Orientador: Irani Quagio-Grassiotto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:34:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_GisleineFernanda_D.pdf: 12888107 bytes, checksum: b5adf2302500a4a5bb3ee0ced3071f53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Gymnotiformes, os peixes faca, constituem um importante componente da fauna Neotropical de água doce das Américas Central e do Sul. Este grupo compreende mais de 100 espécies válidas, distribuídas em 27 gêneros. Gymnotus sp., representante da família Gymnotidae, é conhecido regionalmente como tuvira, morenita, ituí ou sarapó. Apesar do fato que a dinâmica reprodutiva, morfologia do aparelho reprodutor e a histologia das gonâdas de Gymnotus sp. terem sido abordadas por alguns autores, informações detalhadas das alterações histológicas e fisiológicas durante o ciclo reprodutivo não estão disponíveis. Considerando a importância deste grupo de peixes na região Neotropical, o ciclo reprodutivo de Gymnotus sp. foi reavaliado. Obteve-se, além disto, as concentrações plasmáticas dos esteróides, dados da histologia gonadal, imunocitoquímicos, de atividade enzimatica e proliferação celular. As gônadas de Gymnotus sp. localizam-se ventralmente na cavidade celomática e são conectadas por longos ductos à papila urogenital e que tem posição anterior no corpo do animal. Ovários são fundidos, e a morfologia interna de ambos, ovário e testículo, não diferem de outros Ostariophysi . O ciclo reprodutivo em fêmeas e machos foi dividido em cinco fases, de acordo com uma nova abordagem do desenvolvimento das células germinativas. Esta classificação, desenvolvida para ser universal, para ovário assim como para o testículo, melhor expressa as alterações histológicas durante o ciclo reprodutivo em Gymnotus sp.. A relação entre o índice gonadossomático e características histológicas nas fases reprodutivas foi realizada. As concentrações plasmáticas de estradiol e 11-cetotestosterona foram pouco variáveis em fêmeas, possuindo, ambos, tendência a maiores valores no início do ciclo reprodutivo e em animais com ovários possuindo oócitos aptos a desova. As concentrações de testosterona se elevam conforme o ovário desenvolve-se, sugerindo uma possível relação do hormônio com o desenvolvimento dos folículos. As células da teça responderam positivamente à localização da enzima 3? hidroxiesteróide desidrogenase que está de acordo com as concentrações plasmáticas da testosterona. Inesperado e nunca reportado para os Teleostei, as células foliculares também reagem a detecção da 3? hidroxiesteróide desidrogenase. Em machos as concentrações plasmáticas de estradiol permanecem, praticamente, constantes durante todo o ciclo reprodutivo. A concentração plasmática de 11- cetotestosterona possui tendência a concentrações elevadas no início do ciclo, com uma queda gradual até a fase de maturação final, quando há nova elevação. O perfil hormonal da testosterona é semelhante aos dados de proliferação de espermatogônias secundárias, sugerindo uma possível relação entre as concentrações hormonais e os eventos proliferativos. Juntos concentração plasmática de esteróides, histologia gonadal, imunocitoquímica, atividade enzimática e detecção de proliferação celular forneceram uma nova compreensão do ciclo reprodutivo em Gymnotus. / Abstract: Gymnotiformes, the American knifefish, constitute an important component of the Neotropical freshwater fauna in the Central and South America. This group comprises more than 100 valid species, divided in 27 genera. Gymnotus sp., a representative of the family Gymnotidae, regionally known as tuvira, morenita, ituí or sarapó, is the best known gymnotid. Despite the fact that reproductive dynamic, morphology of the reproductive systems and the gonadal histology of Gymnotus sp. have been studied by some authors, detailed information on histological and physiological changes of the gonads along the reproductive cycle are not available. Considering the importance of this group of fish in the Neotropical region, the reproductive cycle of Gymnotus sp. has been reevaluated. Besides plasma steroids concentration along the reproductive cycle, data from gonadal histology, imunocitochemistry, enzymatic activity and cell proliferation were obtained. Gonads of Gymnotus sp. are ventrally located in the coelomic cavity and connected by long ducts to the urogenital papilla which has an anterior position in the animal body. Ovaries are fused, and the internal morphology of both, ovary and testis, do not differ from other ostariophysians. The reproductive cycle in females and males was divided in five phases, according to a new approach from the germ cells development. This classification, developed to be universal, for ovary as well as for testis better express the histological alterations during reproductive cycle in Gymnotus sp. The relation between the gonadossomatic index and the histological characteristics of the reproductive phases was done. Plasma concentrations of estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone were low variable in females, having, both, a tendency to high values in the beginning of the reproductive cycle and in animal's ovary with oocytes able to spawn. Testosterone concentration increasingly elevate as ovary develops, suggesting a possible relation with the follicles growth. The cal cells positivity for the enzymatic detection of 3? hidroxisteroid desidrogenase is in agreement with the plasma concentration of testosterone. Unexpected and never reported in Teleostei also the follicle cells react to the enzimatic detection of the 3? hidroxisteroid desidrogenase. In males, the plasma concentrations of estradiol remain approximatly constant along the reproductive cycle. Plasma concentration of 11-ketotestosterone tends to be high at the beginning of the cycle, with a gradual decrease at the final maturation phase, in which there is a new elevation. The highest concentration of testosterone along the male reproductive cycle coincids