Beginning in the late 1630s, a diversity of Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples established under the auspices of Jesuit and, later, Sulpician missionaries a string of village communities in the St. Lawrence Valley. A diversity of peoples, whom the French lumped under the rubrics of “Algonquins”, “Montagnais”, “Hurons”, “Iroquois”, “Abenakis” and “Loups”, migrated to these villages in the hope of bettering their lives in trying times. This dissertation retraces the formation and the early development of these communities, exploring the entangled influence of armed conflict, diplomacy, kinship, and leadership on migration, community-building, and identity formation. The historiography of the St. Lawrence Valley – the French colonial heartland in North America – has tended to relegate these Aboriginal communities to the margins. Moreover, those scholars who have considered the formation of mission villages have tended to emphasize missionary initiative. Here, these villages are reimagined as a joint creation, the result of intersecting French and Aboriginal desires, needs, and priorities. The significance of these villages as sites of refuge becomes readily apparent, the trajectories of individual communities corresponding with the escalation of conflict or with its tense aftermath. What also becomes clear is that the course of war and peace through the region cannot be accounted solely by the relations of the French and Iroquois, or of the French and British crowns. Paying close attentions to the nuanced personal and collective identities of the residents of the mission villages and their neighbours allows us to gain a better understanding of the geopolitics of the northeastern woodlands during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

Beginning in the late 1630s, a diversity of Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples established under the auspices of Jesuit and, later, Sulpician missionaries a string of village communities in the St. Lawrence Valley. A diversity of peoples, whom the French lumped under the rubrics of “Algonquins”, “Montagnais”, “Hurons”, “Iroquois”, “Abenakis” and “Loups”, migrated to these villages in the hope of bettering their lives in trying times. This dissertation retraces the formation and the early development of these communities, exploring the entangled influence of armed conflict, diplomacy, kinship, and leadership on migration, community-building, and identity formation. The historiography of the St. Lawrence Valley – the French colonial heartland in North America – has tended to relegate these Aboriginal communities to the margins. Moreover, those scholars who have considered the formation of mission villages have tended to emphasize missionary initiative. Here, these villages are reimagined as a joint creation, the result of intersecting French and Aboriginal desires, needs, and priorities. The significance of these villages as sites of refuge becomes readily apparent, the trajectories of individual communities corresponding with the escalation of conflict or with its tense aftermath. What also becomes clear is that the course of war and peace through the region cannot be accounted solely by the relations of the French and Iroquois, or of the French and British crowns. Paying close attentions to the nuanced personal and collective identities of the residents of the mission villages and their neighbours allows us to gain a better understanding of the geopolitics of the northeastern woodlands during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-253).

Les Leco du nord de La Paz étaient considérés disparus à la fin du XXe siècle, pourtant en 1997, deux groupes resurgissent séparément pour compter au total 9006 Leco en 2013.Si la résurgence ne fut pas conflictuelle à Guanay où se parlait une langue leca il y a 50 ans, elle fut violente à Apolo, où les Leco partagent langue, culture et parenté avec les paysans quechua voisins qui contestent à la fois leur droit à un territoire et leur condition de « vrais » Indiens.Afin de dépasser les essentialismes, la thèse tente de comprendre ces résurgences à partir de l’étude ethnohistorique de la région et de saisir les brassages hétéroclites d’où sont issus les Apoleños (indigènes Leco et paysans).Véritable nœud entre hautes et basses terres, Apolobamba a reçu très tôt des apports andins (puquina, aymara et quechua). Ses habitants, les Chuncho des Incas puis des Espagnols, présentent tous des traits linguistiques et socioculturels hybrides. La diversité ethnique se réduit dans les missions franciscaines du XVIIIe siècle, instaurant la frontière ethnolinguistique du Tuichi entre un sud plus andin et les « sauvages » du nord. Le libéralisme de la période républicaine et la construction identitaire nationale amenuisent encore la diversité régionale et accélèrent l’« andinisation ». De ces brassages émergent les Apolistas puis les Apoleños ; des identités toponymiques plus qu’ethniques. La renaissance des Leco s’inscrit dans un panorama national et international favorable, mais une langue leco se parlait encore il y a deux à trois générations sur les bords du Mapiri. Se pose le problème des transformations des sociétés et de leur continuité : métissages, acculturation, ou bien ethnogenèse, camouflage et résistance ? / The Leco from North of La Paz were considered to have disappeared by the end of the XXth century ; however in 1997, two groups of Leco re-emerged independently from each other, one in Larecaja and one in Apolo. In the former the claim was less violent than in the latter, where Quechua peasants share language, culture and kinship, and refuse to recognize the land rights and the identity of their “Indigenous Leco” neighbours.The thesis aims to understand ethnohistorically both resurgences, and tries to go beyond essentialism to understand the heterogeneous melting pot from where the Apoleños come.Apolobamba, because it connects highlands and lowlands, received Andean influences (puquina, aymara and quechua) early on. Its inhabitants, the Chuncho of the Incas then the Spaniards, show hybrid ethnolinguistic and socio-cultural features. The ethnic diversity was being reduced in the 18th century Franciscan Missions, where the ethnolinguistic border between an Andean South and the “savages” of the North was drawn at the Tuichi river. The liberal Republican period, with the construction of a national identity, once again shrunk regional diversity and increased “andeanization”. Apolistas and then Apoleños emerged from these interethnic mixes defined more geographically than ethnically.The Leco revival happens in an auspicious national and international context, but the Leco language was still spoken two or three generations ago on the Mapiri’s banks. It raises the question of social transformation and continuity: are we dealing with a case of acculturation, ethnogenesis, camouflage or resistance?

