The critical neglect of the neo-Latin poetry of English writers, particularly those of the Renaissance and seventeenth century, presents a difficulty for those students interested in understanding the entire career of an Anglo-Latin author. In Herbert's case, his neo-Latin poetry presents very distinctive aspects of his literary character and techniques, a knowledge of which may enable future readers to better appreciate The Temple, Herbert's major English work. This thesis deals with Passio Discerpta (The Events of the Passion) and Lucus (The Sacred Grove) in particular, and demonstrates their firm place in the tradition of the sacred epigram. In order to form a clearer impression of the tradition and Herbert's work within it and of the contemporary models and sources upon which he drew, Chapter Two surveys briefly the epigrammatic conventions and religious background from which the sacred epigram derived. The differences between the epigrammatic style of Martial and of The Greek Anthology are discussed as well as the similarities between the satiric and the sacred epigram. Chapter Three presents a comparison with other poets of the period working within the same convention, most notably Crashaw, but also such writers as John Saltmarsh, Francis Thynne, and John Pyne. This comparison shows Herbert's superiority to previous writers in his use of the epigram for religious subject-matter. Herbert's skilful use of the conventions of the sacred epigram as a means of expressing his own deep religious feeling is demonstrated in the critical studies of Passio Discerpta and Lucus which form Chapters Four and Five, the core of this thesis. These chapters deal with the poems under the headings of arrangement, imagery, and narrative voice. The analysis of these various aspects reveals significant links between the arrangement of the poems within each volume and the imagery Herbert uses to express his themes. The thematic unity, the conscious selectivity of subject-matter, and the skilful use of the narrative voice as an integral part of the rhetorical structure are shown. On the basis of this study, Herbert's sacred epigrams as exemplified by Passio Discerpta and Lucus are seen as forming aesthetic landmarks in that tradition, and as providing a new perspective from which students of The Temple may understand more fully Herbert's entire literary career. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como a caracterização das personagens Zenófila, Heliodora e Misco, presentes nos epigramas de Meleagro de Gadara (séc. I a.C) serviu de base em diversas instâncias para o restante dos poemas do autor, atuando, portanto, no processo criativo e editorial do poeta. Parte deste estudo também é a tradução integral dos epigramas de Meleagro em português. / The aim of this study is to analyze how the characterization of Zenophila, Heliodora and Myiscus, present in the epigrams of Meleager of Gadara (I b.C.), functioned as the bases, in various ways, for the rest of the authors poems, acting, therefore, in the creation and editorial process followed by the poet. A complete translation of Meleagers epigrams in Portuguese is also provided.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como a caracterização das personagens Zenófila, Heliodora e Misco, presentes nos epigramas de Meleagro de Gadara (séc. I a.C) serviu de base em diversas instâncias para o restante dos poemas do autor, atuando, portanto, no processo criativo e editorial do poeta. Parte deste estudo também é a tradução integral dos epigramas de Meleagro em português. / The aim of this study is to analyze how the characterization of Zenophila, Heliodora and Myiscus, present in the epigrams of Meleager of Gadara (I b.C.), functioned as the bases, in various ways, for the rest of the authors poems, acting, therefore, in the creation and editorial process followed by the poet. A complete translation of Meleagers epigrams in Portuguese is also provided.

