Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de systèmes de Lyndon (pour la relation d'ordre alterné) et àla dynamique symbolique des développements des nombres en base négative. Pour un réel ß > 1fixé, nous construisons un code préfixe récurrent positif permettant non seulement de montrerl'intrinsèque ergodicité du —ß-shift mais aussi de déterminer la fonction zêta qui lui est associée.Nous étudions les conditions pour lesquelles le —ß-shift possède la spécification.En outre, lorsque ß est strictement plus petit que le nombre d'or, le langage du —ß-shift admet desmots intransitifs. Cet état de fait engendre dans le système dynamique des cylindres négligeablespar rapport à la mesure d'entropie maximale. Ces cylindres génèrent sur Iß=[—ß/(ß+1),1/(ß+1)[ depetits intervalles de mesure nulle (la mesure considérée étant l'unique mesure ergodique sur Iß).Nous en faisons une étude détaillée, en particulier nous déterminons ces intervalles "trous".Par ailleurs, nous étudions l'unicité des systèmes de numération des entiers relatifs en base négative et nous montrons qu'à chaque mot de Lyndon correspond un tel système. / This work deals with the study of the Lyndon systems (for alternate order) and the symbolicdynamics of the expansions of real numbers in negative base. For a given real ß > 1, we showthe intrinsic ergodicity of the —ß-shift using a positive recurring prefix code and we determine theassociated zeta function. We study the conditions for which the —ß-shift admits the specificationproperty.Moreover, when ß is less than golden ratio, the language of the —ß-shift contains intransitive words.These words lead to some cylinders negligible with respect to the measure with maximal entropy.In the interval Iß=[—ß/(ß+1),1/(ß+1)[, these cylinders correspond to some gaps: small interval withmeasure zero (with respect to the unique ergodic measure on Iß). We make a detailed study ofthese gaps.Otherwise, we study the uniqueness of the number systems of integers in negative base and weshow that to each Lyndon word corresponds to a such system.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude de systèmes dynamiques substitutifs. Les substitutions ont historiquement été introduites pour décrire la suite des sommes des chiffres modulo 2 en base 2 . On étudie des propriétés de la suite somme des chiffres et notamment les propriétés des densités asymptotiques d'ensembles liés aux autocorrélations de fonctions arithmétiques définies par les fonctions somme des chiffres. On démontre notamment un théorème de la limite centrale pour ces densités. On étudie également les propriétés de régularité de la fonction de pression dans le cadre du formalisme thermodynamique, introduit par Bowen, Ruelle et Sinaï, pour une famille de potentiels définis en terme de distance à l'attracteur de la substitution de k-bonacci. On démontre la convergence des itérés de l'opérateur de renormalisation introduit par Baraviera, Leplaideur et Lopes vers un point fixe pour cette même famille de potentiels. Enfin, on étudie des propriétés de régularité de certaines mesures spectrales associées à des pavages auto-similaires en s'appuyant sur des travaux de Bufetov et Solomyak portant sur les déviations des sommes ergodiques dans le cas de l'action par translation de \R^d sur les pavages auto-similaires de R^d. On démontre qu'après renormalisation, ces mesures spectrales se comportent comme des mesures de Radon autour de zér / In the present work we study substitutive dynamical systems. Historically, substitutions have been introduced in order to describe the sequence of the sum-of-digits mod 2 in base 2. We study some properties of densities of sets defined by sum-of-digits functions, sets which are linked with autocorrelations of some arithmétic functions. We prove that these densities are usually normally distributed. We also study the regularity of the pressure function in the framework of the thermodynamics formalism, introduced by Bowen, Ruelle and Sinaï, for a family of potentials defined in terms of distance to the attractor of the k-bonacci substitution. We also show that the iterations of the renormalisation operator defined by Baraviera, Leplaideur and Lopes converges towards a fixed point of this operator. Finally we study the regularity of some spectral measures associated to self-similar tilings using mostly works from Bufetov and Solomyak on the deviations of ergodic sums for the action of translations by vectors in R^d on self-similar tilings of R^d. We prove that, afeter renormalisation, these spectral measures behave like Radon measures around

