to assess the underlying toxic mechanisms. Our results showed an influence of combustion sources especially for urban particles that are richer in total carbon, organic compounds, metals and secondary inorganic ions than rural ones. On the other hand, a more pronounced cytotoxicity was caused by UFP when compared to FP. In addition, epigenetic modifications and genotoxicity mechanisms, such as metabolic activation of organic compounds, changes in three microRNAs expression, telomerase activation and DNA breaks induction, which are potentially involved in the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis, were induced by the two samples of FP, with a more pronounced effect of urban particles. Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to collected FP, especially urban ones, may therefore induce the transformation of lung cells to immortal cells, and consequently the initiation or the promotion of broncho-pulmonary carcinogenesis.

Récemment reconnus comme cancérogènes certains pour l'homme par l’IARC, la pollution atmosphérique et les particules fines (PM₂.₅) peuvent être inhalées et pourraient être retenues au niveau pulmonaire ou passer dans la circulation systémique. Ceci peut causer ou renforcer de nombreuses pathologies auxquelles les personnes âgées sont souvent plus sensibles. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une démarche d’identification des processus impliqués dans la modulation du potentiel cancérogène des PM₂.₅, en lien avec l’âge ou le statut tabagique. Les particules ont été collectées à Dunkerque, agglomération présentant des influences maritimes mais également caractérisée par des activités industrielles et un trafic automobile importants. Pour évaluer l'influence de l'âge, des lymphocytes sanguins prélevés chez 90 patients issus de trois classes d'âge (25-30, 50-55 et 75-80 ans) ont été exposés ex vivo à des PM₂.₅ d’origine urbaine. Les lymphocytes isolés ont été exposés aux PM₂.₅ pendant 72 heures, avant de mesurer l'activité télomérase et la modulation d'expression de gènes tels que P16INK4A et MGMT. Les PM₂.₅ entraînent des variations de l'activité télomérase et de la longueur des télomères dans toutes les tranches d'âge indifféremment. L’expression du gène P16INK4A est significativement augmentée avec l'âge après exposition aux PM₂.₅. L'âge augmenterait l'expression du gène MGMT après exposition aux particules, en diminuant le niveau de méthylation de son promoteur uniquement dans le groupe des patients les plus âgés. Concernant le rôle du statut tabagique, 26 lavages broncho-alvéolaires ont été réalisés chez des patients fumeurs et non-fumeurs. Les macrophages issus de ces prélèvements ont été mis en culture avec des cellules épithéliales bronchiques BEAS-2B, avant exposition aux PM₂.₅ (3 et 15 µg/cm², 72 h). L’activité télomérase et la longueur des télomères varient après exposition aux PM2.5 et le statut tabagique modifie ces paramètres dans les cellules BEAS-2B et les macrophages alvéolaires. La méthylation des promoteurs et l’expression des gènes P16INK4A et MGMT ne sont pas modifiées dans les cellules BEAS-2B, alors que dans les macrophages alvéolaires les particules induisent l’expression de ces gènes par une diminution de la méthylation de leurs promoteurs. Le statut tabagique fumeur semble au contraire accroître la méthylation et limite l’expression de ces deux gènes. En conclusion, il apparaît que l’échantillon de PM₂.₅ étudié peut induire ex vivo plusieurs lésions décrites dans les étapes d’initiation et de promotion de la cancérogenèse broncho-pulmonaire. L’âge et le tabagisme sont susceptibles de moduler les effets toxiques des particules. Alors que les symptômes du cancer du poumon apparaissent seulement à une étape avancée de la maladie, nos résultats pourraient aider à la découverte de nouveaux marqueurs de diagnostic précoce permettant ainsi d’améliorer la survie. / Recently recognized as carcinogenic to human by IARC, air pollution and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) can be inhaled and could be retained into the lung or reach the systemic circulation. This can cause or worsen many diseases for which the elderly are often more sensitive. The PhD objective corresponds to the identification of the mechanisms of action involved in the modulation of carcinogenic potential of PM₂.₅, in connection with age or smoking status. PM₂.₅ were collected in Dunkerque, a French seaside city characterized by important industrial activities and heavy motor vehicle traffic. In order to estimate the influence of age, blood lymphocytes sampled from 90 patients from age classes (25-30, 50-55 and 75-80 years old) were ex vivo exposed to PM₂.₅ during 72 hours, before evaluation of telomerase activity and gene expression modulation of P16INK4A and MGMT. PM₂.₅ modulated telomerase activity and telomeres length in all age groups without any influence of age. P16INK4A gene expression increased significantly with age after exposure to PM₂.₅. Age could enhance MGMT gene expression after exposure to particles by decreasing the level of promoter methylation in the oldest group. Regarding the role of smoking status, 26 broncho-alveolar lavage were performed in smoker and non-smoker people. Macrophages were cultured with bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells before PM₂.₅ exposure (3 or 15µg/cm²; 72h). The telomerase activity and telomere length vary after exposure and the tobacco modify these parameters in BEAS-2B cells and alveolar macrophages. Methylation of P16INK4A and MGMT genes promoters and their expression are not modified in BEAS-2B cells. In alveolar macrophages, particles lead to a decrease of methylation of P16INK4A gene promoter. The smoking status seems also to increase methylation and to down-regulate expression of these two genes. In conclusion, it seems that the studied PM₂.₅ sample can induce ex vivo modifications described in the initiation and promotion of lung carcinogenesis. The age and smoking status may modulate the toxic effects of particles. Since lung cancer symptoms appear only at an advanced stage, our results could help in proposing new biomarkers of carcinogenesis allowing an early diagnosis to improve survival.