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Por se tratar de um gênero flexível, o epigrama pode ser analisado em conjunto ou sozinho, propiciando diferentes recortes e abordagens metodológicas. Estudos acerca do epigrama fúnebre geralmente analisam os poemas de acordo com temas afins focando nos mortos: guerreiros mortos, mulheres mortas no parto, mortos no mar dentre outros. No entanto, uma abordagem dos epigramas fúnebres com visão descentralizada do morto permite investigação mais ampla de outros temas. Desse modo, a presente tese partiu dos estudos de Giuseppe Giangrande, Francis Cairns e Alexander Sens sobre epigramas fúnebres que lançam mão de elementos simposiais no intuito de analisar a função de tais elemento e verificar de que maneira os simposiais presentes nos epigramas fúnebres se perpetuam ou se modificam. Para tanto, foram selecionados epigramas do livro VII da Antologia Grega que possuem léxico simposial e fúnebre e, a partir dos identificados, foram configurados três grupos: 1) os dedicados ao poeta Anacreonte, 2) os dedicados às mulheres bêbadas e 3) os dedicados aos homens bêbados. Nos epigramas dedicados a Anacreonte, pode-se constatar que os elementos simposiais resgatam sua poesia e a filiam aos epigramatistas por meio da transformação do espaço funerário e das relações entre o transeunte-leitor e o poeta. Nos poemas dedicados às mulheres bêbadas, o consumo do vinho e o enterramento próximo aos locais de produção dele ressaltam a mobilidade das anciãs, o distanciamento de seus familiares e o caráter cômico das mortas por conta da caracterização da bebedeira. Por fim, nos epigramas fúnebres dedicados aos homens bêbados, evidenciam-se a moderação e a imoderação diante do consumo de vinho. Em alguns, a moderação está alinhada ao conceito poético de composição. Em outros, o excesso de vinho causa acidentes retratados com tom cômico e que advertem o transeunte-leitor a não cometer os mesmos erros. Outro grupo de epigramas se vale das referências simposiais para criar enigmas ao transeunte-leitor. O último, por sua vez, é composto por epitáfios para filósofos mortos por bebedeira. Evidencia-se aqui a tensão entre a moderação e os ensinamentos filosóficos, permeados pelos tons anedótico e cômico. Sugere-se, portanto, que a presença de elementos simposiais adquire função distinta de acordo com o grupo de mortos. Isto posto, observa-se que os epigramas do corpus de diferentes séculos lançam mão de simposiais que passam a ganhar nuances distintas. Isso permite afirmar que os epigramas fúnebres com elementos simposiais perpetuam a tensão criativa entre a tradição e a inovação, conceitos debatidos por Marco Fantuzzi e Richard Hunter, para além do período helenístico. / Because it is a flexible genre, the epigram can be analyzed in groups or alone. It provides researchers with different possibilities of epigram grouping and methodological approaches. Studies on funerary epigram frequently analyze the poems according to related themes focusing on the dead: dead warriors, women dead in childbirth, dead in the sea among others. However, an approach to funerary epigrams which does not focus on the dead allows a broader investigation of other themes. Thus, the present thesis was based on the studies of Giuseppe Giangrande, Francis Cairns and Alexander Sens on funerary epigrams that use sympotic elements in order to analyze the function of such elements and to verify how the sympotic found in funerary epigrams continue being used of if they suffer modifications. In order to do so, we selected epigrams from Book VII of The Greek Anthology that display sympotic and funerary lexicon and, departing from the , three groups of epigrams were identified: 1) those dedicated to the poet Anacreon, 2) those dedicated to drunk women and 3) those dedicated to drunk men. In epigrams dedicated to Anacreon, sympotic elements recover his poetry and connect it to the epigrammatists by means of the transformation of the funeral space and the relationship between the passerby and the poet. In poems dedicated to drunken women, the consumption of wine and their burial near places of wine production emphasize the mobility of old women, their distancing from their relatives and the comic character of the dead women due to the characterization of their drunkenness. Finally, in the funerary epigrams dedicated to drunken men, moderation and immoderation are evident. In some, moderation is aligned with poetic composition. In others, the excess of wine causes accidents portrayed with comic tone. These epigrams warn the passerby not to make the same mistakes as the dead they commemorate. Another group of epigrams uses sympotic references to create charades to the passerby. The last group, in turn, is composed by epitaphs for philosophers killed by drunkenness. Here we see the tension between moderation and philosophical teachings permeated by the anecdotal and comic tone. It is suggested, therefore, that the presence of sympotic elements acquires a different function according to the group of dead. Thus, it is observed that, although the epigrams were composed in different centuries, the portrayed gain different nuances, which allows us to conclude that funerary epigrams with sympotic elements also reflect the creative tension between tradition and innovation, as debated by Marco Fantuzzi and Richard Hunter.