with the secondary spermatogonia proliferation, suggesting a possible relation between the concentration of this hormone and the proliferative events. Together plasma steroids concentration, gonadal histology, imunocitochemistry, enzymatic activity and detection of cell proliferation provide a new compreension of the reproductive cycle in Gymnotus. / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Métodos in vitro utilizando epitélio intestinal animal são importantes ferramentas para avaliar a permeabilidade de fármacos, propriedade que é um importante parâmetro de biodiosponibilidade. Considerando que o maior objetivo na indústria farmacêutica é desenvolver novos fármacos com boa biodisponibilidade oral, o projeto teve como objetivo padronizar o modelo de permeação com membrana de intestino de rã (Rana catesbeiana) em células de Franz, comparando seus resultados com ensaios de células Caco-2. Os fármacos modelo utilizados foram os antivirais zidovudina e aciclovir. A quantidade de fármaco permeado foi determinada por método de eletroforese capilar para o método com intestino de rã touro e por HPLC-UV para os ensaios com células Caco-2. O parâmetro de permeação foi o coeficiente de permeabilidade aparente (Papp) dos fármacos para ambos modelos experimentais. Para estabelecimento do protocolo experimental dos estudos de permeabilidade intestinal de rã, foi proposto um projeto fracionado 24-1 com 4 ensaios adicionais usando o software Minitab, e as variáveis foram: secção intestinal, pH da solução de Ringer e temperatura. A análise do planejamento experimental feita pela estimativa dos parâmetros da regressão obtidos através dos resultados do modelo fatorial possibilitou a determinação dos coeficientes da equação matemática que definiu a influência das variáveis sobre o coeficiente de permeabilidade aparente dos fármacos. Os efeitos das variáveis pH e temperatura interpretados conjuntamente apresentaram interferência leve, porém as variáveis fármaco e secção intestinal interpretados juntos tiveram interferência importante, mostrando maior permeação dos fármacos através da secção inicial do intestino da rã. Os resultados de Papp foram: para o metoprolol, pelo método das células Caco-2 foi de 28 x 10-6 cm/s, valor que está de acordo com demais dados de células Caco-2 na literatura e o valor obtido com células de Franz que mais se adequada a estes resultados e demais disponíveis provenientes de outras técnicas na literatura, foi de 28,1 x 10-6 cm/s, em uma das condições do planejamento estatístico utilizando segmento final da membrana epitelial da rã. No caso do aciclovir, o resultado de Papp de 0,48 x 10-6 cm/s também obtido em uma das condições envolvendo segmento intestinal final da rã foi exatamente igual a o valor 0,48 x 10 - 6 cm/s, encontrado com células Caco-2 no presente estudo e estão de acordo com outros valores disponíveis na literatura por Trapani e colaboradores, 2004 e também com células Caco-2. Para zidovudina o valor de Papp obtido em uma das condições utilizando segmento intestinal inicial da rã, de 13 x 10-6 cm/s, foi a que mais se assemelhou ao obtido pela técnica de células Caco-2, 13,6 x 10-6 cm/s, e também está de acordo com demais dados da literatura. / There are lots of different in vitro technics in the literature using animal intestinal epithelium to estimate permeability of drugs, property that is an important parameter of bioavailabity. Considering that the main objective of Pharmaceutical Companies is the development of new drugs with good oral bioavailabity, the aim of this work was to standardize the permeability of antivirals using in vitro/ex vivo method of intestinal epithelium of Rana catesbeiana in Franz cells and compare these results to those obtained from studies using Caco-2 cells. Zidovudine and Acyclovir were selected as model drugs. The amount of drug permeated will be determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis for assays using Rana Catesbeiana and HPLC-UV for studies with Caco-2 cells. The permeation parameter determined was the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of drugs for both experimental models. To establish the experimental protocol to studies of intestinal permeability of frog, it was proposed a fractional 24-1 design with 4 additional tests using Minitab software and the variables were: intestinal section, pH of Ringer solution and temperature. The analysis of the experimental design made by the estimate of the regression parameters obtained from the factorial model results allowed the determination of the coefficients of the mathematical equation that defines the influence of the variables on the apparent permeability coefficient of acyclovir and zidovudine. The effects of pH and temperature interpreted jointly presented a slight interference, but the variables drug and intes tinal section interpreted together had major interference, showing greater permeation of drugs through the initial section of the intestine of the frog . The results of Papp were: for metoprolol, with the method of Caco-2 cells was 28 x 10-6 cm/s, a value which is consistent with other data of Caco-2 cells provided in the literature and the condition obtained with Franz cells that are most suitable for these and other results obtained from other techniques available in the literature, was 28.1 x 10-6 cm/s, provided with the final intestinal segment using frog epithelial membrane. In the case of acyclovir, the result of Papp of 0.48 x 10-6 cm/s obtained in one condition with final frog intestinal segment was exactly equal to the value of 0.48 x 10-6 cm/s, found with Caco-2 cells in the present study and are in agreement with other values available in the literature for Trapani and colegues, 2004 and also with Caco-2 cells. The Papp value for zidovudine obtained with the initial gut segment of frog, 13 x 10-6 cm /s was which more resembled that obtained by the technique of Caco-2 cells, 13.6 x 10-6 cm/s and is also consistent with other literature data.

