<p>The welfare of the elderly population is one of the most important goals of the public health services. At macro level the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare state that the premier goal is for elderly people to have dignified and comfortable lives. They should have a life with a sense of value and feel confident. These ethical values which are expressed on macro level or as normative ethics are expected to prevail at micro level. In our study the micro level is the caring encounter between the elderly patient, next of kin and nurses. Ethical values and morals are important aspects that influence the quality of care, videlicet in empiric ethics.</p><p>The aim of study (I) was to identify and describe the ethical values experienced by the older person in the daily interaction with nurses in a ward for older people during caring encounters. In study (II) the aim was to identify and describe the governing ethical values that next of kin experience in interaction with nurses who care for elderly patients at a geriatric clinic. Study (I) which was an empirical observational study included follow-up interviews. Twenty-two older people participated voluntarily. In study (II) interviews with fourteen next of kin were conducted. In both studies Constant comparative analysis, the core foundation of grounded theory was used.</p><p>Five categories; Being addressed, receiving respect, desiring to participate, increasing self-determination and gaining self-confidence formed the basis for the core category in study (I): Approaching. Approaching concerns the way people become closer to each other in a physical space .It also includes how people become closer to each other in a dialogue, which involves verbal or bodily communication. Approaching indicates the ethical values that guide nurses in their caring encounters with older people. This ethical value is noted by the older person and has an individual value, as well as leading to improved quality of their care. The older person will be confident and satisfied with the caring encounter if the desired components in the nurse’s approaching are exhibited.</p><p>Four categories were identified in study (II): Receiving, showing respect, facilitating participation and showing professionalism. These categories formed the basis of the core category: “Being amenable”, a concept identified in the next of kin’s description of the ethical values that they and the elderly patients perceive in the caring encounter. Being amenable means that the nurses are guided by ethical values; taking into account the elderly patient and next of kin. Nurses who focus on elderly patients’ well-being as a final principle will affect next of kin and their experience of this fundamental situation.</p>

This essay is about my meeting as an educator at a preschool with a child who is deemed to be in need of special assistance. I have worked in preschools and schools for nearly fifteen years and have met a great many children with different needs during these years. I tell in this essay about my relationship with Lucas who is a child I feel need special support in his everyday life. Lucas has what we in the preschool world call impulse controlled behavior. I also feel that he is disturbed by external stimuli such as sound and he has difficulty with social interactions with friends. This places demands on me as an educator to know how I can best meet Lucas at preschool.   In my essay, I lift up my feeling of being a divided teacher. I find that I occasionally find it difficult to be on hand and meet the needs of the group, the other teachers as well as those of the individual child. I have chosen to use Henriksen &amp; Vetlesen´s book Etik i arbete med människor (The ethics of work with people) where they discuss empathy and its role in professional life to reflect on this. In my essay, I discuss the special education´s entry in the preschool world. I reflect on the differences in education and special education and its importance in my profession. I use Eva Björck-Åkesson´s book Specialpedagogik i förskolan (Special education in kindergarten) which is based on a system theoretical perspective. I also use Claes Nilholm´s book Perspektiv på specialpedagogik (Perspectives on special education) in my reflections on special education. Through my selected literature and my own reflections I review myself.  I have in my story related events with Lucas where his vulnerability in the children's group becomes apparent. I have critically reviewed these events and discussed if I in my educator role contributed to this vulnerability. I find using the literature that my role as an educator is complex and I examine myself during the writing of this essay. My own personal experience turns out to play a role in my role as an educator.

