En raison de leur ubiquité dans les assemblages archéologiques et les collections ethnographiques, les lames d’herminette en pierre ont longtemps été utilisées comme « fossiles-directeurs » afin de mettre en évidence des corrélations typo-chronologiques en Océanie. Néanmoins, les critères d’observations formels utilisés dans cette approche typologique ne permettaient pas de rendre compte de la complexité des processus techniques de fabrication. Après avoir rappelé les autres études expérimentales réalisées précédemment dans la région, nous proposons un premier référentiel des stigmates de taille sur roches basaltiques qui nous permet d’identifier différentes techniques de percussion utilisées dans la confection des lames d’herminette en pierre. La restitution des activités techniques qui ont abouti à la production de ces outils a été réalisée à travers l’analyse technologique d’assemblages archéologiques (produits finis ou semi-finis et déchets de taille) récoltés dans différentes sites de la côte Nord de l’île de Tubuai (Archipel des Australes, Polynésie Française). La caractérisation géochimique des gîtes géologiques et des artefacts taillés découverts en contexte archéologique a permis de restituer la répartition spatiale des différentes séquences de production au sein d’une même communauté ainsi que les transferts d’objets produits dans d’autres archipels. Parmi les différents réseaux d’approvisionnement identifiés dans l’île, j’ai choisi de suivre les activités techniques présentes au sein de deux sites : le premier est un complexe spécialisé dans la production des outils en pierre associant carrière d’extraction et ateliers de transformation, et l’autre un site d’habitat côtier.A travers la restitution des dynamiques de production, d’entretien et d’échange des lames d’herminettes en pierre, nous proposons un nouveau regard sur l’économie traditionnelle des chefferies de Polynésie centrale. Dans les assemblages étudiés, la confection de lames d’herminette a été essentiellement réalisée à travers la production d’éclats utilisés comme supports et transformés par façonnage. Cette combinaison des processus de débitage et de façonnage semble correspondre à une tradition technique qui prend son origine en Polynésie occidentale et qui est identifiée dans tous les archipels de Polynésie orientale. A partir des collections étudiées à Tubuai, il est possible de distinguer une production très standardisée de grandes lames au sein des ateliers spécialisés, et une production très peu standardisée de petites lames au sein des habitats côtiers. Grâce à la restitution des processus de production existant au sein d’une même communauté et des échanges intercommunautaires effectués à longue distance, nous discutons le rôle économique des herminettes à lame de pierre dans les chefferies polynésiennes. / The ubiquity of stone adze blades in archaeological sites and museum collections resulted in their use as “cultural fossils” to draw cultural evolutionary changes in the Polynesian islands. The typological approach proves useful for understanding the archaeological diversity in Oceania. Yet, it lacks efficiency when it comes to shedding light on the technical and economic choices involved in the production processes.After a discussion of previous knapping experimentations performed in Polynesia, I propose a panel of diagnostic criteria for identifying the use of hard and soft hammerstone in the manufacture of adze blades. Then, I focus on the production of blades from assemblages collected on the North coast of Tubuai Island (Austral Archipelago, French Polynesia). Along with the need to consider the whole manufacturing process and the post-production exchange networks comes the necessity to connect different archaeological assemblages. Geochemical characterisation of the geological sources and artefacts discovered within archaeological contexts were used to settle the favoured framework for understanding the series of production sequences and for identifying the transfer of tools produced within and outside the island. Among the different supply networks identified on the island, I chose to investigate the operational sequences located within two sites: a quarry complex involving several workshops and a coastal dwelling site.Through the investigation of manufacture, maintenance and exchange processes regarding stone adze blades, I propose a new insight on the economic system in the chiefdoms of central Polynesia. The technical tradition documented on Tubuai is related to the production and transformation of flakes used as blanks for adze blades manufacture. This association of flaking and shaping processes originated in Western Polynesia but was also spread over Eastern Polynesia. The size and the form of these adzes were directly linked to one’s capacity for producing standard-sized blanks and for shaping specific blades forms. Based on the Tubuai collections, I identified a highly standardised production related to specialist knappers’ workshops, as well as a production of heterogeneous forms of small adze blades within a non-specialised dwelling context. Thanks to the analysis of the production processes within the community and the long-distance intercommunity exchanges, I finally discuss the economic role of stone adzes in ancient Polynesian chiefdoms.

