L’importance des modificateurs de la chromatine dans la régulation de l’hématopoïèse et des hémopathies malignes est illustrée par l’histone méthyltransférase Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) qui est essentielle au maintien des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) et dont le gène correspondant, MLL, est réarrangé dans plus de 70% des leucémies du nourrisson. Les histones déméthylases (HDM), récemment découvertes, sont aussi impliquées dans le destin des CSH et des hémopathies malignes. Le but de ce projet est d’étudier l’expression des HDM dans les cellules hématopoïétiques normales et leucémiques afin d’identifier de potentiels régulateurs de leur destin. Nous avons réalisé un profil d'expression génique des HDM par qRT-PCR et par séquençage du transcriptome (RNA-seq) dans des cellules de sang de cordon (cellules CD34+ enrichies en CSH et cellules différenciées) et des cellules de leucémie aiguë myéloïde (LAM) avec réarrangement MLL. Les deux techniques montrent une expression différentielle des HDM entre les populations cellulaires. KDM5B et KDM1A sont surexprimés dans les cellules CD34+ par rapport aux cellules différenciées. De plus, KDM4A et PADI2 sont surexprimés dans les cellules leucémiques par rapport aux cellules normales. Des études fonctionnelles permettront de déterminer si la modulation de ces candidats peut être utilisée dans des stratégies d’expansion des CSH, ou comme cible thérapeutique anti-leucémique. Nous avons aussi développé et validé un nouveau test diagnostique pour détecter les mutations de GATA2 qui code pour un facteur de transcription clé de l’hématopoïèse impliqué dans les LAM. Ces travaux soulignent l’importance des facteurs nucléaires dans la régulation de l’hématopoïèse normale et leucémique. / The importance of chromatin modifiers in regulation of hematopoiesis and hematologic malignancies is illustrated by the Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) histone methyltransferase, which is essential to maintain hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and whose corresponding gene, MLL, is rearranged in over 70% of infant leukemia. The recently discovered histone demethylases (HDM) are also involved in HSC fate and in hematologic malignancies. The purpose of this project is to study the expression of HDM in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells to identify potential regulators of their fate. We performed a comprehensive gene expression profile of HDM by qRTPCR and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) in cord blood cells (CD34+ cells enriched in HSC and differentiated cells) and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with MLL rearrangement. Both techniques revealed differential expression of HDM between these cell populations. KDM5B and KDM1A are overexpressed in CD34+ cells compared to differentiated cells. Moreover, KDM4A and PADI2 are overexpressed in leukemic cells compared to normal cells. Functional studies will determine whether modulation of these candidates can be used in HSC expansion strategies or as anti-leukemic drug target. We have also developed and validated a new diagnostic test to detect mutations of GATA2, a gene encoding a key transcription factor involved in hematopoiesis and in AML. This work highlights the importance of nuclear factors in the regulation of normal and leukemic hematopoiesis.

No description available.

Le sommeil est un besoin vital et le bon fonctionnement de l’organisme dépend de la quantité et de la qualité du sommeil. Le sommeil est régulé par deux processus : un processus circadien qui dépend de l’activité des noyaux suprachiasmatiques de l’hypothalamus et qui régule le moment durant lequel nous allons dormir, et un processus homéostatique qui dépend de l’activité neuronale et se reflète dans l’intensité du sommeil. En effet, le sommeil dépend de l’éveil qui le précède et plus l’éveil dure longtemps, plus le sommeil est profond tel que mesuré par des marqueurs électroencéphalographiques (EEG). Des études ont montré que le bon fonctionnement de ces deux processus régulateurs du sommeil dépend de la plasticité synaptique. Ainsi, les éléments synaptiques régulant la communication et la force synaptique sont d’importants candidats pour agir sur la physiologie de la régulation du sommeil. Les molécules d’adhésion cellulaire sont des acteurs clés dans les mécanismes de plasticité synaptique. Elles régulent l’activité et la maturation des synapses. Des études ont montré que leur absence engendre des conséquences similaires au manque de sommeil. Le but de ce projet de thèse est d’explorer l’effet de l’absence de deux familles de molécule d’adhésion cellulaire, les neuroligines et la famille des récepteur Eph et leur ligand les éphrines dans les processus régulateurs du sommeil. Notre