Trataremos de dois livros de epigramas do poeta latino Marcial: Xênia e Apoforeta, dados a lume, respectivamente, nas Saturnais de 83 (ou 84) e 85 d.C. sob o principado de Domiciano. Nosso objetivo, em primeiro lugar, será discutir as características intensamente apotropaicas e propiciatórias tanto das Saturnais, como do próprio deus Saturno a despeito dos elementos lúgubres comumente a ele associados , para, em seguida, tentar demonstrar de que maneira a festividade romana interfere na fruição dos epigramas que compõem as referidas recolhas e exige que o poeta abandone, temporariamente, a comum acerbidade de seus versos. Tanto pelas Saturnais constituírem o princípio de unidade desses livros, como por Marcial buscar emular um conjunto de tratados antigos de natureza jocosa, populares durante os festejos consagrados a Saturno, acreditamos que o poeta legitima a existência de novo subgênero epigramático que é corolário das próprias Saturnais romanas. No final, apresentamos, como resultado de nossa investigação, tradução poética de Xênia e Apoforeta, inédita em língua portuguesa. / We will discuss two books of epigrams by the Latin poet Martial: Xenia and Apophoreta, published, respectively, in the Saturnalia of 83 (or 84) and 85 A.D. under the reign of Domitian. Our goal, in the first place, is to discuss the highly apotropaic and propitiatory features of both the Saturnalia, as the god Saturn itself despite the gloomy elements commonly associated with him. Then well try to demonstrate how the Roman festival interferes with the fruition of the epigrams in these collections, and demands that the poet abandons temporarily the common poignancy of his verses. Not only because Saturnalia constitute the principle of unity of these books, but because Martial seek to emulate a set of ancient treatises of facetious nature, popular during the festival dedicated to Saturn, we believe that the poet legitimate the existence of new epigrammatic subgenre which is corollary of the very Roman Saturnalia. Finally, we will present as a result of our investigation an original translation into Portuguese verse of Xenia and Apophoreta.

This thesis explores how the reader is invited to read the books of Martial’s Epigrams, arguing that the epigrammatist has arranged the poems in his libelli in a specific order that rewards a sequential reading of the text from start to finish. Instead of viewing Martial as an anthologist who collated a series of occasional poems for their later publication, the thesis demonstrates that the poet showed awareness of his epigrams’ position within a larger ‘contexture’, and that he primes the reader throughout the Epigrams to envisage the books as thematically unified wholes. By viewing the Epigrams as a text to be read from beginning to end, rather than a text to be excerpted and anthologised, one can read each epigram in the wider context of its book, and better appreciate that book’s structural unity. Chapter one introduces the issues at stake in how one reads a book of epigrams, and provides the thesis’ methodological approach. Special attention is paid to the phenomenology of reading as a hermeneutic act, drawing together approaches to the Epigrams from classical scholarship as well as from reception and comic book theories to detail the method of ‘cumulative reading’ employed in the thesis. The second chapter then examines how Martial characterises the lector studiosus in his text, and how this depicted reader acts as a model for the actual reader to follow in their own sequential reading of the Epigrams. Chapter three focuses on Epigrams 7, demonstrating that the opening poems of the book establish the emperor Domitian as a thematic centrepiece around whom the rest of the book’s themes cluster. The fourth chapter also examines book 7, demonstrating how two different uses of watery motifs develop their individual thematic unity across the book, while also linking themselves back to the book’s opening imperial cycle to craft an overarching structural unity for the libellus. Chapter five then gives an overview of the larger structure of the Epigrams, arguing that the paratextual prose prefaces in books 1, 2, 8, 9, and 12 reinforce the individuality of the books they precede as well as establishing their own place within the wider corpus. Overall, this thesis puts the epigrammatic libellus back into the context of late first century AD book culture, emphasising that Martial paid attention not only to his epigrams’ position within their own books, but also their place within the wider corpus.