A combustão do diesel (DEP) é a principal fonte de partículas ultrafinas (PUFs) relacionadas à poluição causada pelo tráfego. Indivíduos com doenças respiratórias crônicas estão propensos a exacerbações durante a exposição à poluição ambiente. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de exposição subcrônica a uma baixa dose de partículas de combustão de diesel (DEP). 90 camundongos machos BALB/c foram divididos em 3 grupos: (a) Controle: instilação nasal de solução salina (n = 30); (b) DEP15: 15?g de DEP/10?l de solução salina (n = 30); e (c) DEP30: 30?g de DEP/10?l de solução salina (n = 30) durante cinco dias por semana, por 30 e 60 dias. Os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital de sódio (50mg/kg ip) e sacrificados por exanguinação. A contagem de células inflamatórias e as concentrações de interleucinas (IL) -4, -10, -13 e -17 no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foram avaliadas por ensaio imunoenzimático (Elisa). mRNA da MUC5ac foi avaliado por PCR em tempo real. A análise histológica do septo nasal e bronquíolos foi realizada para avaliar: (a) a espessura do epitélio brônquico e nasal, (b) o conteúdo de muco neutro e ácido na mucosa nasal. Nossos resultados mostraram que a instilação de DEP30 após 30 dias aumentou o número de células inflamatórias totais em relação ao controle (p=0,033). Ao comparar os resultados de DEP30 com o grupo Controle após 60 dias observamos os seguintes aumentos: (a) na expressão de MUC5AC nos pulmões (p = 0,016), no conteúdo de muco ácido no septo nasal (p = 0,017), nas células inflamatórias totais no LBA (p<0,001), no número de macrófagos no LBA (p=0,035) e na espessura do epitélio nasal (p=0,042). Nossos dados sugerem que dose baixa de DEP induz inflamação do trato respiratório com padrão tempo-dependente. / Diesel exhaust is the major source of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in trafficrelated pollution. Subjects with chronic respiratory diseases have great risk of exacerbations during exposure to air pollution. This study evaluated the effects of sub-chronic exposure to a low dose of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Ninety male BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups: (a) Control: nasal saline instillation (n=30); (b) DEP15: nasal instillation of 15?g of DEP/10?l of saline (n=30); and (c) DEP30: nasal instillation of 30?g of DEP/10?l of saline (n=30). Nasal instillations were performed five-days a week, during 30 e 60 days. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50mg/kg i.p), and sacrificed by exsanguination. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to assess inflammatory cell count and concetrations of interleukin (IL)-4, -10, -13 and -17 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The RNAm MUC5ac gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Histological analysis in nasal septum and bronchioles assessed: (a) bronchial and nasal epithelium thickness (b) acidic and neutral nasal mucous content. Our results showed that the instillation of DEP30 after 30 days increased the number of total inflammatory cells, as compared to the Control group (p = 0.033). The results of DEP30 after 60 days showed increases in: (a) the expression of MUC5AC in the lungs (p = 0.016); (b) acidic mucus production in the nasal septum (p = 0.017); (c) total inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid (p <0.001); (d) the number of macrophages in BALF (p = 0.035); and (d) nasal epithelium thickness (p = 0.042), as compared with control after 60 days. Our data suggest that a low dose of DEP induces inflammation of the respiratory tract in a time- dependent manner.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations play a critical role in its initiation and progression. One of the genes frequently epigenetically silenced or lost in many types of human cancer is tumor suppressor gene Hypermethylated in Cancer 1 (HIC1). It encodes for transcriptional repressor regulating its target genes directly or indirectly. Twelve genes whose expression is repressed by HIC1 have been identified to date. These genes encode for transcription factors, cell cycle and apoptosis regulators or proteins involved in angiogenesis as well as cell migration and invasiveness. Employing mouse embryonic fibroblasts upon Hic1-conditional knockout we have revealed six novel genes potentially repressed by Hic1 including Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2). Here we show that Tlr2 is one of the Hic1 target genes and that Hic1 inactivation in the intestine leads to increased Tlr2 production. Moreover, enhanced inflammatory response upon chemical-induced colitis as well as increased tumor formation in ApcMin mice was observed in Hic1-deficient mice. Expression profiling in human fibroblast upon HIC1 knockdown revealed increased expression of another potential target gene, transcription factor E2F7. Our study describes a new relationship between HIC1 and...

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Timothy G. Rozell / Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is known as the key hormone capable of causing proliferation of granulosa cells in the ovary. The classical receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled superfamily and is designated FSHR-1. A variant in the FSH receptor has been shown to be functional in mouse ovaries. The variant receptor is designated as FSHR-3, and when bound by FSH activates a pathway that shares similar characteristics to the growth factor type I receptor pathway, with no increase in cAMP. The FSHR-3 variant activates MAPK upon binding to FSH, and causes proliferation of cells on which it is known to be expressed. For example ID8 mouse ovarian surface epithelium cells (MOSEC), a cell line that when introduced in immunocompetent mice causes tumors similar to human ovarian cancer and which also express FSHR-3, proliferated in response to FSH. The present study explored the potential for decreasing expression of FSHR-3 protein. The RNA interference (RNAi) technique was used to insert small inhibitory RNA(siRNA) segments corresponding specifically to the R3 variant of the FSH receptor in ID8 MOSEC. Transfected cells were lysed and FSHR-3 protein was visualized using SDS Page and Western blotting analysis. A reduction in expression of FSHR-3 was observed in two of the transfection groups, with the greatest down-regulation of FSHR-3 being 30.1%. From these preliminary results we conclude that the FSHR-3 is expressed on ID8 cells, and that siRNA may be useful to reduce its expression. Thus, it may be possible to slow the growth of FSH-responsive tumors using siRNA to target the FSHR-3 receptor.