hypothèse est que l’absence d’un des membres de ces deux familles de molécule affecte les mécanismes impliqués dans le processus homéostatique de régulation du sommeil. Afin de répondre à notre hypothèse, nous avons étudié d’une part l’activité EEG chez des souris mutantes n’exprimant pas Neuroligine‐1 (Nlgn1) ou le récepteur EphA4 en condition normale et après une privation de sommeil. D’autre part, nous avons mesuré les changements moléculaires ayant lieu dans ces deux modèles après privation de sommeil. Au niveau de l’activité EEG, nos résultats montrent que l’absence de Nlgn1 augmente la densité des ondes lentes en condition normale et augment l’amplitude et la pente des ondes lentes après privation de sommeil. Nlgn1 est nécessaire au fonctionnement normal de la synchronie corticale, notamment après une privation de sommeil, lui attribuant ainsi un rôle clé dans l’homéostasie du sommeil. Concernant le récepteur EphA4, son absence affecte la durée du sommeil paradoxal ainsi que l’activité sigma qui dépendent du processus circadien. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que ce récepteur est un élément important dans la régulation circadienne du sommeil. Les changements transcriptionnels en réponse à la privation de sommeil des souris n’exprimant pas Nlgn1 et EphA4 ne sont pas différents des souris sauvages. Toutefois, nous avons montré que la privation de sommeil affectait la distribution des marques épigénétiques sur le génome, tels que la méthylation et l’hydroxyméthylation, et que l’expression des molécules régulant ces changements est modifiée chez les souris mutantes pour le récepteur EphA4. Nos observations mettent en évidence que les molécules d’adhésion cellulaire, Nlgn1 et le récepteur EphA4, possèdent un rôle important dans les processus homéostatique et circadien du sommeil et contribuent de manière différente à la régulation du sommeil. / Sleep is a vital need and the proper functioning of the body depends on the amount and quality of sleep. Sleep is regulated by two processes: a circadian process that depends on the activity of suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and regulates the time of day during which we are going to sleep, and a homeostatic process that seems to depend on neuronal activity and that reflects sleep intensity. The homeostatic process controls a pressure for sleep as a function of the amount of time spent awake. Indeed, sleep quality depends on the duration of preceding wakefulness, the more one is awake, deeper the sleep afterwards as measured by electroencephalographic markers (EEG). Studies have shown that the proper functioning of these two sleep regulatory processes depends on synaptic plasticity. Thus, elements that regulate synaptic communication and synaptic strength are important candidates to act upon the physiology of sleep regulation. Cell adhesion molecules are key elements regulating synaptic plasticity. They control synapse activities and maturation. Studies have shown that their absence leads to consequences similar to sleep deprivation. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of the absence of two different cellular adhesion molecule, Neuroligin‐1 and EphA4 receptor in sleep regulatory processes. Our hypothesis is that the absence of either of these molecules will affect sleep regulation and more specifically sleep homeostasis. To address our hypothesis, we first studied EEG activity in mice which do not express Nlgn1 and EphA4 in normal condition or after sleep deprivation. Secondly, we measured the molecular changes that occur in these two models after sleep deprivation. At the level of EEG activity, our results show that the absence of Nlgn1 increases the density of slow waves under baseline condition, and that the amplitude and slope of slow waves are increased after sleep deprivation. We concluded that Nlgn1 is required for normal functioning of cortical synchrony especially after sleep deprivation, thereby giving it a key role in sleep homeostasis. Regarding the EphA4 receptor, its absence affects the duration of paradoxal sleep and sigma activity which are known to depend on the circadian process. These results suggest that the EphA4 receptor is an important element in the circadian regulation of sleep. The transcriptional response after sleep deprivation in mice not expressing Nlgn1 or EphA4 is not different from that in wild‐type mice. However, we found that sleep deprivation affects the distribution of specific epigenetic markers like methylation and hydroxymethylation and the expression of molecules regulating these changes is altered in EphA4 null mice. Our observations show that two cell adhesion molecules, Nlgn1 and EphA4 receptor, have an important role in the homeostatic and circadian sleep process and contribute differentially to sleep regulation.