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivos: em primeiro lugar, arrolar, traduzir e analisar epigramas de Marcial em que a mulher é objeto de invectiva; em segundo lugar, visa a rastrear, na tradição anterior ao poeta, o tema da misoginia, desde Hesíodo, no célebre episódio de Pandora (Teogonia, vv. 570- 612), passando pelos poetas iâmbicos arcaicos (Arquíloco, Hipônax e Semônides), até o uso que poetas latinos, como Catulo, Horácio e Juvenal, fizeram do tema, entendido agora como tópos. Em terceiro lugar, o presente trabalho pretende observar de que maneira o epigrama, ou melhor, sua possibilidade invectiva, se apropriou da misoginia, adequando-a às características principais do gênero, a saber, brevidade e agudeza, e, finalmente, tentar demonstrar que o vitupério a mulheres em Marcial é regulado e percebido mediante práticas retóricas (como os progymnásmata) e alguns trópoi (como a écfrase), que à época do poeta participavam da formação educacional do cidadão. Nesse sentido, pretendemos estudar particularmente as relações que a invectiva mantém, nos epigramas de Marcial, com a construção de imagens viciosas de mulher e suas relações com o gênero epidítico. / The aims of the present work are first, to list, translate and analyse Martial\'s epigrams in which women are the object of invective; second, to try to investigate, in the former tradition, the theme of misogyny, both in Greece (from Hesiod, in the celebrated episode of Pandora (Teogony, vv. 570-612), to the archaic iambic poets, Archilochus, Hipponax and Semonides), and in Rome (how misogyny, as a tópos, is treatead by Catullus, Horace and Juvenal). In the third place, the present research intends to study in what manner epigram, or more precisely, its vituperative possibility, appropriated the theme of misogyny, adapting it to the main characteristics of the genre, such as conciseness and acuteness. Finally, we attempt to demonstrate that the vituperation against women, in Martial, is regulated and perceived through various rhetorical practices (such as the progymnásmata) and trópoi (such as ekphrasis) that at the poet\'s time were an important part of the citizen\'s education. Therein, we intend to study, in particular, the analogies that the invective maintain, in Martial\'s epigrams, non only with the construction of images in which women are corrupted, but also with the relationship between these images and the epidictic genre.

Les Epigrammes de John Owen (1564 ?-1622) constituent un ensemble unique dans la production néo-latine, tant par le nombre de pièces qui le composent, environ mille cinq cent, que par le niveau d’excellence atteint par le « Martial anglais » (gallois, plutôt) qui fit du monodistique l’instrument privilégié de son génie. Le recueil du poète, qui connut pendant plus d’un siècle un véritable rayonnement européen, reflète son époque de composition en bien des points : la préférence accordée à l’inspiration satirique et morale, le culte de la brièveté ingénieuse, la recherche du bon mot et le plaisir du jeu verbal étaient en effet à même de satisfaire les zélateurs de l’esprit nouveau qui s’affirmait alors en Angleterre, vers la fin de l’ère élisabéthaine. L’épigramme owenienne est donc d’abord un exercice de subtilité, et l’étude du recueil, qui se présente au lecteur dans un savant désordre, révèle aussi la subtilité des liens qui régissent son organisation. Celle-ci ne dit pas seulement le soin apporté par le poète à son texte, qui témoigne d’une ambition certaine, mais souligne encore l’extraordinaire variété des sujets qui répond à une caractéristique du genre et à la volonté affirmée d’Owen de faire feu de tout bois. De cet ensemble kaléidoscopique, riche de ses propres échos et où le second degré apparaît souvent comme un témoignage de respect à l’égard de la tradition sur laquelle l’œuvre s’est construite (celle de la poésie morale et gnomique), il faut, enfin, souligner la modernité et la beauté qui sont les secrets du grand œuvre ; en cela, John Owen est bien l’héritier légitime de Martial / John Owen’s Epigrams represent an exceptional contribution in the neo-latin production, not only by the number of the poems, but also by the near perfection reached by the « English Martial » (welsh, actually) who made the elegiac couplet the prime instrument of his personal genius. Owen’s collection was met immediately with tremendous success in Great Britain as well as on the continent ; this success should last for more than a century, especially on the continent. The collection reflects his age of composition in many ways : the preference given to the satirical and moral inspiration, the cult of wity brevity and the passion for different types of puns were able to please the devotees of the new wit which spread then in England towards the end of elizabethan era. Thus, Owen’s epigram is above all an exercise of subtlety, and the study of the ten books, which are built on an artistic disorder, show as well the subtlety of the links! which rule their organisation. This organisation not only show the care given by the author to his work, which is a sign of ambition, but emphasize the remarkable variety of the subject which is certainly the rule for this special type of poetry, but also tell us Owen’s will for major eclecticism. Finally, we have to insist on the tradition to which the Epigrams are linked, that of moral poetry, and on the ironic treatment that the poet apply to commonplaces of gnomic sayings (or ordinary ones), inexhaustible source of inspiration for the witty epigrammatist who found there a way to surprise the reader. John Owen Latin epigrams are probably the wittiest and most pointed that have ever been produced in that tongue

