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Submitted by Diego Barreiros Dutra Sampaio (digdutra@msn.com) on 2013-09-17T17:03:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Peace - Dissertação (Diego Barreiros Dutra Sampaio).pdf: 2546308 bytes, checksum: 266a9ec2bfd922a06bff1ae2bf211a09 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2013-09-25T13:39:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Peace - Dissertação (Diego Barreiros Dutra Sampaio).pdf: 2546308 bytes, checksum: 266a9ec2bfd922a06bff1ae2bf211a09 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-09-27T12:41:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Peace - Dissertação (Diego Barreiros Dutra Sampaio).pdf: 2546308 bytes, checksum: 266a9ec2bfd922a06bff1ae2bf211a09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T12:42:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Peace - Dissertação (Diego Barreiros Dutra Sampaio).pdf: 2546308 bytes, checksum: 266a9ec2bfd922a06bff1ae2bf211a09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-29 / À medida que ajudam as organizações a prevenir condutas irregulares e a manter um ambiente de trabalho mais éticos, as denúncias (whistleblowing) são frequentemente apontadas pela literatura como um benefício à sociedade como um todo. Entretanto, pouco se sabe a respeito de muitos aspectos associados à decisão de denunciar uma irregularidade. No Brasil, em especial, onde o assunto permanece sendo negligenciado por pesquisadores, elementos culturais específicos podem obstruir o caminho da denuncia, além de impor restrições à generalização dos resultados de pesquisas anteriores, quase sempre voltadas para a realidade anglo-saxônica. Com base nesses pressupostos, este estudo busca identificar os antecedentes do whistleblowing interno nas organizações brasileiras. De modo geral, os resultados da pesquisa empírica realizada com uma ampla amostra de profissionais oriundos de empresas púbicas e privadas dão suporte ao modelo proposto e reforçam a noção de que o ato de denunciar é o resultado complexo da interação entre fatores da organização, do indivíduo da situação observada. Em particular, os resultados sugerem que os indivíduos são mais propensos a realizar a denúncia quando a irregularidade observada é percebida como grave e quando a própria denuncia é vista como um curso de ação ético. Por outro lado, os indivíduos podem optar pelo silêncio se o alvo da denúncia for alguém com alto status na organização, se eles não sentirem apoio da organização ou se temerem retaliações. A influência negativa do medo de retaliação sobre a intenção de denunciar, contudo, pode ser atenuada se o indivíduo está convencido de que o correto a fazer é denunciar. Por fim, os resultados também sugerem que profissionais em posição gerencial são mais propensos a denunciar irregularidades do que os demais membros de uma organização. As implicações desses resultados, bem como as limitações e contribuições do estudo para a teoria e para a prática são discutidas em detalhe, juntamente com sugestões para pesquisas futuras. / Whistleblowing is often assumed to benefit society at large as it promotes a more ethical work environment by helping organizations to prevent misconducts. However, little is known about many aspects of the decision to blow the whistle on a wrongful act. Particularly In Brazil, where the topic remains neglected by researchers, specific cultural elements may hinder whistleblowing behavior and limit the generalization of findings from previous studies, almost always based on the context of English speaking countries. By relying on these assumptions, this study attempted to ascertain the antecedents of internal whistleblowing intentions in Brazilian organizations. Results of a survey carried out within a large sample of employees from public and private organizations provide support to the proposed model and reinforce the notion that whistleblowing is the complex result of the interplay between organizational, individual and situational variables. In particular, it is suggested that individuals are more likely to blow the whistle when they observe a severe ethical violation and when they view the disclosure as an ethical course of action. Individuals, on the other hand, may decide to remain silent if the wrongdoer is of a high status, if they lack the support from the organization and if they fear retaliation. The negative influence of the fear of retaliation, however, may be attenuated if the observer is convinced that blowing the whistle is the right thing to do. We also found that managers are more likely to blow the whistle than other employees. Implications, limitations and contributions to theory and practice are discussed in detail, along with directions for future research.

Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att analysera skillnader i betydelse mellan komponenterna: etisk bedömning, etisk avsikt och etisk plikt i förhållande till uppfattad betydelse av ett etiskt problem i den etiska beslutsprocessen.  Metod En analys av tidigare forskning genomfördes för att skapa en teoretisk referensram samt få en god översikt över forskningsområdet. En kvantitativ metod användes därefter för att samla in empiriskt material. Detta gjordes med hjälp av en enkät som bestod av scenarion som respondenterna fick ta ställning till. Den empiriska informationen analyserades i SPSS, där utfördes deskriptiv statistik, korrelationsanalys, faktoranalys samt regressionsanalys. Resultaten presenterades, diskuterades och utmynnade i en slutsats samt förslag till fortsatt forskning.  Slutsats De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studien är att den etiska bedömningen har störst påverkan på den uppfattade betydelsen. Det kan även konstateras att den etiska avsikten samt den etiska plikten inte har någon signifikant påverkan på den upplevda betydelsen när ett etiskt dilemma ses som mindre allvarligt.  Uppsatsens bidrag Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för fastighetsmäklares attityder gentemot etiska dilemman, samt att den etiska beslutsprocessen är mer komplex än vad som tidigare presenterats. Vi belyser även hur säljchefer kan påverka sina anställda till ett mer etiskt agerande genom att uppföra etiska koder samt arbeta för ett gott etiskt klimat. / Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyse the differences in importance between the components: ethical judgement, moral intent and moral obligation relative to the perceived importance of an ethical issue in the ethical decision making process.  Method An analysis of previous studies was made in order to create a theoretical framework and to obtain an overview of the field of research. A quantitative method was used to collect the empirical data. This was made by using a survey where the respondents had to take a stand to ethical dilemmas presented with vignettes. The empirical data was analysed in SPSS, where descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis were created. The results were presented, discussed and lead to a conclusion and suggestions for future research.  Conclusion The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are that ethical judgement has the biggest impact on the perceived importance of an ethical issue. It is also possible to establish that the moral intent and moral obligation does not have a significant influence on the perceived importance when an ethical dilemma is perceived as less important.  Contribution The study contributes to a deeper understanding of real estate agents’ attitudes towards ethical dilemmas. It also shows that the ethical decision making process is more complex than earlier presented. We also highlight how sales managers can influence their employees to a more ethical approach by setting ethical codes and work for a good ethical climate.

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[pt] O Código de Ética Corporativa, seu modelo e orientação ética, forma de implementação e instrumentos utilizados para suportá-lo, inseridos no programa de gestão ética, influenciam no comportamento ético dos stakeholders internos e, conseqüentemente, na Tomada de Decisão Ética nas atividades diárias da organização. Este estudo avalia se os valores expressos no documento de ética de fato orientam a ação prática, gerando decisões éticas na relação com o consumidor final. A análise dá-se pelo cruzamento de três perspectivas: do gestor de ética sobre o expresso no código e os instrumentos de suporte; a percepção do Código de Ética pela área jurídica, responsável por intermediar o conflito com o consumidor; e a realidade prática extraída dos processos públicos abertos pelos consumidores nos órgãos de defensoria. A análise foi realizada em quatro grandes organizações, de origens e características distintas, todas pertencentes ao Setor de Planos Privados de Assistência à Saúde, o qual historicamente concentra grande número de reclamações dos consumidores, uma vez que está concebido sobre uma base de conflitos de interesses. O estudo revela que as organizações que adotam instrumentos de gestão ética, inseridos em um programa consistente, obtêm suporte ao código de ética e legitimam a incorporação dos valores entre os membros da organização, resultando positivamente na tomada de decisão ética. Aquelas organizações que não adotam instrumentos de gestão ética para suportar o código de ética de modo consistente, não conseguem legitimar a conduta ética e incorporá-la no comportamento dos funcionários, resultando na tomada de decisão não ética. / [en] The Corporate Code of Ethics, its format and ethical orientation, implementation framework and supporting tools included in the ethics management program, have a strong influence in the internal stakeholder ethical behavior, and, consequently, it reflects on the Ethical Decision Making Process in organizational daily activities. This study evaluates whether the values expressed in the ethics document, in fact, conduct the real practice in generating ethical decisions in the relationship organization- consumers. The analysis is done crossing three perspectives: from the ethics manager, the code content, values and supporting tools; from the lawyer advisory, the perception about the code of ethics, as it is the area in charge of mediating the conflicts with consumers; and the practiced reality extracted from the public prosecuting processes opened by consumers. This analysis was carried out in four large companies, with different histories and characteristics, but all pertaining to the same sector. The Sector of Private Health Care System concentrates a large number of consumers complaints, once the sector is built on a conflict of interest basis. This study reveals that the organizations, which adopt ethics supporting tools included in a consistent program, obtain support to the code of ethics and are able to legitimate the values among the organizational members. It results positively on the ethical decision making process. Those organizations that do not adopt supporting tools in a consistent way are not able to legitimate the ethical conduct and do not incorporate it to the employees behavior, generating non-ethical decision- making.