Les molécules HLA de class Ib ou nonclassiques, HLA-G, -E et -F, sont impliqués dans la régulation de la tolérance immunologique. En particulier, les polymorphismes génétiques ainsi que l’expression différentielle de HLA-G sont corrélés à l’évolution clinique des pathologies inflammatoires et des greffes d’organe. Notre premier travail a permis de montrer que la structure génétique de HLA-G était conservée dans des populations au patrimoine génétique différent (Mali et Sud de la France) et que, les haplotypes résultants (UTR), étaient corrélés à l’expression différentielle d’HLA-G soluble. Dans une deuxième étude on a pu montrer l’association différentielle des haplotypes HLA-G UTR avec certain allèles HLA-E, -A, -H, -G et -F suggérant une interaction privilégiée et/ou un effet tolérant synergique entre ces molécules. Une troisième étude a mis en évidence que deux haplotypes HLA-G UTR étaient corrélé à une évolution clinique péjorative dans la mucoviscidose et dans la transplantation pulmonaire. En fin, on a pu montrer une expression différentielle des isoformes de HLA-G dans les cellules épithéliales bronchiques (CEB), redifférencié in vitro, de témoins sains et patients atteints d’asthme avec une expression diminuée chez les asthmatiques. Finalement, l’ensemble de ces données suggèrent que la molécule HLA-G peut être un biomarqueur génétique et/ou sérologique attrayant et une cible thérapeutique potentielle via la modulation de son effet tolérogène dans un contexte de pathologies inflammatoires ou de conflit immunologique, tel que la transplantation d’organe et la transfusion. / HLA nonclassical class Ib genes HLA-G, -E and -F are involved in managing immune tolerance. Particularly for HLA-G, both its genetic polymorphism and its expression are correlated to clinical outcome in different pathologies, particularly in inflammatory disease and organ transplantation. In our first work we have shown that HLA-G genetic structure was conserved in distant healthy populations (Mali and South France) and that, the resulting haplotypes (UTR) were correlated to sHLA-G differential expression. In another study we observed a differential association between HLA-G UTR haplotypes and specific HLA-E, -A, -H, -F alleles that might reflect a privileged interaction and/or a synergistic tolerant effect between these molecules In a third study we showed that two different HLA UTR haplotypes were respectively associated with a worse evolution of cystic fibrosis and an impaired survival in lung transplant recipients. Afterwards, the analysis HLA-G isoforms expression in normal, mild and severe asthmatic human bronchial epithelial cells redifferentiated in vitro showed that the level of these transcripts was significantly reduced in asthmatics compared to controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that HLA-G molecule might be an attractive genetic and/or serologic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target, via the modulation of its tolerogenic effect, in specific allogenic and inflammatory contexts, such as solid organ transplantation or blood transfusion.

Les dystrophies rétiniennes héréditaires (DRH) sont des maladies qui conduisent à une perte de la vision au cours de leur évolution. Les premiers essais cliniques utilisant la thérapie génique pour traiter ces maladies ont été réalisés et apportent des résultats encourageants. En amont de telles études, les essais précliniques s'effectuent le plus souvent sur modèle animal. Cependant, pour un certain nombre de DRH, il n'existe pas de modèle animal approprié ce qui compromet l'arrivée d'un traitement à un stade clinique. C'est le cas de la Choroïdérémie, qui représente 2% des DRH. La choroïdérémie est caractérisée par une perte de la vision nocturne dès la petite enfance et conduit à la cécité autour des 40-50 ans. Son diagnostic précoce et son évolution lente résultent en une grande fenêtre thérapeutique qui fait de la choroïdérémie une bonne candidate pour la thérapie génique. Sur le plan génétique, la maladie est causée par une mutation dans le gène CHM qui est localisé sur le chromosome X et code pour la Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1). Cette protéine est impliquée dans le processus de prénylation de petites protéines GTPases, les protéines Rab. Afin de pallier au manque de modèle animal, nous avons généré au cours de ce travail de thèse, un modèle cellulaire humain de la choroïdérémie pour évaluer l'efficacité d'un protocole de thérapie génique sur le tissu réellement atteint in vivo. Pour cela, nous avons reprogrammé des fibroblastes de patient CHM-/y en cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS), que nous avons ensuite différenciées en Epithélium Pigmentaire Rétinien (EPR). Nous avons caractérisé cet EPR, montrant que c'est une couche monocellulaire polarisée possédant une morphologie et une expression de marqueurs caractéristiques. De plus, ce tissu est fonctionnel, sur le plan du transport de fluide et de la phagocytose, et possède le même phénotype biochimique que celui observé chez les patients. Dans un but de thérapie génique et afin d'évaluer le vecteur viral le plus efficace sur nos cellules, j'ai testé un panel de 5 sérotypes d'AAV et démontré que l'AAV2/5 est le plus efficient pour transduire un EPR dérivé de cellules iPS humaines. J'ai ensuite utilisé un AAV2/5-CAG-CHM afin d'évaluer l'efficacité fonctionnelle du vecteur et j'ai pu montrer qu'outre une expression correcte