Trataremos de dois livros de epigramas do poeta latino Marcial: Xênia e Apoforeta, dados a lume, respectivamente, nas Saturnais de 83 (ou 84) e 85 d.C. sob o principado de Domiciano. Nosso objetivo, em primeiro lugar, será discutir as características intensamente apotropaicas e propiciatórias tanto das Saturnais, como do próprio deus Saturno a despeito dos elementos lúgubres comumente a ele associados , para, em seguida, tentar demonstrar de que maneira a festividade romana interfere na fruição dos epigramas que compõem as referidas recolhas e exige que o poeta abandone, temporariamente, a comum acerbidade de seus versos. Tanto pelas Saturnais constituírem o princípio de unidade desses livros, como por Marcial buscar emular um conjunto de tratados antigos de natureza jocosa, populares durante os festejos consagrados a Saturno, acreditamos que o poeta legitima a existência de novo subgênero epigramático que é corolário das próprias Saturnais romanas. No final, apresentamos, como resultado de nossa investigação, tradução poética de Xênia e Apoforeta, inédita em língua portuguesa. / We will discuss two books of epigrams by the Latin poet Martial: Xenia and Apophoreta, published, respectively, in the Saturnalia of 83 (or 84) and 85 A.D. under the reign of Domitian. Our goal, in the first place, is to discuss the highly apotropaic and propitiatory features of both the Saturnalia, as the god Saturn itself despite the gloomy elements commonly associated with him. Then well try to demonstrate how the Roman festival interferes with the fruition of the epigrams in these collections, and demands that the poet abandons temporarily the common poignancy of his verses. Not only because Saturnalia constitute the principle of unity of these books, but because Martial seek to emulate a set of ancient treatises of facetious nature, popular during the festival dedicated to Saturn, we believe that the poet legitimate the existence of new epigrammatic subgenre which is corollary of the very Roman Saturnalia. Finally, we will present as a result of our investigation an original translation into Portuguese verse of Xenia and Apophoreta.

La ricerca è dedicata all’analisi della poesia e della poetica di Mnasalce di Sicione, epigrammatista greco della metà del III sec. a.C. La prima parte del lavoro consiste in un’introduzione generale relativa a tutti gli aspetti più importanti concernenti il poeta e la sua opera: dati biografici e cronologia; fonti degli epigrammi, con particolare attenzione a P. Köln V 204; sottogeneri epigrammatici coltivati; lingua e stile; usi metrici e prosodici. La seconda parte, che costituisce il corpo principale della tesi, è invece dedicata all’analisi dei singoli epigrammi, disposti secondo un criterio tematico. Il corpus esaminato consta di ventiquattro componimenti, di cui due dubbi; rispetto alle precedenti edizioni commentate di W. Seelbach (1964) e di A.S.F. Gow e D.L. Page (1965), esso risulta ampliato da cinque nuovi epigrammi conservati da P. Köln V 204 e dal dubbio SGO I 06/02/05. Di ciascun componimento si presenta il testo, corredato di traduzione e apparato critico, e, dopo una breve introduzione, il commento lemmatico, volto a evidenziare le relazioni di transtestualità intessute da Mnasalce e gli elementi di continuità e innovazione rispetto alla tradizione epigrammatica, sia letteraria che epigrafica. Il lavoro comprende inoltre un index verborum. / The research is focused on the poetry and poetics of Mnasalces of Sicyon, a Greek epigrammatist of the middle of the III century B.C. The first part of the dissertation is a general introduction that deals with all the most important aspects concerning the poet and his work: biographical information and chronology; sources of the epigrams, with particular attention to P. Köln V 204; epigrammatic subgenres; language and style; metrics and prosody. The second part, which represents the main body of the dissertation, is devoted to the analysis of the epigrams, arranged thematically. The examined corpus consists of twenty-four poems, including two dubia; the corpus of the previous editions by W. Seelbach (1964) and A.S.F. Gow and D.L. Page (1965) is thus enriched by five new epigrams from P. Köln V 204 and the dubium SGO I 06/02/05. The critical text of each poem is followed by a translation, a brief introduction and a word-by-word commentary, aimed at investigating the elements of transtextuality and those of continuity and innovation in relation to the epigrammatic tradition, both literary and epigraphic. The dissertation also includes an index verborum.