Por se tratar de um gênero flexível, o epigrama pode ser analisado em conjunto ou sozinho, propiciando diferentes recortes e abordagens metodológicas. Estudos acerca do epigrama fúnebre geralmente analisam os poemas de acordo com temas afins focando nos mortos: guerreiros mortos, mulheres mortas no parto, mortos no mar dentre outros. No entanto, uma abordagem dos epigramas fúnebres com visão descentralizada do morto permite investigação mais ampla de outros temas. Desse modo, a presente tese partiu dos estudos de Giuseppe Giangrande, Francis Cairns e Alexander Sens sobre epigramas fúnebres que lançam mão de elementos simposiais no intuito de analisar a função de tais elemento e verificar de que maneira os simposiais presentes nos epigramas fúnebres se perpetuam ou se modificam. Para tanto, foram selecionados epigramas do livro VII da Antologia Grega que possuem léxico simposial e fúnebre e, a partir dos identificados, foram configurados três grupos: 1) os dedicados ao poeta Anacreonte, 2) os dedicados às mulheres bêbadas e 3) os dedicados aos homens bêbados. Nos epigramas dedicados a Anacreonte, pode-se constatar que os elementos simposiais resgatam sua poesia e a filiam aos epigramatistas por meio da transformação do espaço funerário e das relações entre o transeunte-leitor e o poeta. Nos poemas dedicados às mulheres bêbadas, o consumo do vinho e o enterramento próximo aos locais de produção dele ressaltam a mobilidade das anciãs, o distanciamento de seus familiares e o caráter cômico das mortas por conta da caracterização da bebedeira. Por fim, nos epigramas fúnebres dedicados aos homens bêbados, evidenciam-se a moderação e a imoderação diante do consumo de vinho. Em alguns, a moderação está alinhada ao conceito poético de composição. Em outros, o excesso de vinho causa acidentes retratados com tom cômico e que advertem o transeunte-leitor a não cometer os mesmos erros. Outro grupo de epigramas se vale das referências simposiais para criar enigmas ao transeunte-leitor. O último, por sua vez, é composto por epitáfios para filósofos mortos por bebedeira. Evidencia-se aqui a tensão entre a moderação e os ensinamentos filosóficos, permeados pelos tons anedótico e cômico. Sugere-se, portanto, que a presença de elementos simposiais adquire função distinta de acordo com o grupo de mortos. Isto posto, observa-se que os epigramas do corpus de diferentes séculos lançam mão de simposiais que passam a ganhar nuances distintas. Isso permite afirmar que os epigramas fúnebres com elementos simposiais perpetuam a tensão criativa entre a tradição e a inovação, conceitos debatidos por Marco Fantuzzi e Richard Hunter, para além do período helenístico. / Because it is a flexible genre, the epigram can be analyzed in groups or alone. It provides researchers with different possibilities of epigram grouping and methodological approaches. Studies on funerary epigram frequently analyze the poems according to related themes focusing on the dead: dead warriors, women dead in childbirth, dead in the sea among others. However, an approach to funerary epigrams which does not focus on the dead allows a broader investigation of other themes. Thus, the present thesis was based on the studies of Giuseppe Giangrande, Francis Cairns and Alexander Sens on funerary epigrams that use sympotic elements in order to analyze the function of such elements and to verify how the sympotic found in funerary epigrams continue being used of if they suffer modifications. In order to do so, we selected epigrams from Book VII of The Greek Anthology that display sympotic and funerary lexicon and, departing from the , three groups of epigrams were identified: 1) those dedicated to the poet Anacreon, 2) those dedicated to drunk women and 3) those dedicated to drunk men. In epigrams dedicated to Anacreon, sympotic elements recover his poetry and connect it to the epigrammatists by means of the transformation of the funeral space and the relationship between the passerby and the poet. In poems dedicated to drunken women, the consumption of wine and their burial near places of wine production emphasize the mobility of old women, their distancing from their relatives and the comic character of the dead women due to the characterization of their drunkenness. Finally, in the funerary epigrams dedicated to drunken men, moderation and immoderation are evident. In some, moderation is aligned with poetic composition. In others, the excess of wine causes accidents portrayed with comic tone. These epigrams warn the passerby not to make the same mistakes as the dead they commemorate. Another group of epigrams uses sympotic references to create charades to the passerby. The last group, in turn, is composed by epitaphs for philosophers killed by drunkenness. Here we see the tension between moderation and philosophical teachings permeated by the anecdotal and comic tone. It is suggested, therefore, that the presence of sympotic elements acquires a different function according to the group of dead. Thus, it is observed that, although the epigrams were composed in different centuries, the portrayed gain different nuances, which allows us to conclude that funerary epigrams with sympotic elements also reflect the creative tension between tradition and innovation, as debated by Marco Fantuzzi and Richard Hunter.