With the arrival of automated vehicles (AVs) on our streets virtually around the corner, this thesis explores advances in automated driving technology with a focus on ethical decision making in dilemmatic traf- fic situations. In a total of five publications, we take a multi-facetted approach to analyse and address the core challenges related to auto- mated ethical decision making in AVs. In publications one through three, we conduct a series of immersive virtual reality studies to analyze human behavior in traffic dilemmas, explore mathematical approaches to model the decision making process, investigate how the assessment methodology can affect moral judgment, and discuss the implications of these studies for algorithmic decision making in the real-world. In publication number four, we provide a comprehensive summary of the status quo of AV technology and legislation with regard to automated ethical decision making. Here, we discuss when and why ethical deci- sion making systems become necessary in AVs, review existing guide- lines for the behavior of AVs in dilemma situations, and compile a set of 10 demands and open questions that need to be addressed in the pursuit of a framework for ethical decision making in AVs. Finally, the basis for automated ethical decision making in AVs will be provided by accurate assessments of the immediate environment of the car. The pri- mary technology used to provide the required information processing of camera and LiDAR images in AVs is machine learning, and in particular deep learning. In publication five, we propose a form of adaptive acti- vation functions, addressing a central element of deep neural networks, which could, for instance, lead to increased detection rates of relevant objects, and thus help to provide a more accurate assessment of the AVs environment. Overall, this thesis provides a structured and compre- hensive overview of the state of the art in ethical decision making for AVs. It includes important implications for the design of decision mak- ing algorithms in practice, and concisely outlines the central remaining challenges on the road to a safe, fair and successful introduction of fully automated vehicles into the market.

The purpose of this study was to discover which southern universities have graduate preparatory programs in community college leadership and how, if at all, ethics is addressed in their curricula and in instruction. Surveys were mailed to 38 southern universities located in the Southern Regional Education Board member states. Of the 21 responses received, there were 16 usable responses from universities in these states. Through an examination of databases of Council for the Study of Community Colleges Graduate Studies and the American Association of Community Colleges Leadership Programs for Community College Professionals databases, 38 senior universities were found to have community college leadership programs. State programs were further confirmed through the survey to personnel listed on program websites for the universities. 15 of 16 southern universities responding to the survey item were found to have community college leadership preparatory programs that provide ethics instruction. Although the results of this survey indicate that the majority of the respondents include ethics in their curricula and in instruction, the manner in which they integrate it is varied and shows a lack of consensus among southern universities. Of the institutions that responded, the majority of respondents indicated that ethics instruction is integrated into specific discipline- or department-based courses. Offering ethics in an elective or general core course requirement was noted as a less common approach, but a viable alternative to the specific discipline- or department-based course method. Additionally, several respondents revealed that ethics instruction is institution-wide. This finding, in particular, is hopeful because it suggests that colleges are going beyond the confines of courses and degree programs and making ethics instruction a university priority. A review of the graduate preparatory programs in community college leadership courses, syllabi, and course descriptions revealed that a number of universities often incorporated instruction in ethics-based courses such as Ethical Decision Making or Ethics in the Workplace and Education. Conversely, the majority of the universities in this study addressed ethics through community college leadership core courses to include, but not limited to, The Community College, The History and Philosophy of the Community College, and Legal Aspects of Higher Education.