Reflections on the Chachapoya in the ChinchaysuyuCultural groups and cultural identity are some of the most discussed subjects in archaeology, history and anthropology. Material culture as artefacts and burial customs as well as building constructions reflect contacts between different regions, but how is it possible to reveal the cultural identity of a specific people in time and space?The Tawantinsuyu consisted of many ethnic groups, and Inca policies varied in different provinces, but how were cultural identities perceived by the Incas in their politics? It is generally understood that the Inca domination of a region can only be assessed on the basis of knowledge of the society that preceded it and by an understanding of the geographical landscape.Based on archaeological and ethnohistorical research I will discuss how a common cultural identity of the Chachapoyas as one group was created by the Incas for their political and socio-economic interests in a landscape that became loaded with Inca presence. The whole spatial setting of Inca installations in the landscape was charged with meanings that became essential for their existence in the land of the Chachapoya. The different señorios in the Chachapoyas province shared a common identity in settlement patterns, architectural design and ceramic tradition. Inca and Chachapoya identities and relations were a potent force of change where aggression and violence seem to have played an important and integrated cultural role. / Los grupos y las identidades culturales son algunos de los temas más discutidos en arqueología, historia y antropología. La cultura material, como los artefactos, las costumbres funerarias y las construcciones, refleja contactos entre diversas regiones, pero ¿cómo es posible revelar la identidad cultural de una población específica en tiempo y espacio?El Tawantinsuyu estuvo compuesto por muchos grupos étnicos y las políticas del Inca variaron en las diversas provincias, pero ¿cómo fueron percibidas las identidades culturales por los incas? Se entiende generalmente que la dominación inca de una región se puede determinar sólo sobre la base del conocimiento de la sociedad que lo precedió y por una comprensión del paisaje geográfico.Según la investigación arqueológica y etnohistórica llevada a cabo por la autora se discutirá cómo la identidad cultural común de los chachapoya como un grupo fue creada por los incas para sus intereses políticos y socioeconómicos en un paisaje que fue colmado con la presencia inca.La distribución espacial del conjunto de instalaciones inca en el paisaje fue cargada con significados que llegaron a ser esenciales para su existencia en la tierra de los chachapoya. Los diversos señoríos en la provincia de Chachapoyas compartieron una identidad común en patrones de asentamiento, diseño arquitectónico y tradición cerámica. Las identidades inca y chachapoya, y sus relaciones, constituyeron una potente fuerza de cambio en un escenario donde la agresión y la violencia parecen haber desempeñado un rol cultural importante e integrado.

This thesis represents a human history of Tl’chés (Discovery and Chatham Islands) roughly between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries. It presents Songhees and Settler life on the archipelago, as well as the dispossession of Songhees lands. Detailing processes of colonialism, as well as Songhees resistance to it, this thesis represents a microcosm of colonialism as it unfolded in the lands now called British Columbia. / Graduate

In this study, the role of translation in the introduction of Chinese xiqu into the United States is examined using an anthropological approach. This study identifies three encounters that exemplify the three critical stages of acceptance of xiqu in the United States, and examines how translation operates and functions as a tool of cultural mediation in the introduction and promotion of xiqu there. The three critical encounters this study identifies are: the 19th century performance tours of Cantonese opera in San Francisco, the 1930s tour of Mei Lan-fang to the U.S., and the 2006 tour of Kenneth Pai's production of the Young Lover's Edition of the Peony Pavilion to the U.S. An ethnohistoric approach is adopted to reconstruct the contexts of the translators' decision-making with the purpose of highlighting the human factor in the process. Translations, first-hand paratextual materials and data collected in interviews facilitate the triangulation of analysis and verification. The result offers a critical understanding of translation in a cultural dissemination process by analyzing xiqu with an emphasis on the human factor.

This thesis uses the uniform of the Stó:lō First Nation’s Lower Fraser Fishing Authority as a cultural, material item to inform and discuss Indigenous-Crown relationships, the history of the community the object belongs to, and the meaning that the object holds for that community. I use the uniform to argue that a single object can hold complex and contradictory meanings that can inform cultural history and relationships. This thesis adds to the historiography of the use of artifacts as an object of study, the history of the Lower Fraser Fishing Authority, and also larger discussions of Indigenous-Crown relationships in Canada. / Graduate