Révélée par l’épopée mythique de son légendaire souverain Quetzalcóatl, la civilisation toltèque a été reconnue au XIXe siècle lors des explorations du français Désiré Charnay. Par la suite, les recherches archéologiques ont mené à l’identification du site principal de Tula. Les données matérielles recueillies ont été croisées avec les textes afin d’identifier les traits culturels propres à cette civilisation. En dépit de ces découvertes et des nombreux dépôts mortuaires exhumés, les morts toltèques sont restés dans l’ombre des archives. L’objet de cette thèse est donc d’analyser les dépôts mortuaires de la civilisation toltèque et de mettre en exergue, via une approche précise et pluridisciplinaire, les continuités et les spécificités culturelles de la mort dans trois sites : Tula, Tizayuca et El Refugio. Les données quantitatives et qualitatives de ces trois exemples nous ont permis de fonder une analyse minutieuse et systématique des données datées de 750 apr. J.-C. à 1200 apr. J.-C. Après avoir mis l’accent sur une analyse archéo-anthropologique, l’étude s’est ensuite concentrée sur la définition du système idéologique mortuaire toltèque au travers des textes et des images. La reconnaissance de la dimension paradigmatique de la mort au sein de cette civilisation mésoaméricaine a favorisé une échappée des interprétations consensuelles centrées autour de l’antinomie funéraire - sacrificielle, pour parvenir à la réhabilitation d’un usage de la mort caché. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse se propose d’apporter une lecture inédite des pratiques mortuaires de la civilisation toltèque, à partir d’une appréhension archéologique, ethnohistorique et anthropologique / Revealed by the mythical epic of its legendary sovereign Quetzalcóatl, the Toltec civilization was recognized during the XIXe century, amid the explorations made by Désiré Charnay, a french traveller and archaeologist. Thereafter, archaeological research lead to the identification of the main site of Tula. The physical data collected were cross-checked with the texts in order to identify cultural features specific to this civilization. Despite these discoveries and numerous exhumed mortuaries, dead Toltec remained in the shadows, hidden in archives. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze mortuaries of the Toltec civilization and to highlight, through a precise and multidisciplinary approach, the continuities and cultural specificities of death in three sites : Tula, Tizayuca and El Refugio. Quantitative and qualitative data from these three examples allowed us to produce a meticulous and systematic analysis of data from A.D. 750 to A.D. 1200. After laying emphasis on a archaeo-anthropological analysis, the study then focused on the definition of the Toltec ideological funeral system through texts and pictures. The acknowledgement of death’s paradigmatic dimension within this Mesoamerican civilization enabled the breakaway of consensual interpretations centred on funeral antinomy – sacrificial, to achieve the rehabilitation of a hidden purpose of death. As a whole, this thesis offers a new reading of the Toltec civilization’s mortuary practices, from an archaeological, ethnohistorical and anthropological insight.

Discourse and Alterity in the Quebrada de Humahuaca (Province of Jujuy, Argentina): Identity, Kinship, Territory and MemoryThe last decades were witness to the awakening and flourishing of the indigenous social historiography of the "peripheral" regions of the Inca Empire. Study of the identification processes of populations who lived in these areas, who made up the organised State, allows for a more complex view of the relationship between the centre of Inca power and the colonized people. This report attempts to discuss the construction process of the "identities" of the indigenous societies that lived in the central-southern sector of the Quebrada de Humahuaca; in particular the people who in the Spanish testimonies were named in the Jujuy history as "Tilcaras and Purmamarcas". The research shows that the Incan conquest of the Quebrada de Humahuaca territory broke up and distorted not only the local power games, but also self-identification. Through examining archival documents, the descriptive mechanisms and the new territorial and political organisation imposed by the Incas became clear. The Spanish conquerors, by incorporating the Incan oral traditions and transforming them into the written word, continued the process of fragmenting and homogenising the social diversity. / Las últimas décadas han sido testigos del despertar y florecer de la historiografía de la historia social indígena de regiones "periféricas" del imperio inca. El estudio de los procesos de identificación de las poblaciones que vivieron en esas latitudes e integraron la organización estatal permite una visión más completa de las relaciones entre el centro de poder incaico y los pueblos colonizados. La presente comunicación pretende generar una discusión y otro discurso en torno al proceso de transformación, cambio y construcción de "identidades" de las sociedades indígenas que habitaron el sector centro sur de la Quebrada de Humahuaca, especialmente las gentes que en los testimonios hispanos fueron fijados en la historia jujeña con los nombres de "tilcaras y purmamarcas". A lo largo del trabajo se evidencia que la conquista incaica del territorio quebradeño irrumpió y distorsionó el juego de poder local y, con él, los procesos de autodenominación. A través de una mirada sobre la documentación de archivo, édita e inédita, se fueron cristalizando los mecanismos descriptivos y la nueva organización espacial y política que el Inca impuso sobre la población local. Los hombres de la conquista hispana hacen suyo el discurso oral inca y lo fijan en la palabra escrita, continuando con la práctica de homogeneizar, fragmentar e invisibilizar la diversidad social.