Les éléments transposables sont des séquences génomiques capables de se répliquer et de se déplacer dans les génomes. Leur capacité à s’insérer près des gènes et à produire des réarrangements chromosomiques par recombinaison entre copies, font des éléments transposables des agents mutagènes. Les éléments transposables sont de plus capables de modifier l’expression des gènes voisins grâce aux régions promotrices qu’ils possèdent. Les éléments transposables ont été trouvés dans la plupart des génomes dans lesquels ils ont été recherchés. Ils forment ainsi 45 % du génome de l’homme et peuvent représenter jusqu’à 90 % du génome de certaines plantes. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, je me suis penché sur les facteurs qui déterminent la distribution de ces éléments. Je me suis intéressé à un facteur particulier, qui est la fonction des gènes dans le voisinage des insertions d’éléments transposables. Dans la deuxième partie, j’ai essayé de déterminer l’impact de l’altération des modifications épigénétiques (modifications d’histones plus précisément) associées aux différents composants géniques, dont les éléments transposables, sur la variation de l’expression des gènes en condition tumorale. / Transposable elements are genomic sequences able to replicate themselves and to move within genomes. Their ability to integrate near genes and to produce chromosomal rearrangements by recombination between copies, make transposable elements mutagens. Moreover, transposable elements are able to alter the expression of neighboring genes through their promoter regions. Transposable elements form 45% of the human genome and may represent up to 90% of certain plant genomes. In the first part of my thesis, I examined the factors that determine the distribution of these elements. I have been interested in a particular factor, which is the function of the genes in the vicinity of transposable element insertions. In the second part, I determined the impact of epigenetic modifications alterations (histone modifications) in different gene components, including transposable elements, on the variation of gene expression in tumoral conditions.

Les techniques d’assistance médicale à la procréation particulièrement l’induction de l’ovulation, la maturation in vitro des ovocytes et la culture embryonnaire prolongée impliquent la manipulation des gamètes ainsi que les embryons à des moments critiques de leur maturation et développement qui sont également des étapes clé du remodelage épigénétique. Par conséquent, elles pourraient interférer avec la reprogrammation épigénétique, en particulier la mise en place de la méthylation des gènes soumis a empreinte au cours de l'ovogenèse, ou son maintien au cours du développement préimplantatoire. Afin d’évaluer ce risque nous avons analysé le profil de méthylation de KvDMR1, qui régule l’expression de KCNQ1OT1, dans des ovocytes humains mûris in vivo ou in vitro, provenant de patientes stimulées ou non. Nos résultats montrent que la mise en place de la méthylation au niveau de KvDMR1 se poursuit au cours de la maturation de l’ovocyte du stade VG au stade MII, in vivo et in vitro et que l’induction ovarienne des patientes génère des ovocytes épigénétiquement immatures. Par ailleurs, l’étude de la méthylation de H19 DMR qui régule l’expression d’Igf2 et H19 dans des embryons d’ICSI, atypiques bloqués en culture prolongée et dans les spermes correspondants met en évidence une hypométhylation de l'allèle paternel et une méthylation de l'allèle maternel dans certains embryons, sans que l'on puisse établir de lien entre les dérégulations de l’empreinte et l’arrêt du développement au stade blastocyste. / Assisted reproductive technologies particularly the induction of ovulation, oocytes in vitro maturation, and prolonged embryo culture require in vitro manipulation of gamete and embryos at critical times of their maturation and development. In consequence, they may interfere with epigenetic reprogramming and affect particularly demethylation and remethylation of imprinted genes. To evaluate such a risk, we have determined the methylation profile of KvDMR1, the region that regulates KCNQ1OT1 imprinted gene, in human oocytes retrieved from stimulated or unstimulated cycles, at different phases of their maturation in vivo or in vitro. Our results show that the timing of establishment of the methylation profile of KvDMR1 covers the maturation phase of oocyte growth, in vivo and in vitro, and that hyperstimulation likely recruits young follicles epigenetically immature. Analysis of the methylation profile of H19DMR (DMR of IGF2/H19) in atypical ICSI embryos and corresponding sperm suggests that imprinting disorders are not responsible of embryo developmental failure prior the blastocyst stage.