Potential theory is the name given to the broad field of analysis encompassing such topics as harmonic and subharmonic functions, the Dirichlet problem, Green’s functions, potentials and capacity. In this text, our main goal will be to gain a deeper understanding towards complex dynamics, the study of dynamical systems defined by the iteration of analytic functions, using the tools and techniques of potential theory. We will restrict ourselves to holomorphic polynomials in C. At first, we will discuss briefly about harmonic and subharmonic functions. In course, potential theory will repay its debt to complex analysis in the form of some beautiful applications regarding the Julia sets (defined in Chapter 8) of a certain family of polynomials, or a single one. We will be able to provide an explicit formula for computing the capacity of a Julia set, which in some sense, gives us a finer measurement of the set. In turn, this provides us with a sharp estimate for the diameter of the Julia set. Further if we pick any point w from the Julia set, then the inverse images q−n(w) span the whole Julia set. In fact, the point-mass measures with support at the discrete set consisting of roots of the polynomial, (qn-w) will eventually converge to the equilibrium measure of the Julia set, in the weak*-sense. This provides us with a very effective insight into the analytic structure of the set. Hausdorff dimension is one of the most effective notions of fractal dimension in use. With the help of potential theory and some ergodic theory, we can show that for a certain holomorphic family of polynomials varying over a simply connected domain D, one can gain nice control over how the Hausdorff dimensions of the respective Julia sets change with the parameter λ in D.

The thesis is organized as follows: First we state basic ergodic theorems in Section 2 and introduce the notation of Cesàro averages for multiple operators in Section 3. We state a general theorem in Section 3 for groups that can be represented by a finite alphabet and a transition matrix. In the second part we show that finitely generated Fuchsian groups, with certain restrictions to the fundamental domain, admit such a representation. To develop the representation we give an introduction into Möbius transformations (Section 4), hyperbolic geometry (Section 5), the concept of Fuchsian groups and their action in the hyperbolic plane (Section 6) and fundamental domains (Section 7). As hyperbolic geometry calls for visualization we included images at various points to make the definitions and statements more approachable. With those tools at hand we can develop a geometrical coding for Fuchsian groups with respect to their fundamental domain in Section 8. Together with the coding we state in Section 9 the main theorem for Fuchsian groups. The last chapter (Section 10) is devoted to the application of the main theorem to three explicit examples. We apply the developed method to the free group F3, to a fundamental group of a compact manifold with genus two and we show why the main theorem does not hold for the modular group PSL(2, Z).:1 Introduction 2 Ergodic Theorems 2.1 Mean Ergodic Theorems 2.2 Pointwise Ergodic Theorems 2.3 The Limit in Ergodic Theorems 3 Cesàro Averages of Sphere Averages 3.1 Basic Notation 3.2 Cesàro Averages as Powers of an Operator 3.3 Convergence of Cesàro Averages 3.4 Invariance of the Limit 3.5 The Limit of Cesàro Averages 3.6 Ergodic Theorems for Strictly Markovian Groups 4 Möbius Transformations 4.1 Introduction and Properties 4.2 Classes of Möbius Transformations 5 Hyperbolic Geometry 5.1 Hyperbolic Metric 5.2 Upper Half Plane and Poincaré Disc 5.3 Topology 5.4 Geodesics 5.5 Geometry of Möbius Transformations 6 Fuchsian Groups and Hyperbolic Space 6.1 Discrete Groups 6.2 The Group PSL(2, R) 6.3 Fuchsian Group Actions on H 6.4 Fuchsian Group Actions on D 7 Geometry of Fuchsian Groups 7.1 Fundamental Domains 7.2 Dirichlet Domains 7.3 Locally Finite Fundamental Domains 7.3.1 Sides of Locally Finite Fundamental Domains 7.3.2 Side Pairings for Locally Finite Fundamental Domains 7.3.3 Finite Sided Fundamental Domains 7.4 Tessellations of Hyperbolic Space 7.5 Example Fundamental Domains 8 Coding for Fuchsian Groups 8.1 Geometric Alphabet 8.1.1 Alphabet Map 8.2 Transition Matrix 8.2.1 Irreducibility of the Transition Matrix 8.2.2 Strict Irreducibility of the Transition Matrix 9 Ergodic Theorem for Fuchsian Groups 10 Example Constructions 10.1 The Free Group with Three Generators 10.1.1 Transition Matrix 10.2 Example of a Surface Group 10.2.1 Irreducibility of the Transition Matrix 10.2.2 Strict Irreducibility of the Transition Matrix 10.3 Example of PSL(2, Z) 10.3.1 Irreducibility of the Transition Matrix 10.3.2 Strict Irreducibility of the Transition Matrix

[pt] Apresentaremos uma versão de Teorema Ergódico Multiplicativo para cociclos subaditivos devido a Karlsson e Margulis. Como aplicação, analisaremos três exemplos de cociclos nos seguintes espaços: Grafo gerado por grupo livre em dois geradores, disco hiperbólico, espaco das matrizes positivas simétricas definidas. Também usaremos o Teorema de Karlsson e Margulis para mostrar o Teorema de Oseledets. / [en] We will show a version of Multiplicative Ergodic Theorem for subbaditive cocycles due to Karlsson and Margulis. As an application, we will analyze three examples of cocycles in following spaces: graph generated by free group of two generators, hyperbolic disc, space of positive definite symetric matrices. Also, we will use the Theorem of Karlsson and Margulis to prove Theorem of Oseledets.