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are lung tissue-resident macrophages that can be expanded in culture, but it is unknown to what extent culture affects their in vivo identity. Here we show that mouse long-term ex vivo expanded AMs (exAMs) maintained a core AM gene expression program, but showed culture adaptations related to adhesion, metabolism and proliferation. Upon transplantation into the lung, exAMs reacquired full transcriptional and epigenetic AM identity, even after several months in culture and could self-maintain long-term in the alveolar niche. Changes in open chromatin regions observed in culture were fully reversible in transplanted exAMs and resulted in a gene expression profile indistinguishable from resident AMs. Our results indicate that long-term proliferation of AMs in culture did not compromise cellular identity in vivo. The robustness of exAM identity provides new opportunities for mechanistic analysis and highlights the therapeutic potential of exAMs.

Les cancers du sein triple-négatifs (CSTN) présentent un taux élevé de récidive dû à la résistance aux chimiothérapies. Les adaptations du métabolisme cellulaire dans les CSTN contribuent à la résistance thérapeutique. Des changements du métabolisme de la glycolyse ou des acides aminés, peuvent permettre aux cellules de CSTN de s’adaptent rapidement en situation de stress. Toutefois, de nouvelles vulnérabilités peuvent être exposées chez les cellules du CSTN au cours de ces adaptations métaboliques. La méthyltransférase Enhancer of Zest Homologe 2 (EZH2) est connue pour son rôle dans l’identité cellulaire et la régulation de l’expression génique. Récemment, il a été montré qu’EZH2 joue un rôle dans la reprogrammation cellulaire des CSTN et contribue au développement de la résistance à la chimiothérapie. Mais les implications de cette reprogrammation sur le métabolisme des cellules CSTN, ne sont pas encore clairement identifiées. Ce projet a pour but d’étudier si les modifications épigénétiques résultant de l’activité d’EZH2 contribuent à la régulation du métabolisme cellulaire et permet les adaptations métaboliques dans les CSTN. Dans cette étude, nous utilisons les molécules UNC1999 et EPZ-4638, deux inhibiteurs sélectifs de l’activité enzymatique d’EZH2. Par des approches génomiques, transcriptomiques et métabolomiques, nous montrons que l’inhibition pharmacologique d’EZH2 induit des changements métaboliques caractérisés par une perturbation de la glycolyse et une résistance accrue à la privation de glucose. Nous observons aussi une augmentation de la dépendance à la glutamine et une utilisation accrue de la glutamine intracellulaire lors de l’inhibition d’EZH2. Ces vulnérabilités constituent des cibles potentielles pour un traitement concomitant avec le UNC1999. Finalement, nous proposons un mécanisme impliquant le facteur de transcription Estrogen Related Receptor-alpha (ERR) comme médiateur contribuant à l’effet métabolique résultant de l’inhibition d’EZH2 dans les CSTN. Les données préliminaires présentées dans ce mémoire proposent pour la première fois que les inhibiteurs d’EZH2 pourraient être utilisés pour induire des vulnérabilités métaboliques qui pourraient potentiellement être exploitées dans les CSTN. / Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) have a high rate of recurrence due to resistance to chemotherapy. Adaptations of cellular metabolism in TNBCs contribute to therapeutic resistance. Changes in glycolysis or amino acid metabolism may allow TNBC cells to adapt rapidly under stress. However, new and potentially targetable vulnerabilities may be exposed in TNBC cells during these metabolic adaptations. Methyltransferase Enhancer of Zest Homologue 2 (EZH2) is known for its role in cell identity and regulation of gene expression. Recently, EZH2 was shown to play a role in the cellular reprogramming of TNBCs and to contribute to the development of resistance to chemotherapy. But the implications of this reprogramming on the TNBC metabolism are not yet clearly identified. This project aims to investigate whether epigenetic modifications resulting from EZH2 activity contribute to the regulation of cellular metabolism and enable metabolic adaptations in TNBCs. In this study, we use the molecules UNC1999 and EPZ-4638, two selective inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of EZH2. Using genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches, we show that pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 induces metabolic changes characterized by disruption of glycolysis and increased resistance to glucose starvation. We also observe an increase in glutamine dependence and increased use of intracellular glutamine upon inhibition of EZH2. We show that these vulnerabilities are potential targets for concurrent treatment with UNC1999. Finally, we propose a mechanism proposing that the transcription factor Estrogen Related Receptor-alpha (ERR) contributes to the metabolic effect resulting from EZH2 inhibition in TNBCs. The preliminary data presented in this thesis propose for the first time that EZH2 inhibitors could be used to induce metabolic vulnerabilities that may potentially be exploited in TNBC.