Le suppresseur de tumeur DOK1 (downstream of tyrosine kinases1) est une protéine régulatrice de voies de signalisation impliquées dans des processus cellulaires tel que la prolifération, la migration et l'apoptose. Le rôle suppresseur de tumeur de DOK1 a été démontré dans des modèles animaux. Les souris knock-out pour DOK1 présentent une forte susceptibilité de développer des leucémies, des tumeurs malignes hématologiques, des adénocarcinomes pulmonaires, ainsi que des sarcomes histiocytaires agressifs. En outre, nous avons rapporté précédemment que le gène DOK1 peut être muté et son expression réprimée dans différentes tumeurs malignes humaines, telles que les lignées cellulaires de lymphome de Burkitt (BL) et la leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC). Cependant, les mécanismes de dérégulation de DOK1 restent inconnus, notamment dans les processus de carcinogenèse induite ou non par des oncovirus. Dans ce projet de thèse, nous avons d'abord caractérisé le promoteur de DOK1 et le rôle du facteur de transcription E2F1 comme le principal régulateur de l'expression de DOK1. Nous avons démontré pour la première fois la contribution de DOK1 dans la réponse cellulaire au stress par son rôle suppresseur de prolifération cellulaire et promoteur d'apoptose. Nous avons trouvé que l'expression du gène DOK1 est réprimée dans une variété de cancers humains, y compris le cancer de la tête et du cou, les lymphomes de Burkitt et les cancers du poumon. Cette répression est due à l'hyperméthylation aberrante de DOK1. Nous avons donc étudié les événements épigénétiques, qui sont souvent altérés dans les cancers, et leurs implications dans la répression de DOK1 dans les lignes cellulaire cancéreuses de la tête et du cou. Nous nous sommes par la suite intéressés aux mécanismes de dérégulation de DOK1 par le virus d'Epstein Barr dans le cadre de sa propriété oncogénique dans les lymphocytes B humains ainsi que dans les lignes cancéreuses du lymphome de Burkitt. Nos résultats apportent de nouvelles informations sur les mécanismes de régulation de l'expression de DOK1 dans la carcinogenèse induite ou non par des oncovirus, ce qui pourrait le définir comme un biomarqueur potentiel de cancer et comme une cible intéressante pour des thérapies épigénétiques / The newly identified tumor suppressor DOK1 (downstream of tyrosine kinases1) inhibits cell proliferation, negatively regulates MAP kinase activity, opposes leukemogenesis, and promotes cell spreading, motility, and apoptosis. DOK1 also plays a role in the regulation of immune cell activation, including B cells. The tumor suppressor role of DOK1 was demonstrated in animal models. DOK1 knockout mice show a high susceptibility to develop leukemia, hematological malignancies as well as lung adenocarcinomas and aggressive histiocytic sarcoma. In addition, we previously reported that the DOK1 gene can be mutated and its expression is down-regulated in human malignancies such as Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines (BL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying DOK1 gene regulation and silencing in viral- and non viral-related tumorigenesis. In the present project, we first characterized the DOK1 promoter. We have shown the role of E2F1 transcription factor as the major regulator of DOK1 expression and how DOK1 plays a role in DNA stress response though opposing cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. We demonstrated that DOK1 gene expression is repressed in a variety of human cancers, including head and neck, Burkitt’s lymphoma and lung cancers, as a result of aberrant hypermethylation. We investigated the link between the epigenetic events and DOK1 silencing in non viral head and neck cancer cell lines, and by Epstein Barr virus in relation to its oncogenic activity in human B cells and neoplasia such as Burkitt’s lymphoma. These data provide novel insights into the regulation of DOK1 in viral and non viral-related carcinogenesis, and could define it as a potential cancer biomarker and an attractive target for epigeneticbased therapy

Recentes estudos genômicos têm mostrado que vários fungos e bactérias possuem um potencial biossintético superior à quantidade de me tabólitos secundários já isolados desses micro-organismos. A descoberta de produtos naturais inéditos e bioativos é limitada pela impossibilidade dos micro-organismos expressarem to das as suas rotas biossintéticas em laboratório. Assim, estratégias alternativas para i nduzir a produção de produtos naturais microbianos são necessárias. A utilização de cultur as mistas de micro-organismos é uma estratégia que vem sendo recentemente utilizada, na tentativa de mimetizar condições mais naturais de crescimento. Além disso, a adição de mo duladores químicos e epigenéticos às culturas microbianas também pode potencialmente est imular a produção de compostos de interesse, seja por ativar mecanismos celulares em resposta à condição de estresse, ou por alterar a taxa de transcrição de certos genes, em f unção de mudanças no grau de enovelamento da cromatina. Alternativamente, a indu ção de certos genes, e até mesmo a diversificação do metabolismo secundário, podem ser conseguidos através de engenharia genética, pela manipulação direta de genes de inter esse. A linhagem endofítica Alternaria tenuissima SS77, selecionada para os