du transgène, le traitement de cellules de patients déficientes pour REP1 avec ce vecteur permet de restaurer une activité normale de prénylation. Nous avons donc démontré la supériorité d'efficacité de transduction de l'AAV2/5 dans des cellules d'EPR humain et soulignons le potentiel d'un modèle d'EPR pathologique dérivé de cellules iPS pour apporter une preuve de concept de thérapie génique en absence d'un modèle animal approprié. / Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) lead to a progressive vision loss. The first clinical trials using gene transfer to treat such diseases have been performed with positive results. Prior to clinical trials, preclinical studies are usually performed on animal models. However, for many IRDs, appropriate animal models do not exist, which compromises their progress towards a clinical trial. An example of an IRD that lacks an appropriate model is choroideremia, which represents 2% of IRD patients. It is characterized by night blindness in childhood, followed by progressive loss of the visual field resulting in blindness by 40–50 years of age. Its early diagnosis and slow evolution result in a large therapeutic window making choroideremia a good candidate for gene therapy. Genetically, the disease is caused by a mutation in the CHM gene located on the X chromosome and encoding the Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1). This protein is involved in the prenylation of small GTPases, the Rab proteins. To palliate the lack of an animal model, we generated a human cellular model of choroideremia in order to evaluate the efficacy of a gene therapy approach in the tissue that is affected in vivo.Towards this aim, we reprogrammed REP1-deficient fibroblasts from a CHM-/y patient into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPScs), which we differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We characterized the iPSc-derived RPE that is a polarized monolayer with a classic morphology, expresses characteristic markers, is functional for fluid transport and phagocytosis, and mimics the biochemical phenotype of patients. In terms of gene therapy and to evaluate the most efficient viral vector, I assayed a panel of 5 adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector serotypes and showed that AAV2/5 is the most efficient at transduce the iPSc-derived RPE. I then transduced the iPSc-derived RPE of a choroideremia patient with an AAV2/5-CAG-CHM and demonstrated that this vector is able to restore a normal prenylation function to the cells.To conclude, I demonstrated the superiority of the transduction efficiency of AAV2/5 in the iPSc-derived RPE and highlight the potential of a diseased RPE model derived from iPS cells to provide a proof of concept of gene therapy in the absence of a suitable animal model.

Dans la mucoviscidose (CF), Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonise les voies respiratoires, conduisant à une inflammation chronique de l’épithélium bronchique. Une analyse transcriptomique antérieure nous a permis d’identifier CHAC1 comme un gène différentiellement exprimé entre les cellules épithéliales bronchiques primaires de patients CF et non-CF, au niveau basal et au cours de l’infection à P. aeruginosa. CHAC1 est une protéine dégradant le glutathion et associée au stress du réticulum endoplasmique et à l’apoptose. L’objectif principal de ce travail était de comprendre la contribution de CHAC1, en particulier dans la réponse inflammatoire et l’apoptose des cellules épithéliales pulmonaires. Nous avons donc, dans un premier temps, confirmé que CHAC1 est surexprimé au niveau ARNm dans les cellules épithéliales bronchiques primaires non-CF par rapport aux cellules CF. Nous avons observé que P. aeruginosa et deux de ses facteurs de virulence, le LPS et la flagelline, induisent l’expression de CHAC1 dans les cellules non-CF. L’expression de CHAC1 induite par le LPS est indépendante de PERK mais implique ATF4. De plus, nous avons observé qu’une réduction de l’expression de CHAC1 est associée, après stimulation par du LPS et de la flagelline, à une modulation des marqueurs inflammatoires notamment l’IL-8, l’IL-6, CCL2 et PGE2. Enfin, nous avons montré que P. aeruginosa n’est pas capable d’induire de l’apoptose dans la lignée de cellules épithéliales bronchiques NCI-H292. Ces résultats suggèrent que la régulation de l’expression de CHAC1 dans les cellules CF pourrait contribuer à la réponse inflammatoire excessive et chronique observée chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose. / In cystic fibrosis (CF), Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizes the airways, leading to chronic inflammation of the bronchial epithelium. A previous transcriptomic analysis allowed us to identify CHAC1 as a gene differentially expressed between primary bronchial epithelial cells of CF and non-CF patients at the basal level and during P. aeruginosa infection. CHAC1 is a glutathione-degrading protein associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. The main objective of this work was to understand the contribution of CHAC1, particularly in the inflammatory response and apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells. We therefore first confirmed that CHAC1 is overexpressed at the mRNA level in non-CF primary bronchial epithelial cells relative to CF cells. We observed that P. aeruginosa and two of its virulence factors, LPS and flagellin, induce CHAC1 expression in