Hohe Telomeraseaktivität bedingt durch genomische TERT-Rearrangements definiert eine Gruppe an Hochrisiko-Neuroblastompatienten mit ungünstiger Prognose. Das Abzielen auf Telomerase ist ein hochpriorisierter Ansatzpunkt in der Therapie, für die es bislang keine klinisch erfolgreichen Inhibitoren gibt. Der Einsatz von epigenetisch wirksamen Histondeacetylase Inhibitoren (HDACi) stellt dabei eine interessante Therapieoption dar. In TERT-rearrangierten Neuroblastomzellen erzielte die Behandlung mit verschiedenen pan-, Klasse I oder spezifischen HDAC1/2 Inhibitoren eine Supprimierung der TERT mRNA Expression und der Telomeraseaktivität. RNA-Interferenz Studien bestätigten, dass HDAC1 und HDAC2 die TERT Expression positiv regulieren. Die transiente Überexpression von TERT zeigte einen partiellen Rescue des HDACi-bedingten anti-proliferativen Effekts. Der präventive und therapeutische Einsatz von HDACi Panobinostat verlangsamte das Xenografttumorwachstum, die TERT-Expression und Telomeraseaktivität in subkutanen NMRI-Foxn1nu/nu Mausmodellen des TERT-rearrangierten Neuroblastoms bei klinisch relevanten Dosen. Dies zeigt das translationale Potential und die klinische Durchführbarkeit der Panobinostat-Behandlung. ChIP Sequenzierung und Methylierungsanalyse zeigten keine bedeutenden Unterschiede der Histonmodifikationen und der Methylierung von CpG Dinukleotiden am TERT Lokus nach Panobinostatbehandlung. Die Inhibierung der de novo RNA Synthese zeigte, dass die Stabilität des TERT mRNA Transkripts nach Panobinostatbehandlung verringert war. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die reduzierte Transkriptstabilität der zugrundeliegende molekulare Mechanismus ist. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass die hohe Telomeraseaktivität in TERT-rearrangierten Neuroblastommodellen durch den Einsatz zugelassener HDACi supprimiert werden kann. / Telomerase activation by genomic TERT-rearrangements defines a subgroup of high-risk neuroblastomas with adverse outcome. Accordingly, telomerase activity presents a high-priority drug target with no currently available clinical inhibitors. It was assessed whether telomerase activity could be inhibited through histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition in models of TERT-rearranged neuroblastoma. Treatment with a panel of seven pan-, class I- or specific HDAC1/2 inhibitors suppressed TERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity in TERT-rearranged neuroblastoma cells at clinically achievable concentrations. RNA interference-based studies confirmed that HDAC1 and HDAC2 positively regulate TERT transcript levels. Enforced TERT expression partly rescued the anti-proliferative effect of HDAC inhibition indicating a causal role of TERT suppression in the HDAC inhibitormediated tumor-suppressive phenotype. Panobinostat treatment, in preventive and therapeutic settings, considerably attenuated tumor growth in subcutaneous TERT-rearranged neuroblastoma xenograft models in NMRI-Foxn1nu/nu mice and suppressed TERT transcript levels and telomerase activity at clinically relevant doses, thus demonstrating translational potential and clinical feasibility. ChIP sequencing detected no major differences in the chromatin context of the TERT locus between HDAC inhibitor-treated and control cells. Likewise, HDAC inhibition did not substantially alter the methylation profile in the TERT region. Blocking de novo RNA synthesis, however, reduced TERT mRNA transcript levels in HDAC inhibitor-treated cells, suggesting reduced TERT transcript stability as the underlying molecular mechanism. In summary, high-level telomerase activity caused by genomic rearrangements in neuroblastoma models is suppressed by treatment with clinically approved HDAC inhibitors, suggesting indirect druggability and a potential molecular rationale for therapeutic intervention.