experimentos de modulaçã o química e epigenética, teve seu metabolismo secundário alterado após o tra tamento com diferentes moduladores. Provavelmente, o efeito observado ocorreu em função de uma eliciação inespecífica dos diferentes moduladores. Além disso, o cultivo misto desse fungo com o fungo endofítico Nigrospora sphaerica SS67 , isolada da mesma planta hospedeira ( Smallanthus sonchifolius ), levou ao isolamento de dois novos policetídeos, da classe das perilenequinonas, juntamente com um já relatado na literatura científica. Para r ealizar os cultivos microbianos mistos, envolvendo uma linhagem bacteriana e uma fúngica, t rês linhagens de actinobactérias e cinco de fungos, todos endofíticos da planta Lychnophora ericoides , foram selecionadas. Alterações no perfil metabólico da cultura mista de Phomopsis sp FLe6 com Streptomyces albospinus RLe7 foram as mais evidentes e por isso a maioria das investigações foram focadas nessa cultura mista. Várias condições de cu ltivo foram testadas e diferentes resultados foram obtidos. Em alguns casos, o desenv olvimento da linhagem fúngica foi inibido pela bacteriana, e em outros, foi observado o inverso. Da mesma forma, houve acentuada inibição da produção de alguns metabólito s secundários na presença da linhagem desafiadora, mas também foi verificada a eliciação de outros. Os extratos das culturas simples desses micro-organismos também apresentaram relativas alterações nos perfis metabólicos em função das condições de cultivo. Os metabólitos produzidos pelo fungo Phomopsis sp FLe6 e pela actinobactéria Streptomyces albospinus RLe7 foram isolados e caracterizados. Os resultados mostram que as intera ções entre os micro-organismos endofíticos são bastante complexas, estando sujeita s a ação de diversos fatores externos que muitas vezes não podem ser pré-determinados. Po r isso, estabelecer um cultivo misto adequado, do ponto de vista da eliciação da produçã o de metabólitos secundários, pode requerer uma série de tentativas. Ainda assim, os r esultados almejados podem ser conseguidos utilizando essa estratégia. Diferenteme nte das linhagens endofíticas, manipuladas quimicamente através de diferentes estr atégias, a linhagem sequenciada de Fusarium heterosporum ATCC 74349, foi manipulada geneticamente para a co nstrução de um gene biossintético híbrido pks-nrps , contendo a porção nrps do gene híbrido da equisetina e um pks críptico de Aspergillus fumigatus . Era esperado que a linhagem hibridizada fosse capaz de produzir o metabólito se cundário geneticamente planejado, entretanto, após seu cultivo, esse produto não foi detectado nos extratos, e as possíveis razões são discutidas. Ainda que os resultados espe rados não tenham sido obtidos, estudos que contribuam para a ampliação do entendimento das megassintases fúngicas são de extrema valia. / Recently, genetic studies have shown that several b acteria and fungi hold a greater biosynthetic potential than the amount of secondary metabolites isolated from these microorganisms. The discovery of novel bioactive na tural products is limited by the inability of microorganisms to express all their biosynthetic pa thways in laboratory conditions. Therefore, alternative strategies to induce the production of microbial natural products are required. Mixed cultures of microorganisms are a strategy tha t has been used to mimic more natural conditions of growth. Furthermore, the addition of chemical and epigenetic modulators to the microbial cultures can also stimulate the productio n of compounds by activating cellular mechanisms in response to stress conditions or by c hanging the transcription rate of certain genes, due to changes in the chromatin folding. Alt ernatively, the induction of some genes, and even the diversification of secondary metabolis m, can be achieved by genetic engineering, by manipulating genes of interest. The endophytic strain Alternaria tenuissima SS77, which was selected for the experiments of che mical and epigenetic modulation, had changed its secondary metabolism after treatment wi th different modulators. Probably, the observed effect was due to a nonspecific elicitatio n of those modulators. Moreover, the mixed cultures of this fungus with the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica SS67, isolated from the same host plant ( Smallanthus sonchifolius ), led to the isolation of two new polyketides, belonging to perylene quinone class, along with ano ther one already reported in the scientific literature. Three strains of actinobacteria and fiv e fungi, all endophytes of Lychnophora ericoides , were selected to grow in microbial mixed cultures comprising one bacteria and one fungus. Changes in the metabolic profile of the mix ed culture of Phomopsis sp. FLe6 with Streptomyces albospinus RLe7 were the most obvious, and then further studi es were focused on this mixed culture. Many culture conditions were analyzed and different results were obtained. In some cases, the development of the fun gal strain was inhibited by bacteria, and in other cases was observed the opposite. Similarly , there was a remarkable inhibition of the production of certain secondary metabolites in the presence of the challenging strain, but the eliciting of others was also observed. The extracts of the single cultures of these microorganisms also showed changes in metabolic pro