Ce manuscrit de thèse traite de l'analyse asymptotique de problèmes paraboliques possédant des termes raides. Dans un premier temps, on fait l'analyse asymptotique d'un système parabolique possédant des termes de transport raide. Une analyse à deux échelles, basée sur des résultats de théorie ergodique, nous permet de dériver un système limite effectif. Ce système effectif se trouve être, de nouveau, un système parabolique dont le champ de diffusion peut être explicité par une moyenne du champ de diffusion initial le long d'un groupe d'opérateurs unitaires. L'introduction d'un correcteur nous permet d'obtenir un résultat de convergence forte, avec un ordre de convergence, pour des données initiales non nécessairement bien préparées. On propose dans un second temps une méthode numérique permettant de calculer le champ de diffusion effectif. Celle-ci est basée sur la combinaison d'un schéma Runge-Kutta et d'un schéma de type semi-Lagrangien. L'ordre de convergence obtenu théoriquement est mis en évidence de manière numérique. On propose une méthode numérique basée sur un splitting d'opérateur pour la résolution du système parabolique avec termes de transport raide. Enfin, on effectue l'analyse asymptotique d'un système parabolique fortement anisotrope. Sous de bonnes hypothèses de régularité, un système variationnel effectif est proposé et l'introduction d'un correcteur adapté permet d'obtenir un résultat de convergence forte avec un ordre de convergence. Les arguments utilisés relèvent une nouvelle fois de l'analyse à deux échelles et de la théorie ergodique. / This manuscript is devoted to the asymptotic analysis of parabolic equations with stiff terms. First, we perform the asymptotic analysis of a parabolic equation with stiff transport terms. An effective limit model is obtained by a two-scale analysis based on ergodic theory results. This effective system is again a parabolic system whose diffusion field is an average of the initial diffusion field along a group of unitary operators. The introduction of a corrector allows us to obtain a strong convergence result, with an order of convergence, for initial data not necessarily well prepared. We propose a numerical method to compute the effective diffusion field. This method is based on a Runge-Kutta scheme and a semi-Lagrangian scheme. The theoretically order of convergence is obtained numerically. We propose a numerical method based on operator splitting for the resolution of the parabolic system with stiff transport terms. Finally, we perform the asymptotic analysis of a strongly anisotropic parabolic problem. Under suitable smoothness hypotheses, an effective variational system is proposed. By using a suitable corrector, we obtain a strong convergence result and we are able to perform the error analysis. The arguments relate again to the two-scale analysis and the ergodic theory.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit einer Vermutung von Sarnak aus dem Jahre 2010 über die Orthogonalität von durch deterministische dynamische Systeme induzierte Folgen zur Möbiusschen μ-Funktion. Ihre Hauptresultate sind zum einen der Ergodensatz mit Möbiusgewichten, welcher eine maßtheoretische (schwächere) Version von Sarnaks Vermutung darstellt, und zum anderen die bereits gesicherte Gültigkeit der genannten Vermutung in Spezialfällen, wobei hier exemplarisch unter anderem der Thue–Morse Shift und Schiefprodukterweiterungen von rationalen Rotationen auf dem Kreis gewählt worden sind. Zum Zwecke der Motivation zeigen wir, dass eine gewisse Wachstumsabschätzung für die Mertensfunktion äquivalent ist zum Primzahlsatz und skizzieren ein Resultat, welches die Äquivalenz einer weiteren solchen Abschätzung zur Riemannschen Vermutung liefert, um auf diese Weise die Bedeutung der Möbiusfunktion für die Zahlentheorie herauszustellen. Da sie für das Verständnis von Sarnaks Vermutung unerlässlich ist, geben wir eine Einführung in die Theorie der Entropie dynamischer Systeme auf Grundlage der Definitionen von Adler–Konheim–McAndrew, Bowen–Dinaburg und Kolmogorov–Sinai. Ferner berechnen wir die topologische Entropie des Thue–Morse Shifts und von Schiefprodukterweiterungen von Rotatione auf dem Kreis. Wir studieren die ergodische