AREG und EREG sind Liganden des EGFR, deren Expression mit einem positiven EGFR-zielgerichtetem Therapieansprechen in Darmkrebs korreliert. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen epigenetischen Einfluss auf die AREG und EREG Expression zu klären. Es wurde gezeigt, dass AREG und EREG in verschiedenen kolorektalen Krebszelllinien differenziell exprimiert sind, und dass die Expression beider Gene durch epigenetische Inhibitoren erhöht werden kann. Eine Analyse in fünf Zelllinien zeigte jedoch, dass die Promotoren beider Gene hauptsächlich unmethyliert vorlagen. Hingegen wurden kurze Regionen im Gen als differentiell methyliert identifiziert. Im AREG Gen liegt diese Region im Exon 2, was auf einen ungewöhnlichen Regulationsmechanismus hindeutet. Promotorfunktionsanalysen zeigten dann, dass diese Region eine methylierungs- und orientierungsabhängige Promotorfunktion hat, in die das MDB-Protein CTCF involviert sein könnte. Expressionsanalysen wiesen darauf hin, dass auch ZBTB33, ein anderes MDB-Protein, in die AREG Regulation involviert sein könnte. Die ZBTB33 Expression korrelierte negativ mit der AREG Expression in den Zelllinien. Eine ZBTB33-Bindungsstelle konnte ausserdem bioinformatorisch im AREG Exon 2 identifiziert werden. Des weiteren wurde gezeigt, dass die Behandlung der Zelllinie LIM1215 mit HDAC Inhibitoren in vitro zu einer Erhöhung der Sensitivität gegenüber EGFR-zielgerichteten Medikamenten führt, begleitet von einer Erhöhung der AREG und EREG Expression. Im in vivo Versuch konnte die Sensitivität von LIM1215 Zellen durch die Behandlung mit DNMT Inhibitoren erhöht werden. Begleitet wurde dies hier mit einer Verringerung der Methylierung der AREG und EREG intragenischen CpGs. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass Patienten, die resistent gegenüber EGFR-zielgerichteten Therapien sind, möglicherweise sensitiv gemacht werden können. In dem Fall könnten AREG und EREG als prädiktive Marker eingesetzt werden, um den Effekt der epigenetischen Inhibitoren zu evaluieren. / AREG and EREG are ligands of the EGFR whose expression correlates with a positive EGFR-targeted therapy response in colorectal cancer. Aim of this work was to define the influence of epigenetic mechanisms on AREG and EREG gene expression. It could be shown that AREG and EREG are differentially expressed in a set of colorectal cancer cell lines and that the expression of both genes increases after treatment with epigenetically interfering compounds such as DNMT inhibitors and HDAC inhibitors. Methylation analysis showed that the promoters of both genes were mainly unmethylated. Nevertheless, short intragenic regions were identified to be differentially methylated. For AREG, this region is located within exon 2, indicating an uncommon epigenetic regulatory mechanism. Promoter function analyses showed that the AREG exon 2 region harbor methylation- and orientation dependent promoter function and they suggested CTCF, an MDB-protein, to be involved in this mechanism. Expression analysis experiments suggested also ZBTB33, another MDB-protein, to be involved in AREG regulation. ZBTB33 was differentially expressed in the cells and it correlated inversely with the AREG expression. Additionally, bioinformatic analyses identified a ZBTB33 binding site within AREG exon 2. It was also shown in this work that LIM1215 cells treated with HDACis were more sensitive towards EGFR inhibitors in vitro. This effect was accompanied by an increased AREG and EREG expression. In vivo, an increased sensitivity towards EGFR inhibitors was achieved in LIM1215 cells by treatment with a DNMT inhibitor. Here the effect was accompanied by a reduced methylation within the AREG and EREG intragenic CpGs. Together, the results suggested a new possibility to potentially make EGFR-targeted therapy resistant patients suitable for this therapy by epigenetic compound treatment. In that case AREG as well as EREG might be predictive markers to evaluate the effect of the epigenetic compounds during therapy.

No description available.