files due to culture conditions. The metabolites produced by the fungus Phomopsis sp. FLe6 and the actinobacteria S. albospinus RLe7 were isolated and characterized. The results show that interactions between endophytic microorganisms are quite complex and are influenced by various external factors that often can not be previously determined. Theref ore, establishing a suitable mixed culture to elicit the production of secondary metabolites m ay require some attempts. Still, the expected results can be achieved using this strateg y. Unlike the endophytic strains, that was chemically manipulated by different strategies, the sequenced strain Fusarium heterosporum ATCC 74349 was genetically manipulated to construct a hybrid PKS-NRPS biosynthetic gene containing the NRPS portion of the hybrid gene of e quisetin and a cryptic PKS gene of Aspergillus fumigatus . It was expected that hybridized strain could be a ble to produce the secondary metabolite genetically planned, however, after its cultivation, this product was not detected in any extracts, and some possible reasons are discussed. Although the expected results have not been obtained, studies that contri bute to increasing the understanding of fungal megasynthases are extremely valuable

Wnt/beta-Catenin-Signalgebung hat große Bedeutung für die Initiation und Progression verschiedener Krebsarten. Unser Labor hat kürzlich ein Mausmodell für Squamöse Speicheldrüsen-Karzinome etabliert, das menschliche Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Karzinome reflektiert, durch kombinierte Mutationen von beta-Catenin und dem Bmp-Rezeptor 1a. Diese Tumore enthielten hohen Level von sich selbst-erneuernden Krebs-Stammzellen. Behandlung mit den Wnt-Inhibitoren ICG-001 blockierte die Selbsterneuerung und induzierte die Differenzierung der Krebs-Stammzellen. In den Krebs-Stammzellen der Maus wurde eine globale Aufregulierung des Histonmarkers H3K4me3 beobachtet, was durch Wnt-Inhibition gehemmt werden konnte. Um die molekularen Mechnismen aufzuklären, wurden die Histon-Methyltransferasen für H3K4me3, d.h., Mitglieder der Mll-Proteinfamilie, in sphären-kultivierten Krebs-Stammzellen durch RT-PCR analysiert: Mll1 war hoch transkribiert, zusammen mit den Hoxa9- und Meis1-Zielgenen. Interessanterweise aktivierte die Expression von Mll1 durch Wnt-Signalgebung die distale Enhancer-Region von Mll1, was durch Luciferase-Reporter-Assays gemessen wurde. Immunopräzipitation zeigte weiter, dass Mll1 im beta-Catenin-Transcriptionsfaktor-Komplex involviert ist: shRNA-Behandlung von Mll1 reduzierte die Sphären-Bildung der Speicheldrüsen-Krebs-Stammzellen der Maus. In doppelt-mutanten Mäusen hat die zusätzliche genetische Ablation von Mll1 die Tumorbildung verhindert und die Selbsterneuerung der Krebs-Stammzellen reduziert. Diese Daten zeigen dass die beta-Catenin-Mll1-Achse die Selbsterneuerung der Stammzellen antreibt und deren Differenzierung verhindert, und zwar via epigenetische Mechanismen. Deshalb wird durch das Targeting von Mll1 und dessen Interaktion mit beta-Catenin und andern Komponenten den gesunden epigenetischen Zustand in den Stammzellen wieder herstellt, was eine neue und vielversprechende Möglichkeit für die Behandlung von Patienten mit Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Tumoren darstellt. / Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has been implicated in the initiation and progression of various human cancers. Our lab has recently established a mouse model of salivary gland squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), which resembles human head and neck cancer, by combined gain- and loss-of-function mutations of beta-catenin and the Bmp receptor 1a (double mutant tumors). These tumors contained highly self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) that were Wnt-dependent. Treatment with the Wnt inhibitor ICG-001 (interferes with beta-catenin-CBP-Mll1 interaction) blocked the self-renewal and induced differentiation of CSCs. In the mouse salivary gland CSCs, a global up-regulation of the histone mark H3K4me3 was observed, which could be suppressed by Wnt inhibition. To study the potential molecular mechanisms, the H3K4me3 histone methyl-transferases, i.e., members of the Mll protein family were analyzed in freshly isolated, sphere-cultured CSCs by RT-PCR: Mll1 was highly transcribed, together with its target genes Hoxa9 and Meis1. Interestingly, the expression of Mll1 was upregulated by Wnt signaling by activating its distal enhancer regions, which was seen with Luciferase reporter assays. Immuno-precipitation further showed that Mll1 is involved in the beta-catenin/Tcf4 transcription factor complex: shRNA treatment against Mll1 reduced sphere formation of mouse salivary gland CSCs. In double mutant mice, additional genetic ablation of Mll1 (triple mutant tumors) abrogated tumor formation and affected the self-renewal ability of CSCs. Collectively, the data presented in this study show that the beta-catenin-Mll1 axis drives self‐renewal and fends off differentiation of CSCs via epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, targeting Mll1 or its interaction with beta-catenin and other components may help to restore a healthy epigenetic state in the stem cells, which represent a novel and promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of head and neck SCCs.

O aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) é uma doença assintomática na maioria dos casos, podendo acometer 5% das pessoas do gênero masculino com idade superior a 65 anos, predispondo ao risco de ruptura com mortalidade em torno de 80%. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os perfis de expressão gênica e de metilação do DNA no tecido, como também os microRNAs no plasma e no tecido de indivíduos com e sem AAA na tentativa de identificar marcadores biológicos e alvos terapêuticos para o diagnóstico, monitoramento e tratamento precoce do AAA. Os perfis de expressão gênica, miRNA e metilação de DNA dos tecidos da aorta abdominal (n=6) obtidos durante a cirurgia aberta para correção de AAA foram comparados com tecidos da aorta abdominal de doadores de órgãos sem AAA (n=6). Também foram comparados os perfis de miRNAs circulantes no plasma do grupo AAA (n=6) com o grupo-controle de voluntários com as características semelhantes, porém sem AAA (n=6). Para a análise da expressão gênica, utilizou-se a qPCR Array, analisando-se genes relacionados ao endotélio vascular humano (PAHS-015Z, QIAGEN®). A análise do perfil de miRNA foi realizada utilizando-se Human miFinder 384HC miScript miRNA PCR Array (MIHS-3001Z, QIAGEN®) e, para análise de metilação do DNA, utilizou-se a qPCR array com 22 genes das vias de estresse e toxicidade EpiTect Methyl II (EAHS-581Z, QIAGEN®). O software Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA®) foi utilizado para identificação das prováveis relações entre os microRNAs e a expressão gênica realizada nesta pesquisa. No estudo da expressão gênica, quatro genes (SPHK-1, TYMP, ALOX5 e HIF1A) foram identificados como mais expressos e outros 6 genes (PTGIS, CX3CL1, ITGB1, COL18A-1, FN1 e AGTR1) apresentaram expressão reduzida nos tecidos de AAA. Na análise do perfil de miRNAs, 24 miRNAs foram significantemente mais expressos e 35 miRNAs menos expressos no tecido. No plasma de indivíduos com AAA, 8 miRNAs apresentaram-se mais expressos e 9 miRNAs menos expressos. Dois miRNAs, miR-328-3p e let-7c-5p demonstraram expressões comuns entre tecido e plasma. Quanto ao padrão de metilação de DNA, somente o gene GDF15 teve grau de metilação maior nos tecidos de AAA quando comparado ao grupo-controle. A análise funcional revelou que o gene PTGIS (prostaciclina sintetase), um potente vasodilatador e inibidor da atividade plaquetária, foi reprimido pelo miR-150-5p, que se mostrou 7,5 vezes mais expresso no tecido de AAA, e teve uma possível interação com o miR-328-3p, cuja expressão foi 3,7 vezes mais baixa no tecido. Os genes com expressão reduzida nos tecidos do AAA foram alvos de miRNAs com expressão aumentada, evidenciando a importância e influência dos fatores epigenéticos tanto para o desenvolvimento quanto para a gravidade do AAA. / Abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA) is an asymptomatic disease in the majority of cases that may occur in 5% of males over age 65, predisposing to the risk of rupture leading to a mortality rate of 80%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the DNA metilation and gene expression profile in tissue, and microRNA expression pattern in both plasma and tissue samples from individuals with and without AAA to identify biological markers and therapeutic targets for an early diagnosis and treatment of AAA, respectively. Genes and miRNA expression and DNA metilation profiles in AAA tissues (n= 6) were compared to abdominal aortic tissues obtained from organ donators without AAA (n = 6). We also compared circulating miRNAs profiles in plasma samples, between AAA (n = 6) and the control group without AAA (n = 6). For the gene expression analysis we used a qPCR Array (PAHS-015Z, QIAGEN®) to analyze genes related to human vascular endothelium. For the miRNA expression pattern and for DNA methylation analysis we used the Human miFinder 384HC miScript miRNA PCR Array (MIHS-3001Z, QIAGEN®) and EpiTect Methyl II (EAHS-581Z, QIAGEN®), respectively. The Ingenuity software was used to identify the interactions between the miRNAs and genes evaluated in this study. Four genes (SPHK-1, TYMP, ALOX5 and HIF1A) were upregulated and six other genes (PTGIS, CX3CL1, ITGB1, COL18A-1, FN1 e AGTR1) were downregulated in AAA tissues. In addition, the miRNAs analysis showed 24 miRNAs more expressed and 35 miRNAs less expressed in AAA tissue than controls. Although in plasma samples, AAA group presented 8 miRNAs more expressed and 8 miRNAs less expressed than controls. Only, miR-328-3p and let-7c-5p were differently expressed between AAA and controls in both tissue and plasma samples. DNA methylation analysis showed that the gene GDF15 was hypermethylated in AAA tissues when compared to the control group. Functional analysis revealed that PTGIS, a potent vasodilator and platelet activity inhibitor was supressed by miR-150-5p, which had a seven-fold increase in AAA tissues. Moreover, a possible interaction between PTGIS and miR-328-3p, about 4-fold decreased in AAA tissues, was showed. Thus, the downregulated genes in AAA tissues are targets of miRNAs with increased expression in the same biological sample. These results highlight the importance and influence of epigenetic factors for both development and severity of AAA.