This work deals with the issues of cultural identity of ethnic groups in the modern Mexican society, explores its characteristics and essence and searches for possibilities of its maintenance. The central question is, which way indigenous groups can develop their culture freely in the modern Mexican society, and so keep their own peculiarity and identity. The main instrument is a case study of Nahua communities occupying the territory of the Northeastern mountain range of the Mexican state of Puebla, which is in the sphere of influence of the organization called Unión de Cooperativas Tosepan Titataniske, seeking to improve the standard of living and strengthen the cultural identity of the villagers in the region. An ethno-historical study of the Nahua communities living in the particular region, completed with an analysis of the contemporary inhabitants' cultural identity based on a field research, shows that indigenous cultures can keep their identity in spite of significant external interference into their traditional way of life in the course of centuries and that the continuity of their identity is not dependent on maintaining concrete, time conditioned cultural manifestations. On the contrary, important factors for keeping cultural identity are the functional continuity of a given group and...

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Le Corrector sive Medicus est un pénitentiel rédigé par Burchard, évêque de Worms (1000-1025). Il s’agit d’un manuel destiné à guider les confesseurs lors de l’administration du sacrement de pénitence. Intégré dans le Decretum, l’œuvre majeure de Burchard, il compte parmis les pénitentiels les plus illustres. Il contient notamment un questionnaire très élaboré sur les péchés commis par les fidèles. Les 194 questions du Corrector sive Medicus constituent l’objet d’étude de ce mémoire. Entre le VIIe et le XIIe siècle, les pénitentiels forment une longue tradition littéraire où les textes se répètent constamment. Le questionnaire du Corrector sive Medicus se distingue du fait qu’il est rédigé en grande partie par Burchard lui-même. Les détails précis sur les survivances païennes et la religion populaire que l’évêque introduit dans son pénitentiel permettent, comme aucune autre source de la période, une analyse ethno-historique de la culture germanique. La première partie du mémoire est consacrée à la présentation du Corrector sive Medicus : j’y décris d’abord le contexte historique et biographique de l’œuvre, puis discute d’une herméneutique littéraire, pour enfin proposer une synthèse diachronique des traditions germaniques. La deuxième partie offre, pour la première fois en français, la traduction intégrale du questionnaire de Burchard, accompagnée de commentaires sur différents sujets ou problèmes soulevés par le texte, notamment ceux qui concernent la culture germanique. Finalement sont placés en annexe quelques documents qui témoignent, tout comme le Corrector sive Medicus, d’un syncrétisme religieux profondément enraciné dans les mœurs des Germains. / The Corrector sive Medicus is a penitential written by Burchard, the bishop of Worms (1000-1025). It is a book used by confessors to guide them when they must administer the Sacrament of Penance. It has been fully integrated into Burchard's greatest work, the Decretum, and is amongst the most complete of the known penitentials. It is mainly composed of an elaborate set of questions about the sins committed by the Church's followers. This thesis' subject matter regards the Corrector sive Medicus' 194 questions. Between the seventh and the twelfth century, penitentials were a literary tradition where texts were continuously reused. The Corrector sive Medicus' series of questions distinguishes itself from this because it mainly originates from Burchard himself. He introduces in his penitential precise details about pagan survivals and the popular religion that allow, more than any literary source of the time, an ethnohistorical analysis of Germanic culture. The first section of this thesis is dedicated to presenting the Corrector sive Medicus. I first describe the historical and biographical context surrounding its creation, then explain my method of analysis for the penitential, and finally propose a diachronic summary of Germanic traditions. The second section offers, for the first time in French, a complete translation of Burchard's series of questions, as well as comments pertaining to different themes or problems raised by it, most notably those concerning Germanic culture. Finally, some documents are appended to this thesis that show, similarly to the Corrector sive Medicus, a deeply rooted religious syncretism.