non-CF cells. The expression of CHAC1 induced by LPS is independent of PERK but involves ATF4. Moreover, we have observed that a reduction in the expression of CHAC1 is associated, after stimulation by LPS and flagellin, with a modulation of the inflammatory markers, in particular IL-8, IL-6, CCL2 and PGE2. Finally, we have shown that P. aeruginosa is not capable of inducing apoptosis in the NCI-H292 bronchial epithelial cell line. These results suggest that CHAC1 is involved in the regulation of bronchial cell inflammation during P. aeruginosa infection and the regulation of CHAC1 expression in CF cells may contribute to the observed excessive and chronic inflammatory response in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Influence of stress factors on tunneling nanotubes in cultivated human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). The eye as one of the most important sense organs of the human body is exposed to visible light radiation and other stress factors every day. Especially the retina (of the eye) is a sensible tissue for oxidative damage (Wu et al., 2006). The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important layer of the retina, which forms the outer layer and phagocytises the shed disc membranes of the photoreceptor outer segments. Furthermore, the RPE is involved in the maintenance of the visual cycle and regulates the retinal balance (Bok, 1993). To maintain those functions, a steady communication between the RPE-cells and the adjacent neighbour cells is necessary. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) build a newly discovered variety of cell communication and thus establish intercellular signal transduction and transport different cell components including pathogens (Rustom et al., 2004; Onfelt et al., 2006; Sherer und Mothes, 2008; Veranic et al., 2008). The formation of TNTs in the neuron-like pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 was first reported by Rustom et al in 2004. In the following years a growing number of cell types containing TNTs were described. For example a lot of TNT-reports were found between immune cells (Onfelt et al., 2004; Sowinski et al., 2008). Chinnery et al. first described TNTs in vivo in 2008. Here they found TNTs between dendritic cells in the cornea of the mouse. An important characteristic of TNTs is that they do not attach to the substratum. They contain F-actin as a characteristic feature of there structure (Rustom et al., 2004). Our study group detected the formation of TNTs between ARPE-19-cells, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line. They contain F-actin, but no microtubules. Further it was observed an exchange of electrical signals, small molecules and even the transfer of organelles between cells via TNTs (see publication Wittig et al., 2012). It is often described in the literature, that TNTs are very sensitive against stress factors, like prolonged light excitation, mechanical and chemical stress, which then can result in rupture of the TNTs (Rustom et al., 2004; Koyanagi et al., 2005; Gurke et al., 2008a; Pontes et al., 2008; Sowinski et al., 2008; Domhan et al., 2011; Wang und Gerdes, 2012). Up to now it is widely unclear how pathological conditions influences TNTs. There are several studies, which report an induction but also an inhibition of TNT-formation by different factors. The reaction of cell-cell-interactions between RPE cells on stress factors is not jet analysed. So our motivation was, to analyse the influence of different stress factors on the number, the morphology and formation of TNTs. ARPE-19-cells were treated with blue light, with a wavelength of 470 and 405 nm, with 3000 μM glyoxal, with 200 μM H2O2, with medium without serum as well as with cytochalasin-D and latrunculin-B. With the help of differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy the formed TNTs were counted and the morphology was evaluated. A 24 hours cultivation of untreated ARPE-19 cells resulted in 15 TNTs per 100 cells on average. After excitation of the ARPE-19-cells with blue light 470 and 405 nm the number of TNTs decreased 50 % and 28,5 % accordingly in comparison to untreated cells (100 %). Furthermore, the cell culture, which was treated with glyoxal and H2O2 resulted in a reduction of 17,5 % and 53 % TNTs in comparison to the untreated cell culture. Cells which were cultured with serum free medium had an decreased TNT-number of 56.8 % in comparison with serum containing medium. TNTs of untreated ARPE-19-cells have a diameter from 50 to 300 nm (Wittig et al., 2012). Every TNTs, which were formed under named stress factors had the same diameter like untreated cells. In this study an average TNT length of 23 +/- 16 μm was measured between cells without treatment. This correlated with the TNT-lengths of cells which excitated with blue light 405 and 470 nm with 26 +/- 13 μm and 24 +/- 14 μm. In contrast the TNT-lenghts of cells treated with glyoxal and H2O2 with 16 +/- 11 μm and 15 +/- 13 μm were less and from cells cultured without serum with 34 +/- 20 μm were above the average length of TNTs of untreated cells. TNTs of ARPE-19-cells without treatment and TNTs which were treated with stress factors contained F-actin but no microtubules. Depolymerisation of F-actin, induced by addition of cytochalasin-D or latrunculin-B, led to disappearance of TNTs. This is an evidence for the importance of F-actin as an essential component of TNTs between ARPE-19-cells. Under