Zerlegung T-invarianter Maße auf kompakten metrischen Räumen mit stetiger Transformation T, welche wir für den Beweis des Ergodensatzes mit Möbiusgewichten benötigen. Sodann beweisen wir den genannten gewichteten Ergodensatz. Wir geben eine hinreichende Bedingung an für das Erfülltsein von Sarnaks Vermutung in einem gegebenen dynamischen System, welche im anschließenden Kapitel Anwendung findet. So wird nachgewiesen, dass Sarnaks Vermutung im Falle des Thue–Morse Shifts und von Schiefprodukterweiterungen von rationalen Rotationen auf dem Kreis erfüllt ist. Abschließend wird gezeigt, dass Sarnaks Vermutung sich als Konsequenz aus einer Vermutung von Chowla ergibt. / The thesis in hand deals with a conjecture of Sarnak from 2010 about the orthogonality of sequences induced by deterministic dynamical systems to the Möbius μ-function. Its main results are the ergodic theorem with Möbius weights, which is a measure theoretic (weaker) version of Sarnak’s conjecture, and the already assured validity of Sarnak’s conjecture in special cases, where we have exemplarily chosen the Thue–Morse shift and skew product extensions of rational rotations on the significance of the Möbius function for number theory. Since it is essential for the understanding of Sarnak’s conjecture we give an introduction to the theory of entropy of dynamical systems based on the definitions of Adler–Konheim–McAndrew, Bowen–Dinaburg and Kolmogorov–Sinai. Furthermore, we calculate the topological entropy of the Thue–Morse shift and of skew product extensions of rotations on the circle. We study the ergodic decomposition for T-invariant measures on compact metric spaces with continuous transformations T, which we will need for the proof of the ergodic theorem with Möbius weights. Thereafter, we prove the namely weighted ergodic theorem. We give a sufficient condition for Sarnak’s conjecture to hold for a given dynamical system, which we make use of in the following chapter. Thereupon, it is varified that Sarnak’s conjecture holds for the Thue–Morse shift and for skew product extensions of rational rotations on the circle. Lastly, it is shown that Sarnak’s conjecture from one of Chowla.

This thesis is concerned with methodologies for the accurate quantitative modelling of molecular biological systems. The first part is devoted to the chemical Langevin equation (CLE), a stochastic differential equation driven by a multidimensional Wiener process. The CLE is an approximation to the standard discrete Markov jump process model of chemical reaction kinetics. It is valid in the regime where molecular populations are abundant enough to assume their concentrations change continuously, but stochastic fluctuations still play a major role. We observe that the CLE is not a single equation, but a family of equations with shared finite-dimensional distributions. On the theoretical side, we prove that as many Wiener processes are sufficient to formulate the CLE as there are independent variables in the equation, which is just the rank of the stoichiometric matrix. On the practical side, we show that in the case where there are m_1 pairs of reversible reactions and m_2 irreversible reactions, there is another, simple formulation of the CLE with only m_1+m_2 Wiener processes, whereas the standard approach uses 2m_1+m_2. Considerable computational savings are achieved with this latter formulation. A flaw of the CLE model is identified: trajectories may leave the nonnegative orthant with positive probability. The second part addresses the challenge when alternative, structurally different ordinary differential equation models of similar complexity fit the available experimental data equally well. We review optimal experiment design methods for choosing the initial state and structural changes on the biological system to maximally discriminate between the outputs of rival models in terms of L_2-distance. We determine the optimal stimulus (input) profile for externally excitable systems. The numerical implementation relies on sum of squares decompositions and is demonstrated on two rival models of signal processing in starving Dictyostelium amoebae. Such experiments accelerate the perfection of our understanding of biochemical mechanisms.