Le syndrome de Sjögren primitif (SSp) est une maladie auto-immune (MAI) systémique ayant des caractéristiques communes avec le lupus érythémateux. Ces caractéristiques incluent des mécanismes physiopathologiques et des facteurs de predispositions génétiques. Notre équipe et d’autres groupes ont pu mettre en evidence une signature interféron (IFN) dans les glandes salivaires et les PBMCs de patients ayant un SSp. Cette découverte a permis de mettre en évidence de nouvelles voies à explorer dans la pathogénie du SLE et SSp en permettant la focalisation des recherches sur le rôle de l’immunité innée et de la voie IFN.Nous avons confirmé le rôle de 2 gènes importants dans le SSp, impliqués dans les voies des IFN. Le premier est IRF5 sur la voie IFN de type I et STAT4 sur la voie IFN de type II. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une fonctionnalité de l’allèle à risque d’IRF5 (Polymorphisme Indel situé dans le promoteur). Concernant STAT4, son expression n’était pas altérée par le SNP associé à la maladie. Toutefois, l’ARNm de STAT4 était corrélé à l’expression des gènes IFN de type I. Les dérégulations épigénétique pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la pathogénie de nombreuses MAI, en particulier la méthylation de l’ADN qui est hautement liée à l’extinction de l’expression des gènes. Nous avons étudié la méthylation du promoteur d’IRF5 et nous n’avons pas trouvé de régulation de ce promoteur par le méthylation. Une analyse de la méthylation avec une approche globale du méthylome est en cours dans notre équipe et permettra d’identifier de gènes cibles d’une dérégulation épigénétique pouvant être impliqués dans les MAI.Nous avons essayé de comprendre la relation entre STAT4 et gènes IFN de type I. Ainsi, nous rapportons que l’IL-12 induit spécifiquement l’IFN de type I par intéraction entre deux partenaires cellulaires, les lymphocytes T CD4+ et les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes. Ces résultats pourraient expliquer l’implication des polymorphismes de STAT4 dans les MAI dépendantes de l’IFN de type I. Ces résultats suggèrent également que les MAI dépendantes des IFN de type I et II ne s’opposent pas. Elles seraient seulement le Yin et le Yang d’un facteur d’activation commun, STAT4, capable d’induire les IFNs de type I et II. / Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease (AID) that presents similar characteristics to systemic lupus erythematosus. These characteristics include pathophysiology and genetic factors. Our team and other groups have highlighted an interferon (IFN) signature in salivary glands and PBMCs from patients with Sjögren syndrome. This signature demonstrates new pathways in pSS and lupus, focusing research on innate immunity and in the IFN pathway.We have confirmed the implication of 2 genes in the pSS, and these genes are involved in the IFN pathway. The first gene is IRF5 which is in the type I IFN pathway and the second is STAT4 which is in the type II IFN pathway. We have shown a functional consequence of IRF5 at-risk allele. Regarding STAT4, the associated SNP did not altered STAT4 mRNA expression but was highly correlated with type I IFN genes expression.The epigenetic deregulation could play a triggering role in autoimmune diseases, particularly through DNA methylation which is highly implicated in the suppression of gene expression. We studied the methylation of IRF5 promoter and found no methylation. Our team is currently undertaking a global approach with methylome analysis. This methylome study will assess specific gene methylation patterns and will allow a better understanding of the role of these genes in autoimmune diseases.We further demonstrated that IL-12 specifically induces a type I IFN signature through a CD4+ T cells and pDCs crosstalk. These results could explain the implication of STAT4 polymorphism not only in type II IFN-dependent AIDs but also in type I IFN-dependent AIDs. Our data confirm that type I IFN- and type II IFN-mediated AIDs do not have to be opposed. They are only the yin and the yang of a common STAT4 activation which may induce secretion of both cytokines.