Cílem diplomové práce je sledování vývoje demokratického myšlení na vybraných dílech K. Havlíčka Borovského. Autorka soustředila svou pozornost na významové etapy Havlíčkova života, které ovlivnily jeho politické smýšlení. Klíčová slova: revoluce - demokracie - liberalismus - novinářství - feuilleton - satira - epigram Annotation The aim of this graduate's thesis is to observe the development of democratic thinking of K. Havlíček Borovský through his selected works. The author has concentrated her attention on the specific periods of Havlicek's life that have influenced his political views. Key words: revolution - democracy - liberalism - journalism - feuilleton - satire - epigram

Marco Valério Marcial (38-41 d.C. - 101-102 d.C.), poeta epigramatista latino nascido na Hispania Tarraconensis, parte da atual Espanha, deixou um legado de 1558 epigramas, nos quais aborda temáticas bastante variadas, incluindo assuntos ligados ao cotidiano e aos costumes de Roma na segunda metade do século I d.C. Dentre os temas abordados por Marcial, está aquele relativo ao que hoje entendemos por homossexualidade masculina. Na Roma antiga não existiam os conceitos contemporâneos de \"heterossexualidade\" e \"homossexualidade\". Como as categorias sexuais, são definidas pela intersecção do sexo biológico com relações sociais, no caso dos romanos, principalmente as de poder; sendo assim, o fato de um homem manter relações sexuais com um indivíduo do mesmo sexo poderia ser condenável ou não, social e moralmente. Nesta pesquisa, identificamos e traduzimos 139 epigramas de Marcial que têm esta temática, dos quais selecionamos, para uma minuciosa análise, cerca de 50, os quais utilizamos para descrever os diferentes aspectos que a homossexualidade masculina assume na obra desse poeta. / Marcus Valerius Martialis (38-41 AD - 101-102 AD), Latin epigrammatist poet born in Hispania Tarraconensis (a region of modern Spain), left a legacy of 1558 epigrams where he approached varied themes including subjects related to everyday life and habits within Rome in the second half of the 1st century BC. Among the topics approached by Martial, one is related to what we understand today as male homosexuality. In Ancient Rome, the contemporary notions of \"heterosexuality\" and \"homosexuality\" did not exist. How the sexual categories are defined by the intersection between biologic sex and social relations, especially social relations of power, in the case of the romans; therefore, the fact that a man would have sexual relations with a person of the same sex could be reprehensible or not, both socially and morally. In this research, we have identified and translated 139 Martial\'s epigrams related to that topic. Around 50 of these epigrams were selected for a thorough analysis and used to describe the different aspects that male homosexuality takes in the extensive work of this poet.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivos: em primeiro lugar, arrolar, traduzir e analisar epigramas de Marcial em que a mulher é objeto de invectiva; em segundo lugar, visa a rastrear, na tradição anterior ao poeta, o tema da misoginia, desde Hesíodo, no célebre episódio de Pandora (Teogonia, vv. 570- 612), passando pelos poetas iâmbicos arcaicos (Arquíloco, Hipônax e Semônides), até o uso que poetas latinos, como Catulo, Horácio e Juvenal, fizeram do tema, entendido agora como tópos. Em terceiro lugar, o presente trabalho pretende observar de que maneira o epigrama, ou melhor, sua possibilidade invectiva, se apropriou da misoginia, adequando-a às características principais do gênero, a saber, brevidade e agudeza, e, finalmente, tentar demonstrar que o vitupério a mulheres em Marcial é regulado e percebido mediante práticas retóricas (como os progymnásmata) e alguns trópoi (como a écfrase), que à época do poeta participavam da formação educacional do cidadão. Nesse sentido, pretendemos estudar particularmente as relações que a invectiva mantém, nos epigramas de Marcial, com a construção de imagens viciosas de mulher e suas relações com o gênero epidítico. / The aims of the present work are first, to list, translate and analyse Martial\'s epigrams in which women are the object of invective; second, to try to investigate, in the former tradition, the theme of misogyny, both in Greece (from Hesiod, in the celebrated episode of Pandora (Teogony, vv. 570-612), to the archaic iambic poets, Archilochus, Hipponax and Semonides), and in Rome (how misogyny, as a tópos, is treatead by Catullus, Horace and Juvenal). In the third place, the present research intends to study in what manner epigram, or more precisely, its vituperative possibility, appropriated the theme of misogyny, adapting it to the main characteristics of the genre, such as conciseness and acuteness. Finally, we attempt to demonstrate that the vituperation against women, in Martial, is regulated and perceived through various rhetorical practices (such as the progymnásmata) and trópoi (such as ekphrasis) that at the poet\'s time were an important part of the citizen\'s education. Therein, we intend to study, in particular, the analogies that the invective maintain, in Martial\'s epigrams, non only with the construction of images in which women are corrupted, but also with the relationship between these images and the epidictic genre.