Interlopers and Transplantees: The Mitmaqkuna or Mitimaes of Vilcashuamán in their Transition from the Time of the Inka to the "Lords of the Seas"This article aims to present how the first contact between the spaniards and the people of Vilcashuaman, their subjugation under the hispanic and their rebellion against the colonial system installed by them, came to happen. Also, their andean roots, their past as mitmaqkuna, the persistence of their customs and beliefs, and how the presence of the Inka of Vilcabamba and the Taky Onqoy awoke in them their ancestral conscience, leading them to resist and finally survive, despite the terrible living conditions they suffered. / En este artículo se presenta la forma cómo se produjo el primer contacto entre los españoles y los habitantes de Vilcashuamán, su sometimiento por los hispanos y su rebeldía frente al sistema colonial implantado por ellos. Así también, sus raíces andinas, su pasado de mitmaqkuna, la persistencia de sus costumbres y creencias, y cómo la presencia del Inka de Vilcabamba y el movimiento del Taky Onqoy despertaron en ellos su antigua conciencia, que los llevó a resistir y finalmente a pervivir pese a las terribles condiciones de vida a las que fueron sometidos.

Identity and Suyu Affiliation in the Inca EmpireBy means of two discrete examples, this study attempts to show that the Incas forged imperial identities using the division of Andean space in four suyus, or Tawantinsuyu. In the case of the cult of the sun at Titicaca, groups from all four suyus participated. Through the resettlement of people from all four, the Incas generalized the solar cult to the entire empire. The other case deals with the cults to the snow-covered mountains of Arequipa, called huacas pacariscas. In this instance only mitimaes from the same suyu where the mountain was located participated. It is noteworthy that —as in the region surounding Cuzco— the suyu division in the larger territory was related to sacred places on the landscape, and in the instances explored here, to the most sacred sites in the Andean territory. / Mediante dos casos concretos se intenta demostrar que los incas forjaban identidades imperiales en base a la división de su territorio en cuatro suyus, llamada Tawantinsuyu. En el primer caso se trata del culto al Sol en la isla de Titicaca, en el cual participaban mitimaes procedentes de los cuatro suyus. A través de la reubicación de personas procedentes de los cuatro suyus, los incas generalizaron este culto a todo el imperio. El otro caso se refiere al culto rendido a los nevados de Arequipa, llamados huacas pacariscas. Estos cultos fueron mantenidos sólo por mitimaes del suyu en que se ubicaba el nevado, forjando identidades también a un nivel local. Además, hay que destacar que, al igual que en la región del Cuzco, la división en suyus se relacionaba con los lugares sagrados y, en este caso, con los sitios sagrados más importantes del territorio andino.