This research attempts to describe the material culture of the Gaelic labouring classes living in western Ulster in the Late Medieval period. The research combines ethnohistorical contextual and technical scientific analysis of ‘chance’ finds discovered in the region’s bogs. Technical analysis dates fifteen museum objects, characterises the materials from which they were made, and explores their cultural significance. Absolute dating indicates that one third of the 15 objects analysed relate to the Gaelic lordships of late medieval western Ulster, with the remainder reflecting aspects of Iron Age and Post-Medieval material culture and related cultural pracrices. Contextual analysis of the later medieval objects and their find locations provides new insights into Gaelic Irish culture and landscape interactions in this period and place. In addition, the research explores the trajectory of indigenous materiality in western Ulster beyond the Late Medieval period. To this end, the thesis examines the relationship between Late Medieval indigenous materiality, and the folk material culture that emerges in western Ulster in the Modern period. / Heritage Consortium, Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK)

Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar e catalogar sistematicamente os objetos que serviram como \'dinheiro primitivo\' na área andina durante o período conhecido como Horizonte Tardio, que vai de 1.476 a 1.534 d.C. Após este primeiro passo, tentamos precisar em quais esferas sociais estes objetos circulavam e que papel desempenhavam em cada uma delas, definindo, assim, o seu funcionamento em um sistema de valor determinado e específico. O tema da pesquisa se justifica basicamente por dois motivos: (a) a forma insatisfatória, e muitas vezes superficial, com que os trabalhos a respeito da economia incaica tratam a questão do dinheiro; (b) o costume - ao nosso ver equivocado - de entender o \'dinheiro primitivo\' por meio de conceitos alheios à realidade do antigo Peru. Para a realização dessa pesquisa foram utilizadas como fontes principais as crônicas espanholas escritas durante os séculos XVI e XVII. Sempre com o cuidado de não cair em anacronismos, fato comum quando se trata de pesquisas a respeito da economia nas sociedades consideradas arcaicas. Esperamos com este trabalho poder contribuir para uma compreensão mais ampla do \'dinheiro primitivo\' e da noção de valor entre os Incas. / The scope of this research is to systematically classify and identify the objects that served as \'primitive money\' in the Andean region during the period know as the Late Horizon, which covers the years 1476 through 1534 A.D. We tried to indicate how these objects circulated within the various social spheres and the role they played in each one of them, in order to determine their function in a system that had definite and specific values. The reason to decide on this theme was basically two: (a) the inadequate and often superficial way which money issue is dealt with in the existing works on Inka economy; (b) the general understanding of \'primitive money\' by means of concepts which are not appropriate to the reality of ancient Peru. This research was based on chronicles written by Spaniards during the XVI and XVII centuries. Throughout this work, we were careful not to fall into anachronism, since that usually happens in researches on economy about the so called archaic societies. We hope that this work may be a contribution to a better understanding of \'primitive money\' and notion of value in the Inka society.

A dissertação propõe a construção de uma história indígena guarani de longa duração no litoral central catarinense a partir de uma Arqueologia do Lugar Guarani. Para isso, são analisadas duas coleções cerâmicas provenientes da ilha de Santa Catarina (Florianópolis): a coleção Travessão do Rio Vermelho (TRV) (escavada entre os anos de 2013 e 2014 pela equipe do Laboratório de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Arqueologia - LEIA/UFSC) e a coleção Lagoinha do Rio Tavares I (RT) (escavada nos anos 1965 e 1966, portanto, durante o PRONAPA, pelo Professor Doutor Walter Fernando Piazza). Essas coleções são analisadas conjugando a análise tecnológica e a arqueometria (por fluorescência de raios-x), ressaltando a importância da coordenação de diferentes métodos e da interdisciplinaridade na Arqueologia. A discussão e o objetivo são alcançados a partir das análises das coleções e dos lugares (sítios arqueológicos) e da interseção entre Arqueologia, História, Etnologia e Etnohistória. Nesse sentido, é verificado que as análises tecnológica e de fluorescência de raios-x se demonstraram complementares para a discussão dos processos de produção das vasilhas (tendo na composição da pasta o eixo elementar para essa interpretação) bem como possíveis usos das vasilhas. Foi possível tratar de escalas de produção, de um locus de manipulação de alimento da vida coletiva no teko\'á e de um outro locus na periferia da aldeia relacionado à morte na cultura guarani. Ao buscar as particularidades dentro da estrutura presente na cerâmica guarani, foi evidenciada uma clara diferenciação entre as coleções em termos micro (material arqueológico em si) e macro (o material arqueológico e o lugar, o sítio arqueológico). / The mastering thesis proposes the raising of a Guarani indigenous history in a long duration to the central coast of Santa Catarina from a Guarani Archaeology of Place. For this, they are analyzed two ceramic collections from Santa Catarina Island (Florianópolis): the Travessão do Rio Vermelho (TRV) collection (excavated between 2013 and 2014 by Laboratório de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Arqueologia - LEIA/UFSC) and Lagoinha do Rio Tavares I (RT) collection (this one excavated between 1965 and 1966 by PhD Walter Fernando Piazza during PRONAPA). These collections are analyzed coordinating a technology and an archaeometry (x-ray fluorescence) perspectives, so that it was possible to emphasize the importance of coordinating different methods and the interdisciplinary in archaeology. The discussion and the objective are reached by collections\' and place\'s (archaeological sites\') analysis and by the intersection among archaeology, history, ethnology and ethnohistory. Then, it is verified that the technological and the x-ray fluoresce analysis were complementary to the discussion on ceramic\'s production processes (as paste\'s composition was elementary on this comprehension) as well as on possible vessel\'s uses. It was possible to reach production scales, to argue about a locus of food manipulation inside the collective life in the teko\'á and to argue about a locus related to the limits of the community associated to death on Guarani culture. Going through the particularities inside Guarani ceramic\'s structure, it was emphasized a clear defference between the analysed colections in micro (the archaeological material itself) and macro terms (the archaeological material and the place, the archaeological site).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 342-367).