O objetivo desta tese é contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos modelos sobre a história das populações Tupi através da análise da bibliografia e de algumas coleções de vasilhas cerâmicas. A pesquisa permitiu a aquisição de inúmeras informações sobre sítios e cronologias; e a análise componencial das coleções de vasilhas cerâmicas permitiu a realização de uma amostragem das especificidades regionais. O resultado possibilitou maior clareza sobre a espacialização das diferenças, divididas em cinco conjuntos cerâmicos cujas características reforçam as hipóteses de deriva e apontam para trocas de elementos com outros povos. Com relação aos modelos foi possível validar pontos importantes, complementando-os com novos dados empíricos onde antes havia apenas suposições, assim como também permitiu refutar algumas hipóteses não compatíveis com o estado da arte. Coadunar os resultados das pesquisas arqueológicas, linguísticas e etnoistóricas tornou possível a construção de um quadro sintético que apresenta tanto as complexidades quanto as possibilidades de desvelar os processos históricos que levaram à formação dos povos Tupi tal como os conhecemos. / With this thesis I hope to contribute to the improvement of models on the history of Tupi populations through the analysis of literature and collections of ceramic vessels. The development of the research allowed the acquisition of a large amount of information on sites and chronologies; moreover, the collections analyzed showed great sample potential regarding the regional characteristics of the ceramic sets. The obtained result was a clearer view of the differences in spatialization among the five ceramic sets whose features reinforce the drift assumptions and point to exchange of elements with other peoples. Regarding the models, important points were validated providing empirical data where had been only assumptions, as well as, refuting some assumptions that are incompatible with the current knowledge. Pooling the results of archaeological, linguistic and ethnohistorical research made possible to build a synthetic framework that presents both the complexities and possibilities of revealing the historical processes that led to formation of Tupi as we know them.

The Spanish colonisation of the Philippines in 1565 opened up trade between China, Latin America and Europe via the Pacific crossing, changing the history of global trade forever. The traditional understanding of the early colonial period in the Philippines suggests that colonial control spread rapidly and peacefully across the islands, ushering in dramatic changes to the social, political and economic environment of the archipelago. This dissertation argues by contrast that the extent of Spanish control has been overstated - partially as a by-product of an over-reliance on religious and secular chronicles that sought to magnify the role and interests of the colonial state. Through extensive archival work examining different sites of colonial authority and power, I demonstrate that Philippine communities contested and limited the nature of colonisation in their archipelago. In making this argument, I challenge prevalent assumptions of indigenous passivity in the face of imperial expansion. By demonstrating the agency of Southeast Asians, particular actors come to the fore in each of the chapters: Chinese labourers, indigenous elites, fugitives and apostates, unpacified mountain communities, native priestesses and Moro slave raiders. The culture and social organisation of these Southeast Asian communities impacted on the nature of Spanish imperialism and the capacity for the Spanish to retain and extend their control. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Spanish presence within the archipelago was always tenuous. A number of communities remained outside of Spanish control for the duration of the century, while still others oscillated between integration and rebellion, by turns participating in and resisting the consolidation of empire. These communities continued to maintain their local and regional economies and customs. Thus, by the end of the seventeenth century, imperial control remained fragmented, partial and incomplete. The dissertation contributes not only to the historiography of the Philippines - which remains under-explored - but also to the historiographies of Colonial Latin America, Southeast Asia and early modern empires. Conceptualising the Philippines as a frontier space helps to overturn the foundations of the myth of a completed conquest. This dissertation thus raises questions about the inevitability of empire by arguing that indigenous communities were active respondents to Spanish colonisation attempts and that indigenous traditions and culture in this region were both resilient and enduring in the face of colonial oppression.