Older people should have a life with a sense of value and should feel confident. These ethical values, which are expressed in normative ethics, are expected to prevail in empirical ethics. Central components of nursing are the ethical issues of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and the principles of justice. The general aim of this thesis is to identify and describe the ethical values that are apparent in the caring encounter and their influence on the people involved. This is done from the perspective of the older person in study (I), next of kin in study (II) and nurses in study (III). In study (IV) the aim was to synthesize the concepts from empirical studies (I- III) and analyze, compare and interrelate them with normative ethics. Studies (I, III) were empirical observational studies including follow-up interviews. Twenty-two older people participated voluntarily in study (I), and in study (III) 20 nurses participated voluntarily. In study (II) fourteen next of kin were interviewed. In studies (I- III) constant comparative analysis, the core foundation of grounded theory, was used. Five concepts were used in the analysis in study (IV); three from the grounded theory studies (I- III) and two from the theoretical framework on normative ethics i.e. the ICN code and SFS law. Five categories; being addressed, receiving respect, desiring to participate, increasing self-determination and gaining self-confidence formed the basis for the core category ‚Approaching‛ in study (I). ‘Approaching’ indicates the ethical values that guide nurses in their caring encounters with older people. These ethical values are noted by the older people and are greatly appreciated by them, and also lead to improved quality of care. Four categories were identified in study (II): Receiving, showing respect, facilitating participation and showing professionalism. These categories formed the basis of the core category ‚Being amenable‛, a concept identified in the next of kin’s description of the ethical values that they and the older patients perceive in the caring encounter. In study (III), three categories were identified: showing consideration, connecting, and caring for. These categories formed the basis of the core category ‚Corroborating‛. Corroborating deals with support and interaction. Empirical ethics and normative ethics are intertwined, according to the findings of this study (IV). Normative ethics influence the nurse’s practical performance and could have a greater influence in supporting nurses as professionals. Criteria of good ethical care according to this thesis are: showing respect, invitation to participation, allowing self-determination, and providing safe and secure care. These criteria are elements of the concept of being professional. Professionalism of nurses is shown by: the approach nurses adapt to the performance of their duties, and their competence and knowledge, but also how they apply laws and professional codes

The welfare of the elderly population is one of the most important goals of the public health services. At macro level the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare state that the premier goal is for elderly people to have dignified and comfortable lives. They should have a life with a sense of value and feel confident. These ethical values which are expressed on macro level or as normative ethics are expected to prevail at micro level. In our study the micro level is the caring encounter between the elderly patient, next of kin and nurses. Ethical values and morals are important aspects that influence the quality of care, videlicet in empiric ethics. The aim of study (I) was to identify and describe the ethical values experienced by the older person in the daily interaction with nurses in a ward for older people during caring encounters. In study (II) the aim was to identify and describe the governing ethical values that next of kin experience in interaction with nurses who care for elderly patients at a geriatric clinic. Study (I) which was an empirical observational study included follow-up interviews. Twenty-two older people participated voluntarily. In study (II) interviews with fourteen next of kin were conducted. In both studies Constant comparative analysis, the core foundation of grounded theory was used. Five categories; Being addressed, receiving respect, desiring to participate, increasing self-determination and gaining self-confidence formed the basis for the core category in study (I): Approaching. Approaching concerns the way people become closer to each other in a physical space .It also includes how people become closer to each other in a dialogue, which involves verbal or bodily communication. Approaching indicates the ethical values that guide nurses in their caring encounters with older people. This ethical value is noted by the older person and has an individual value, as well as leading to improved quality of their care. The older person will be confident and satisfied with the caring encounter if the desired components in the nurse’s approaching are exhibited. Four categories were identified in study (II): Receiving, showing respect, facilitating participation and showing professionalism. These categories formed the basis of the core category: “Being amenable”, a concept identified in the next of kin’s description of the ethical values that they and the elderly patients perceive in the caring encounter. Being amenable means that the nurses are guided by ethical values; taking into account the elderly patient and next of kin. Nurses who focus on elderly patients’ well-being as a final principle will affect next of kin and their experience of this fundamental situation.