the influence of blue light excitation the TNTs formed as good as untreated cells after contact of migrating cells. Reason for the reduced TNT-formation under stress factors could be explained by the generation of oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS induced under blue light- or glyoxal-treatment as well as H2O2 could influence cell function by inactivation of cell-mediated proteins or induction of F-actin oxidation with subsequent destruction of the actin-network and inhibition of the actin-polymerisation (Chen, 1993; Ballinger et al., 1999; Thornalley et al., 1999; Valen et al., 1999; Dalle-Donne et al., 2002; Nilsson et al., 2003; Shangari und O'Brien, 2004; Zhu et al., 2005; Knels et al. 2008; Roehlecke et al., 2009). The reduced actin-polymerisation as well as the disruption of the TNTs due to changes at the actin-cytoskeleton and at the membranes could explain the reduced TNT-formation (Valen et al., 1999; Dalle-Donne et al., 2002; Reber et al., 2002; Zhu et al., 2005; Knels et al., 2008). The inhibition of the cell growth under oxidative stress conditions and under nutritional deficiency by serum free medium could lead to a reduced TNT-formation too. In this study we found a reduction of TNT-number between ARPE-19-cells under different stress conditions. It is possible, that TNTs are formed between RPE- and photoreceptor-cells in vivo, where they can exchange useful or recyclable materials between cells (Wang et al., 2011; Wittig et al., 2012). Disruption of TNTs by reactive oxygen species could cause a decreased exchange of informations. It is possible, that the cells, RPE- as well as photoreceptor-cells, die due to a deficiency of nutrients. This could be another reason in the formation of age related macular degeneration, which shows a destruction of RPE-cells and secondary of the photoreceptorcells. / Das Auge ist als eines der wichtigsten Sinnesorgane des Menschen täglich sichtbarer Lichtstrahlung und weiteren Stressfaktoren ausgesetzt. Die Netzhaut des Auges ist besonders empfindlich für oxidative Schäden (Wu et al., 2006). Eine bedeutende Schicht der Netzhaut im Auge stellt das retinale Pigmentepithel (RPE) dar, welches die äußere Schicht der Retina bildet und täglich die abgeworfenen Photorezeptoraußensegmentscheiben phagozytiert. Zudem ist das RPE wesentlich am visuellen Prozess sowie der Aufrechterhaltung des retinalen Gleichgewichts beteiligt (Bok, 1993). Um diese Funktionen zu gewährleisten, ist eine ständige Kommunikation zwischen den RPEZellen sowie zu angrenzenden Nachbarzellen innerhalb der Netzhaut notwendig. So ist über Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs), als neu entdeckte Kommunikationsform, ein interzellulärer Transport von Signalen und verschiedensten Zellkomponenten, aber auch von Pathogenen, möglich (Rustom et al., 2004; Onfelt et al., 2006; Sherer und Mothes, 2008; Veranic et al., 2008). Erstmals 2004 beschrieben Rustom et al. die Bildung von TNTs zwischen Rattennierenzellen in vitro. In den folgenden Jahren kam es zu einer Vielzahl weiterer TNT-Entdeckungen zwischen verschiedensten Zellen in vitro. So findet man zum Beispiel vermehrt TNTBeschreibungen zwischen Immunzellen (Onfelt et al., 2004; Sowinski et al., 2008). Ein erster Nachweis an TNTs in vivo erfolgte 2008 durch die Arbeitsgruppe Chinnery et al.. Hierbei fand man TNTs zwischen dendritischen Zellen in der Mauscornea. Ein wichtiges Merkmal von TNTs ist, dass sie sich als frei im Medium schwebende interzelluläre Verbindungen darstellen, ohne Kontakt zum Substrat zu haben. TNTs sind im Wesentlichen als stabilisierendes Hauptstrukturmerkmal aus Aktin aufgebaut (Rustom et al., 2004). In unserer Arbeitsgruppe wurde die Bildung von TNTs zwischen ARPE-19-Zellen, einer humanen Pigmentepithelzelllinie, entdeckt. Neben dem strukturellen Aufbau aus Aktin, konnte ein Austausch von elektrischen Signalen sowie molekularen Stoffen und der Transport von Organellen (Mitochondrien) durch TNTs zwischen ARPE-19-Zellen nachgewiesen werden (siehe Publikation Wittig et al., 2012). Wie schon mehrfach in der Literatur beschrieben, reagieren TNTs sehr sensibel auf Stressfaktoren, so zum Beispiel auf längere Lichtreizung, mechanischen und chemischen Stress, was jeweils zur Ruptur der Strukturen führen kann (Rustom et al., 2004; Koyanagi et al., 2005; Gurke et al., 2008; Pontes et al., 2008; Sowinski et al., 2008; Domhan et al., 2011; Wang und Gerdes, 2012). Weitgehend unklar ist bisher der Einfluss von pathologischen Bedingungen auf die TNTs. Es gibt mehrere Studien, in denen durch verschiedenste Faktoren über eine Induktion, aber auch über eine Hemmung der TNT-Bildung berichtet wurde. Die Reaktion von Zell-Zell-Interaktionen zwischen RPE-Zellen auf Stressfaktoren wurde bisher in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten nicht untersucht. Dies nahmen wir zum Anlass, den Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Stressfaktoren auf die Anzahl von TNTs, ihre Morphologie und Bildung zu untersuchen. Es erfolgte eine Behandlung der ARPE-19-Zellen mit Blaulicht in den Wellenlängen 405 und 470 nm, mit 3000 μM Glyoxal, mit 200 μM H2O2, mit serumfreiem Medium sowie mit Cytochalasin D und Latrunculin B. Die gebildeten TNTs wurden anschließend mit Hilfe der Lichtmikroskopie ausgezählt sowie deren Morphologie beurteilt. So bildeten unbehandelte ARPE-19-Zellen nach 24 Stunden Kultivierung im Durchschnitt 15 TNTs pro 100 Zellen aus. Nach 24stündiger Bestrahlung der