Comme le titre le suggère, la thèse s’inspire du "Lucien écrivain. Imitation et création de Jacques Bompaire". Dans l’introduction nous reparcourons l’histoire de l’Hellenismus de Droysen et nous surlignons le poids du mélange culturel gréco-oriental dans la vie et dans l’œuvre de Lucien. Le premier chapitre consiste en un corpus commenté de passages lucianesques contenant des éléments hellénistiques évidents. Dans le deuxième chapitre nous analysons plusieurs aspects de la civilisation hellénistique présents dans l’œuvre de Lucien comme la politique, l’art, le mythe, les programmes littéraires. Dans le troisième chapitre nous étudions l’influence de la poésie alexandrine dans l’œuvre de l’A., alors que le quatrième chapitre analyse l’influence que des formes littéraires relevant d’un substrat culturel de sagesse populaire ont eue sur l’A. L’approche textuelle et philologique adoptée permet d’affirmer que Lucien connaissait la civilisation hellénistique et sa littérature. / As the title suggests, the thesis takes inspiration from Jacques Bompaire’s Lucien écrivain. Imitation et creation. In the introduction we retrace the history of Droysen’s Hellenismus and we detect the importance of the greco-oriental cultural fusion in Lucian’s life and works. The first chapter consists of a commented corpus of lucianic passages containing evident hellenistic elements. In the second chapter we analyse different aspects of the hellenistic civilisation which are detectable in Lucian’s works such as politics, arts, myth or literary programs. In the third chapter we compare Lucian’s literary production with Alexandrian poetry, while the forth chapter focuses on the literary influence that hellenistic philosophical and historiographical productions had on Lucian’s composition. This research makes it possible to state that the author of Samosata had a deep knowledge of hellenistic civilisation and that hellenistic literature influenced his way of writing.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo traduzir e analisar o Liber Primus da obra Inscriptionum Libri Duo, do poeta neolatino francês Jean Visagier. Esse livro foi publicado em 1538, em Paris, na tipografia de Simon de Colines. O Liber Primus dessa obra possui noventa e três epigramas que foram traduzidos e, posteriormente, estudados quanto à imitação que fazem da antiguidade clássica. Encontramos vestígios, nesses epigramas, de autores latinos como Catulo, Marcial e Ovídio. Sendo um poeta renascentista, em alguns momentos foi necessário cotejar seu texto com a tradição posterior à clássica, sobretudo nos epigramas de cunho erótico. Inclui-se, ainda, um estudo introdutório sobre a inserção de Jean Visagier na cultura do século XVI, principalmente entre o grupo de poetas neolatinos. / The purpose of this research is to translate and to analyze the Liber Primus of the book Inscriptionum Libri Duo, by the French Neo-Latin poet Jean Visagier. This book was published in 1538, in Paris, in the typography of Simon de Colines. The Liber Primus has ninety-three epigrams that were translated and later studied regarding their imitation of Classical Antiquity. We found vestiges, in these epigrams, of Latin authors like Catulus, Martial and Ovid. As Visagier is a Renaissance poet, at times, it was necessary to compare his text with the post-Classical tradition, especially in the erotic epigrams. It also includes an introductory study on the insertion of Jean Visagier in the culture of the sixteenth century, mainly in the group of Neo-latin poets.