Ethnic Identity under Inka Rule: An Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Assessment of the Effects of the Inka State on the Canas Ethnic GroupCieza de Leon describes how after agreeing to an amnesty with Inka Viracocha the Canas ethnic group became major allies of the Inka and relocated their settlements away from the hill tops and down onto the valley floor. In this paper we will consider these claims in the light of archaeological evidence for changes and continuities within the Canas territory during the Late Intermediate and Inka periods. This will be primarily based upon the results of survey, architectural analysis, excavations and artifact studies within a 520 km2 survey area around the site of Cacha/Raqchi. We will describe the very limited effect which inclusion within the Inka Empire seems to have had on local settlement organization as well as examing the administrative apparatus that the Inka state located within the Canas territory. We will evaluate what this archaeological evidence tells us about how the Inka treated their allies and to what degree local ethnic identity can be recognized before, during, and following incorporation into the Inka Empire. Finally, we will contrast the Canas situation with the factors that led to the development of an "Inka" identity in the Cuzco region prior to the emergence of the Inka state. / Cieza de León describe como luego de acordar una amnistía con el Inka Viracocha, el grupo étnico Canas se convirtió en aliado principal de los inkas y reubicó sus asentamientos lejos de la cumbre de los cerros y, más bien, se asentaron en el fondo de los valles. En el presente trabajo se consideran estas afirmaciones a la luz de las evidencias arqueológicas de cambios y continuidades dentro del territorio canas durante el Periodo Intermedio Tardío y el Periodo Inca. Por ello se basa primeramente en los resultados de análisis de datos de prospección, análisis arquitectónicos, excavaciones y estudios de los artefactos en un área prospectada de 520 km2 alrededor del sitio de Cacha/Raqchi. Se describe el efecto muy limitado que la incorporación dentro del imperio parece haber tenido en el patrón de asentamiento local, así como se examina el aparato administrativo que el estado estableció dentro del territorio canas. Se evalúa lo que estas evidencias arqueológicas aportan acerca de cómo los inkas trataron a sus aliados y en que grado se puede reconocer la identidad étnica local antes, durante y después de su incorporación dentro del Imperio Inka. Finalmente, se contrasta la situación de los canas con los factores que condujeron al desarrollo de la identidad "inka" en la región del Cuzco antes del surgimiento del Estado Inka.

Inca or Spanish? The Identities of Paullu Topa IncaPaullu Topa Inca tends to be described, in modern historiography, as a traitor to his own people. This judgement misrepresents the circumstances of his life as perceived during the sixteenth century. During his own life time, he was indeed respected by many Spaniards, but Incas and andean people also regarded him as a man of very great authority and worth. After his death, the complex events of the invasion and conquest in which Paullu Topa Inca participated were streamlined into a smooth narrative that fitted in with the perspective of the winning side in the civil wars of the conquest period, and that became canonical once the viceregal state was established. The old men who at century’s end remembered Paullu Topa Inca did so as part of their own memories of their childhood and youth. / En la historiografía moderna, Paullu Topa Inca aparece como traidor de su gente. Este juicio da una imagen falsa de las circunstancias de su vida como la representaron sus contemporáneos. Durante su existencia, muchos españoles lo respetaron, y los incas y la gente andina lo miraron como hombre de gran autoridad y valía. Después de muerto, los sucesos complejos de invasión y conquista en los que Paullu Topa Inca participó fueron transformados en una narrativa llana y sencilla, según las ideas del partido victorioso en las guerras civiles. Esta narrativa se hizo canónica, una vez que se estableció el Estado virreinal. Los viejos que recordaban a Paullu Topa Inca lo hicieron en el contexto de sus propias memorias de niñez y juventud.