Le Corrector sive Medicus est un pénitentiel rédigé par Burchard, évêque de Worms (1000-1025). Il s’agit d’un manuel destiné à guider les confesseurs lors de l’administration du sacrement de pénitence. Intégré dans le Decretum, l’œuvre majeure de Burchard, il compte parmis les pénitentiels les plus illustres. Il contient notamment un questionnaire très élaboré sur les péchés commis par les fidèles. Les 194 questions du Corrector sive Medicus constituent l’objet d’étude de ce mémoire. Entre le VIIe et le XIIe siècle, les pénitentiels forment une longue tradition littéraire où les textes se répètent constamment. Le questionnaire du Corrector sive Medicus se distingue du fait qu’il est rédigé en grande partie par Burchard lui-même. Les détails précis sur les survivances païennes et la religion populaire que l’évêque introduit dans son pénitentiel permettent, comme aucune autre source de la période, une analyse ethno-historique de la culture germanique. La première partie du mémoire est consacrée à la présentation du Corrector sive Medicus : j’y décris d’abord le contexte historique et biographique de l’œuvre, puis discute d’une herméneutique littéraire, pour enfin proposer une synthèse diachronique des traditions germaniques. La deuxième partie offre, pour la première fois en français, la traduction intégrale du questionnaire de Burchard, accompagnée de commentaires sur différents sujets ou problèmes soulevés par le texte, notamment ceux qui concernent la culture germanique. Finalement sont placés en annexe quelques documents qui témoignent, tout comme le Corrector sive Medicus, d’un syncrétisme religieux profondément enraciné dans les mœurs des Germains. / The Corrector sive Medicus is a penitential written by Burchard, the bishop of Worms (1000-1025). It is a book used by confessors to guide them when they must administer the Sacrament of Penance. It has been fully integrated into Burchard's greatest work, the Decretum, and is amongst the most complete of the known penitentials. It is mainly composed of an elaborate set of questions about the sins committed by the Church's followers. This thesis' subject matter regards the Corrector sive Medicus' 194 questions. Between the seventh and the twelfth century, penitentials were a literary tradition where texts were continuously reused. The Corrector sive Medicus' series of questions distinguishes itself from this because it mainly originates from Burchard himself. He introduces in his penitential precise details about pagan survivals and the popular religion that allow, more than any literary source of the time, an ethnohistorical analysis of Germanic culture. The first section of this thesis is dedicated to presenting the Corrector sive Medicus. I first describe the historical and biographical context surrounding its creation, then explain my method of analysis for the penitential, and finally propose a diachronic summary of Germanic traditions. The second section offers, for the first time in French, a complete translation of Burchard's series of questions, as well as comments pertaining to different themes or problems raised by it, most notably those concerning Germanic culture. Finally, some documents are appended to this thesis that show, similarly to the Corrector sive Medicus, a deeply rooted religious syncretism.

This article proposes the existence of a cult dedicated to a female sea deity on the Central Coast of Peru during the Early Intermediate Period (200-700 AD). This research is based on archaeological evidence of ritual activity as well as ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and linguistic data that supports the proposal. A goddess of the sea, with a court of marine life, linked to the feminine aspects of the cosmos could have had Huaca Pucllana as one of its centers of worship, with the abundance of figurative and symbolic marine representations, as well as the evidence for the social role of women and the importance of marine resources. It is worth noting that this cult somehow managed to transcend the decline of Limaculture and achieve cultural permanence into the Middle Horizon. / En este artículo, se propone la existencia de un culto dedicado a una divinidad marina de género femenino, durante el periodo Intermedio Temprano (200-700 d.C.) de la Costa Central del Perú. La investigación está basada en evidenciaarqueológica relacionada a contextos de actividad ritual así como en datos etnohistóricos, etnográficos y lingüísticos que avalan esta propuesta. Una diosa del mar, con una corte de seres marinos, vinculada a los aspectos femeninos del cosmos pudo tener uno de sus centros de adoración en Huaca Pucllana; la abundancia de representaciones figurativas y simbólicas ligadas al mar, el rol social de la mujer y la importancia de los recursos marinos respaldan esta propuesta. Cabe resaltar que este culto, de alguna manera, logró trascender el ocaso de la cultura Lima y permaneció durante parte del Periodo Horizonte Medio.