RESUMO Serão investigadas, nesta dissertação, as origens da democracia ateniense através da análise de quatro epigramas de Simônides de Ceos e da contextualização de alguns outros. Partindo do assassinato de Hiparco por Harmódio e Aristogíton e traçando suas conseqüências, tanto do ponto de vista mítico quando político, tentaremos demonstrar como o povo, agora identificado como mesmo ideal de igualdade perante a lei (isonomia), foi capaz de afastar tanto o perigo de uma helotização da Ática, quanto o de uma submissão ao império aquemênida, ao vencer duas batalhas decisivas, cujo relato foi preservado em inscrições que chegaram até nós sob o nome de Simônides por transmissão literária ou epigráfica ou ambas. Também iremos lidar com todos os aspectos relativos à composição, caráter e transmissão de cada um dos quatro epigramas comentados, além de fornecer uma tradução de todos os outros - incluindo os novos fragmentos elegíacos recentemente descobertos - que possam ter alguma relevância para o assunto em questão. / The origins of Athenian democracy are herein surveyed through the analysis of four Simonidean epigrams and the canvassing of several others. Starting from the murder of Hipparchus by Harmodius and Aristogeiton, and following its consequences, both mythic and political, we shall proceed to demonstrate how the people, now identified with the same democratic ideal, was able to eschew both the danger of helotization by Sparta and submission by the Persian Empire by its winning two decisive battles recorded in inscriptions that came down to us either through literary or epigraphical transmission or both. We shall also deal with all aspects surrounding the composition, nature and transmission of each of the four epigrams, besides providing a translation of all other epigrams - including the newly discovered elegiac fragments - that may bear any relevancy to the subject under appreciation.

D’Ausone à Ennode de Pavie, de nombreux hommes de lettres de l’Antiquité tardive ont conjugué une production épistolaire abondante avec la rédaction d’épigrammes.. Ennode de Pavie a d’ailleurs organisé le recueil complet de ses œuvres autour d’une alternance entre épigrammes et lettres, mettant ainsi en relief la relation étroite, véritable dialogue générique, qui se noue entre l’épigramme et la lettre. Cependant, malgré ces nombreux points communs, les travaux critiques ont dans l’ensemble négligé d’en conduire l’étude de façon parallèle. C’est à ce projet original que nous entendons consacrer notre thèse. Tout d’abord, nous nous penchons sur l’aspect stylistique de cette contiguïté générique, à travers les critères communs de breuitas et d’humilitas, ainsi que sur la prédominance d’une certaine forme de maniérisme. Nous penchant ensuite sur l’aspect social et communicationnel des deux genres, nous les rapprochons en tant que media adoptant un système communicationnel commun et des lieux de créations sociaux identiques. Enfin, comme terme de notre logique comparative, nous incluons la contiguïté entre lettre et épigramme dans une réflexion plus large sur le phénomène général d’hybridation qui sous-tend cette époque. Ce dernier mouvement consiste dans l’étude de formes hybrides, mêlant lettre et épigramme, dans une perspective à la fois stylistique, littéraire et ecdotique, mais également dans l’étude d’une autre forme d’hybridation littéraire présente dans les deux genres : le bilinguisme où grec et latin se mêlent et se réinventent dans une époque de transition culturelle. / From Ausonius to Ennodius of Pavia, including Paulinus of Nola, Symmachus and Sidonius Apollinaris, many men of letters, in late Antiquity, wrote both letters and epigrams. Besides, Ennodius himself has organized his complete work alternating epigrams and letters, and highliting the close connection between those two genres. However, despite theirs numerous common features, the critics did not bother to draw a parrallel between them. Thus, we want to devote ourselves to this original point of view. First of all, we study the stylistic aspect of this generic connection, through two main common criteria. One the one hand, the breuitas and the humilitas, and in the other hand, the predominance of a certain form of mannerism. Then, considering the social and communicational aspects of those genres, we bring them together as medias adopting a common communicationnal system, and using the same places of creation. Finally, we include our reflexion in a broader one, about the phenomenon of genre-switching in Late Antiquity. This final movement consists in a studic of hybrid forms, in an ecdotic, stylistic point of view, but also in the study of latin-grec bilingualism.