ARPE-19-Zellen mit Blaulicht 470 nm und 405 nm fiel die TNT-Anzahl auf 50 % und 28,5 % im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Zellen (100 %). Weiterhin fanden sich in den Glyoxal- und H2O2-behandelten Kulturschalen 17,5 % und 53 % TNTs verglichen mit der unbehandelten Zellkultur. In der serumfreien Kulturschale verringerten sich die TNTs 24 Stunden nach Ausplattierung der Zellen auf 56,8 % im Vergleich zu in Medium mit Serum kultivierten Zellen. TNTs unbehandelter ARPE-19-Zellen besitzen einen Durchmesser von 50 bis 300 nm (Wittig et al., 2012). Alle unter oben genannten Stressfaktoren gebildeten TNTs befanden sich in Hinblick auf ihren Durchmesser im Bereich der TNTs unbehandelter Zellen. Bei TNTs unbehandelter Zellen wurde in dieser Arbeit eine durchschnittliche Länge von 23 +/- 16 μm gemessen. Dies entsprach dem TNT-Längendurchschnitt von mit Blaulicht 405 nm und 470 nm bestrahlter ARPE-19-Zellen mit 26 +/- 13 μm und mit 24 +/- 14 μm. Unter Glyoxal und H2O2 gebildete TNTs lagen im Gegensatz dazu mit 16 +/- 11 μm und 15 +/- 13 μm unterhalb und unter serumfreier Kultivierung mit 34 +/- 20 μm über dem TNTLängendurchschnitt unbehandelter Zellen. Alle TNTs, sowohl unbehandelter als auch mit Stressfaktoren behandelter ARPE-19-Zellen, sind aus Aktin aufgebaut. Jedoch ließ sich kein Tubulin nachweisen. Nach Zugabe von Aktinpolymerisationshemmern waren keine TNTs nachweisbar, was beweist, dass F-Aktin essentieller Bestandteil von TNTs zwischen ARPE-19-Zellen ist. Unter dem Einfluss von Blaulicht 470 und 405 nm bildeten sich die TNTs, wie auch bei unbehandelten Zellen, durch ein Zusammentreffen der Zellen mit anschließendem Auseinandergleiten. Die Ursache für die verminderte Bildung an TNTs unter verschiedenen Stressfaktoren könnte in der Entstehung von oxidativem Stress durch die Ausbildung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) begründet sein. So können zum Beispiel die unter Blaulicht- und Glyoxalexposition entstehenden ROS sowie H2O2, als eine Hauptform der ROS, die Zellfunktion durch Inaktivierung zellulärer Proteine beeinflussen sowie eine direkte Oxidation an Aktin hervorrufen mit folglicher Aktinnetzwerkzerstörung und Hemmung der Aktinpolymerisation (Chen, 1993; Ballinger et al., 1999; Thornalley et al., 1999; Valen et al., 1999; Dalle-Donne et al., 2002; Nilsson et al., 2003; Shangari und O'Brien, 2004; Zhu et al., 2005; Knels, Worm et al. 2008; Roehlecke et al., 2009). Die verminderte Aktinpolymerisation, aber auch die Zerreißungen der TNTs durch Veränderungen am Aktinzytoskelett sowie an den Membranen könnten zu einer verringerten TNT-Bildung führen (Valen et al., 1999; Dalle-Donne et al., 2002; Reber et al., 2002; Zhu et al., 2005; Knels et al., 2008). Auch eine Hemmung des Zellwachstums unter oxidativen Stressbedingungen sowie unter Nährstoffmangel durch Serumentzug könnte mit einer verminderten TNT-Bildung einhergehen. Wir haben in unserer Untersuchung gezeigt, dass es durch verschiedene Stresseinflüsse zu einer Reduktion der TNTs zwischen ARPE-19-Zellen kommt. Es ist denkbar, dass solche TNTs in vivo zwischen RPE- und Photorezeptorzellen ausgebildet werden, wo sie nützliches oder recycelbares Material zwischen Zellen austauschen (Wang et al., 2011; Wittig et al., 2012). Bei Zerstörung der TNTs durch zum Beispiel oxidative Faktoren könnte es zu einer Verringerung des Informationsaustausches kommen. Es ist möglich, dass durch die Minderversorgung die Zellen absterben, sowohl RPE- als auch Photorezeptorzellen. Dies könnte ein weiterer möglicher Ursachenansatz in der Entstehung der altersabhängigen Makuladegeneration sein, welche als Erkrankungserscheinung den Untergang der RPEZellen und damit sekundär der Photorezeptorzellen aufweist.

We investigated attachment and migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells (primary, SV40-transfected and ARPE-19) on nanoscopically defined, two-dimensional matrices composed of parallel-aligned collagen type I fibrils. These matrices were used non-cross-linked (native) or after riboflavin/UV-A cross-linking to study cell attachment and migration by time-lapse video microscopy. Expression of collagen type I and IV, MMP-2 and of the collagen-binding integrin subunit α2 were examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. SV40-RPE cells quickly attached to the nanostructured collagen matrices and aligned along the collagen fibrils. However, they disrupted both native and cross-linked collagen matrices within 5 h. Primary RPE cells aligned more slowly without destroying either native or cross-linked substrates. Compared to primary RPE cells, ARPE-19 cells showed reduced alignment but partially disrupted the matrices within 20 h after seeding. Expression of the collagen type I-binding integrin subunit α2 was highest in SV40-RPE cells, lower in primary RPE cells and almost undetectable in ARPE-19 cells. Thus, integrin α2 expression levels directly correlated with the degree of cell alignment in all examined RPE cell types. Specific integrin subunit α2-mediated matrix binding was verified by preincubation with an α2-function-blocking antibody, which impaired cell adhesion and alignment to varying degrees in primary and SV40-RPE cells. Since native matrices supported extended and directed primary RPE cell growth, optimizing the matrix production procedure may in the future yield nanostructured collagen matrices serving as transferable cell sheet carriers. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.