Submitted by Isadora Victorino Evangelista null (isadora.biblio@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-05-31T11:38:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação finalizada.pdf: 1704534 bytes, checksum: 0784e2fe4bb6365bb43b53654884dd80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-31T20:09:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 evangelista_iv_me_mar.pdf: 1704534 bytes, checksum: 0784e2fe4bb6365bb43b53654884dd80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T20:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 evangelista_iv_me_mar.pdf: 1704534 bytes, checksum: 0784e2fe4bb6365bb43b53654884dd80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-02 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Considerando a natureza mediadora dos processos de organização da informação, destaca-se a necessidade de abordagem da dimensão ética desses processos, especialmente no que se refere às consequências para a recuperação da informação. Assim, coloca-se o problema relativo aos conceitos de exaustividade e especificidade na indexação, considerando-se estes não só como simples medidas de recuperaçãoda informação mas também como valores éticos que condicionam a prática do indexador. Com base nos artigos recuperados na revisão bibliográfica e partindo da análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2008), foram considerados os conceitos de exaustividade e especificidade, enquanto valores éticos na área da organização da informação. Os resultados foram analisados de modo a evidenciar as dimensões éticas que se associam à questão da exaustividade e da especificidade na prática da indexação, possibilitando um diagnóstico mais efetivo sobre essa questão. Conclui-se que essas características podem ser entendidas como além de medidas, pois afetam de forma direta a recuperação informacional, estabelecendo a quantidade e a qualidade dos termos representativos, ao mesmo tempo que podem também ser encarados enquanto valores éticos da atividade de indexação. / Considering the intermediary nature of the Information Organization processes, it is important to point out the ethical components in this context, specially the ones related to Information Retrieval. In this way, this study has the aim to explore two concepts − exhaustivity and specificity − in indexing which can be moving from simple Information Retrieval measures to indexer’s ethical values. This study has the goal to analyse the concepts exhaustivity and specificity as ethical values in Information Organization applying the content analysis method proposed by Bardin (2008). The results discussion was developed in a way which could present a scheme stressing the ethical dimensions associated with exhaustivity and specificity in indexing, concluding that these characteristics can be seen beyond mere measures, because they affect directly information retrieval, establishing quantity and quality of representative terms, regarded this way, as ethical values for indexing. / FAPESP: 2014/05546-4

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elieth_Sodre_Terense_Mendes_reduzido.pdf: 3177927 bytes, checksum: 24124cfe7c75e91a12d603bdf7b65fca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-24 / This research, while attempting to establish a dialogue between Science of Religion and Education, brings into focus the actions and attitudes of Benedicta Stahl Sodré (1900 - 1973), moved by a spirit of self-denial and non-conformity, she contributed to steer a different path to the Brazilian educational system in the 20th Century. This work can be divided into two sets of complementary actions: historical investigation and analysis of the material gathered. The first set of actions is comprised of: 1. a presentation of the Brazilian historical background, of that time span; 2. a historical recollection of the educational movements that culminated with the adoption of differentiated methods for teaching literacy and classroom reading; and 3. the organization of biographical data, gathered or inferred from extant documents that related to or belonged to the educator being researched. The second set of action is comprised of: 1. a formal and content-wise analysis of the books published by this educator; 2. an analysis of the sequence of content and exercises proposed in her books; and 3. a description of the resources, methods and strategies adopted in this work. Both sets of actions are built, as we intend to present in this thesis, on a foundational religious conviction, which finds its concrete form in a constant search for a holistic education of the individual person. In order to demonstrate this, it is made evident that the