Traditionally, differential-equation models for population dynamics have considered organisms as "fixed" entities in terms of their behaviour and characteristics. However, there have been many observations of adaptivity in organisms, both at the level of behaviour and as an evolutionary change of traits, in response to the environmental conditions. Taking such adaptiveness into account alters the qualitative dynamics of traditional models and is an important factor to be included, for example, when developing reliable model predictions under changing environmental conditions. In this thesis, we consider piecewise-smooth and smooth dynamical systems to represent adaptive change in a 1 predator-2 prey system. First, we derive a novel piecewise-smooth dynamical system for a predator switching between its preferred and alternative prey type in response to prey abundance. We consider a linear ecological trade-off and discover a novel bifurcation as we change the slope of the trade-off. Second, we reformulate the piecewise-smooth system as two novel 1 predator-2 prey smooth dynamical systems. As opposed to the piecewise-smooth system that includes a discontinuity in the vector fields and assumes that a predator switches its feeding strategy instantaneously, we relax this assumption in these systems and consider continuous change in a predator trait. We use plankton as our reference organism because they serve as an important model system. We compare the model simulations with data from Lake Constance on the German-Swiss-Austrian border and suggest possible mechanistic explanations for cycles in plankton concentrations in spring.

The use of Hilbert space theory became an important tool for ergodic theoreticians ever since John von Neumann proved the fundamental Mean Ergodic theorem in Hilbert space. Recurrence is one of the corner stones in the study of dynamical systems. In this dissertation some extended ideas besides those of the basic, well-known recurrence results are investigated. Hilbert space theory proves to be a very useful approach towards the solution of multiple recurrence problems in ergodic theory. Another very important use of Hilbert space theory became evident only relatively recently, when it was realized that non-commutative dynamical systems become accessible to the ergodic theorist through the important Gelfand-Naimark-Segal (GNS) representation of C*-algebras as Hilbert spaces. Through this construction we are enabled to invoke the rich catalogue of Hilbert space ergodic results to approach the more general, and usually more involved, non-commutative extensions of classical ergodic-theoretical results. In order to make this text self-contained, the basic, standard, ergodic-theoretical results are included in this text. In many instances Hilbert space counterparts of these basic results are also stated and proved. Chapters 1 and 2 are devoted to the introduction of these basic ergodic-theoretical results such as an introduction to the idea of measure-theoretic dynamical systems, citing some basic examples, Poincairé’s recurrence, the ergodic theorems of Von Neumann and Birkhoff, ergodicity, mixing and weakly mixing. In Chapter 2 several rudimentary results, which are the basic tools used in proofs, are also given. In Chapter 3 we show how a Hilbert space result, i.e. a variant of a result by Van der Corput for uniformly distributed sequences modulo 1, is used to simplify the proofs of some multiple recurrence problems. First we use it to simplify and clarify the proof of a multiple recurrence result by Furstenberg, and also to extend that result to a more general case, using the same Van der Corput lemma. This may be considered the main result of this thesis, since it supplies an original proof of this result. The Van der Corput lemma helps to simplify many of the tedious terms that are found in Furstenberg’s proof. In Chapter 4 we list and discuss a few important results where classical (commutative) ergodic results were extended to the non-commutative case. As stated before, these extensions are mainly due to the accessibility of Hilbert space theory through the GNS construction. The main result in this section is a result proved by Niculescu, Ströh and Zsidó, which is proved here using a similar Van der Corput lemma as in the commutative case. Although we prove a special case of the theorem by Niculescu, Ströh and Zsidó, the same method (Van der Corput) can be used to prove the generalized result. Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Beters, FJC 2004, A Hilbert space approach to multiple recurrence in ergodic theory, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02222006-104936 / > / Dissertation (MSc (Applied Mathematics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / unrestricted