themes and the values, which are found in the Sodré materials, can be related to beliefs and attitudes. Therefore, this work represents and opportunity of recognition of Presbyterian contribution towards changes in the educational routes in the first half of the 20th Century. / Esta pesquisa, estabelecendo um diálogo entre as ciências da religião e a Educação, desloca para o foco de atenção as ações e atitudes de Benedicta Stahl Sodré (1900 - 1973), que, movida por um espírito de abnegação e inconformismo, contribui para a alteração do rumo educacional brasileiro no século XX. Este trabalho pode ser dividido em dois conjuntos de ações complementares: a incursão histórica e a análise de materiais. Integram o primeiro conjunto de ações: 1. o resgate histórico do panorama brasileiro da época; 2. a revisão histórica dos movimentos educacionais que culminaram com a adoção de métodos diferenciados para a alfabetização e o ensino de leitura em sala de aula; e 3. a organização de dados biográficos colecionados ou depreendidos a partir de documentos constantes do acervo da educadora. Integram o segundo conjunto de ações: 1. a análise formal e conteudista dos livros publicados pela educadora; 2. a análise da seqüência de conteúdos e de exercícios propostos nos livros; e 3. os recursos, métodos e estratégias adotados. Ambos os conjuntos de ações derivam, como se pretende argumentar nesta dissertação, de uma formação religiosa prévia materializada na busca da formação holística do indivíduo. Para tanto, evidenciam-se que temas e valores depreendidos das informações veiculadas nos materiais Sodré podem ser associados a crenças e atitudes. Portanto, este trabalho constitui-se, uma oportunidade de reconhecimento à contribuição presbiteriana na alteração dos rumos educacionais na primeira metade do século XX.

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In this essay I consider a self-experienced dilemma, and review how I, as a preschool teacher, treat a child with special needs. With the support of literature and theory, I can, with an essay writing approach, reflect and analyze the dilemma. In this way I will examine my practical knowledge and personal experiences of a complex situation. I want to examine whether children with special needs who are included in regular preschool activities, really get the support they need and deserve. Do educators have the conditions and does preschool have sufficient resources to realize this? Do educators have sufficient knowledge of how children with special needs should be responded to? I want to find out how the included children's social development and self-image is shaped by the treatment they receive at the preschool. I also question whether the preschool of today with its increased focus on learning and the additional duties it entails in terms of planning, documentation and evaluation of projects, reduce the time for the important close contact between teachers and children. I further discuss of whether children with special needs are affected to a greater extent than other children by reduced time for socializing. Finally I also explore how the balance between learning, caring and ethical values appears in preschool and how it may affect children's ability to develop good social relationships. / I min essä utgår jag ifrån ett självupplevt dilemma, där jag granskar mig själv som pedagog i hur jag bemöter ett barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Med stöd av litteratur och teorier kan jag med den metod som essäskrivande innebär, reflektera och analysera över dilemmat. På så vis prövar jag mina praktiska kunskaper och egna erfarenheter kring en komplex situation. Jag vill undersöka om barn i behov av särskilt stöd som är inkluderade i förskolans ordinarie verksamhet, verkligen får det stöd de behöver och har rätt till. Hur ser pedagogers förutsättningar och förskolans resurser ut för att kunna förverkliga detta? Har pedagoger tillräckliga kunskaper i hur barn i behov av särskilt stöd bör bemötas? Jag vill ta reda på hur inkluderade barns sociala utveckling och självbild formas av det bemötande de får på förskolan. Jag ställer mig även frågan om det ökade kravet på lärandet och de tillkommande arbetsuppgifter det för med sig i form av planering, dokumentation och utvärdering av projekt, minskar tid till den viktiga nära samvaron mellan pedagoger och barn. Vidare ställer jag mig frågan om barn i behov av särskilt stöd påverkas i större utsträckning av minskad tid för samvaro än andra barn. Slutligen utforskar jag även hur balansen mellan lärande, omsorg och värdegrundsfrågor ser ut i förskolan och hur det kan komma att påverka barns förmåga att utveckla goda sociala relationer.

The diploma thesis deals with the elucidation of the importance of ethics in social work. It focuses on important theoretical knowledge in the field of ethics and ethical concepts and its aim is to point out the possibilities of using ethical values, theories or virtues in professional practice. The work is focused on the presentation of important ethical concepts and ethical values, the contemporary form of social work, the personality of the social worker, the level and importance of education, and various examples of possible ethical problems or ethical dilemmas that can occur in the practice of social work. This thesis is based on the assumption that current social work is in a crisis and its setting requires change.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ailton Trindade da Silva.pdf: 1006938 bytes, checksum: 42656dcb7197b99e54701c8f4981a5a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-11 / The target of this work is to reflect about the teacher s formation of religious education in Strict Sense, with sights in an including qualitative formation, capable to supply skillfully the sources of secular and confessional Religious Education, in aiming the occupation of both spaces. For that, we point out differentiated suggestions in epistemology, while Religion Science, in what refers the paper of Theology, focusing on the rupture of paradigms of the Sacred Bible use, as one of the didactic materials in the professor s practice. This new way is argued from professors personal experiences in this related area and from the perspective of multiple looks that are located against or in favor of Religious Education in the public education system. In this way, is developed a field research of exploratory character, based on questionnaires applied to 35 professors of Religious Education in the public education system in Uberlândia/MG and is aimed to know the practical pedagogical reality in its school environment. Aiming to know the multiplicity of opinions, in favor or against Religious Education in the public schools, a virtual research was made in the site: www.educacaopublica.ri.gov.br/discutindo/discutindo.asp?cod_per=25 whose samples are pertinent to this research objective. The structure of the work was thus systemized with the following axles: Introduction; uncovering the field of professor s performance of Religious Education: Research; The Religious Education in Public Schools a controversial question; Reflecting on the formation of professors for Basic Education. Through all the work is perceived the insistence of a qualified professional construction, well prepared, suitable to take care of real necessities of its action field, in the construction of a new man, molded by the noble values of the soul. The text concludes enunciating suggestions that could be used in a possible professor formation in the courses of Strict Sense of Religious Education. Religious education. Teaching formation, professor, public school, ethical and moral values, ability, quality, transcendence. / O escopo desta dissertação é refletir sobre a formação do professor de ensino religioso dentro de uma licenciatura plena, com vistas a uma formação qualitativa abrangente, isto é, capaz de suprir habilmente as vertentes do ensino religioso laico e também do ensino religioso confessional, ao visar a ocupação de ambos os espaços. Para tanto, apontamos sugestões diferenciadas na epistemologia, enquanto Ciência da Religião, no que se refere ao papel da Teologia, enfocando a quebra de paradigmas do uso da Bíblia Sagrada como um dos materiais didáticos na prática docente. Discute-se esse novo caminho a partir das experiências pessoais de docentes dessa referida área do saber, e da perspectiva de múltiplos olhares, que se posicionam contra ou a favor do Ensino Religioso no sistema público de ensino. Nesse ensejo, desenvolve-se uma pesquisa de campo de caráter exploratório, fundamentada em questionários aplicados a 35 professores de ensino religioso do sistema estadual de ensino em Uberlândia/MG e visa-se conhecer a realidade da prática pedagógica no seu ambiente escolar. Visando conhecer a multiplicidade de opiniões, a favor ou contra o ensino religioso nas escolas públicas fez-se uma pesquisa virtual, no site: www.educacaopublica.ri.gov.br/discutindo/discutindo.asp?cod_per=25 cujas amostras são pertinentes ao objetivo da pesquisa. A estrutura do trabalho ficou assim sistematizada com os seguintes eixos: introdução; desvelando o campo de atuação docente do ensino religioso: pesquisa; o ensino religioso nas escolas públicas uma questão polêmica; refletindo sobre a formação de professores para o ensino básico. Por todo o trabalho percebe-se a insistência de construção de um profissional qualificado, bem preparado, apto para atender as reais necessidades do seu campo de ação, na construção de um novo homem, moldado pelos valores nobres da alma. O texto conclui enunciando sugestões que poderão ser usadas numa possível formação de docente nos cursos de licenciatura do ensino religioso.