The Identity of the Ten Panacas in Incaic CuzcoOne notion well-known in the modern literature on the Incas, which was first introduced by Sarmiento de Gamboa, in 1572, is that the ten panacas of Cuzco were formed in a historical process, with each king founding his own panaca. However, earlier chroniclers, such as Betanzos, Santo Tomás and Las Casas, described the formation of the ten panacas very differently. For the latter authors, the totality of the ten panacas always constituted the central part of Cuzco’s organization. Beyond their significance as lineage groupings, the panacas represented a hierarchical organization in which other social functions, like age grades and age classes, the calendar and religion, also played indispensable roles. / En la literatura moderna acerca de los incas se conoce más la noción, introducida por Sarmiento en 1572, de que las 10 panacas del Cuzco se habrían formado a lo largo de un proceso histórico en el que cada rey fundó su propia panaca. Cronistas anteriores, como Betanzos, Santo Tomás y Las Casas describieron la formación de las 10 panacas de manera muy distinta y estas habrían constituido la parte central de la organización del Cuzco. Las panacas formaban una organización jerárquica en que otras funciones sociales, tales como clases y grados de edad, calendario y religión, también jugaban roles indispensables.

This MA thesis presents the results of an investigation about the Hispanic Americans in Prague. Relying on a transnationalist theoretical approach, this research presents an empirical description about the existing ties between the transmigrants and their city of residence, analyzing the migration networks and the transnational practices that arise during the migratory experience. We wish to demonstrate the measure in which the transnational migration is going to foment the exchange of symbolic goods between the country of origin and the country of reception of the transmigrant, and how this exchange is often triggered by the feeling of nostalgia that is frequently associated with the transmigrants experience. To approach these problems in the thesis we focus on the portrait of the migration networks, and on various strategies adopted by migrants from Latin America. Thus we are able to discover the transnational practices of migrants, their integration strategies, and the tools which facilitate to keep the contact with their homeland, and native civilization/culture. The exchange of symbolic goods is one of the very important instruments. We discover them through the testimonies of the transmigrants, which constitute the frame of this investigation, and function as a window on the nature of the...

Matching Accounts in the Khipu Archives of Chachapoyas and Ica, PerúAccounts from the Spanish chronicles regarding Inka record keeping practices by means of the knotted string devices called khipu ("knot") indicate that these accounts were compiled in a system of "checks and balances". Each community in the empire had a minimum of four khipu accountants, all of whom are said by the chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega to have kept the same records. This study examines several examples of matching khipu accounts identified among sets of two or three khipu samples. The identification of matching khipu accounts has been facilitated by the recent development of a khipu database at Harvard University. The long range objective of this research is to investigate the information recorded on khipu samples from various provenience zones around the former Inka empire that may represent the remains of khipu archives. / Relatos y narraciones en las crónicas españolas relativas a la práctica inka de mantenimiento de registros por medio de khipus (en quechua ‘nudo’) indican que estos registros y cuentas eran recopilados dentro de un sistema de "controles y balances". Cada comunidad en el imperio poseía un mínimo de cuatro «contadores» o registradores de khipus, los que, según relata el cronista Garcilaso de la Vega, llevaban y mantenían los mismos registros. Este estudio examina diversos ejemplos de registros y cuentas afines y de concordancia compartida identificados entre conjuntos de dos o tres ejemplares de khipus. La identificación de registros de khipus con afinidad y concordancia ha sido considerablemente facilitada por el reciente desarrollo de una base de datos de khipus en la Harvard University. El objetivo a largo plazo de esta investigación es la de examinar la información registrada en ejemplares de khipus procedentes de diversas zonas a lo largo y ancho del antiguo imperio inka que pudiesen representar los restos o remanentes de archivos de khipus.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO GRACIELI E SCHUBERT.PDF: 7773083 bytes, checksum: 6bccafec6a99778f82e72f2ada4249d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / This dissertation is characterized as a case study in Guarani Indian village named the Tekoha Añetete reservation, Village in the municipality of Diamante d'oeste\/PR. Aims to register main cultural aspects of group through reports on the construction of the living space and the architecture itself. The problem of this activity is devoted to the traditional architecture of the Guarani as opposed to architecture developed by external agents inside the village, among them the Cohapar (housing Company of Paraná) and Itaipu Binacional. Among these buildings are residences and prays. The discussion is divided into three chapters. Initially presents concepts related to the problem, among them: culture, identity, territory. In a second moment is made a dense description of the village in order to characterize it as an object of study. In the third chapter are addressed the architectural works present in the village, including the traditional architecture of the Guarani, the architecture introduced by the Cohapar and the works made by Itaipu, besides brief analysis on merger of these works made by external agents to the sociocultural dynamics of the group from the anthropological gaze of Rubem Thomaz de Almeida. / Esta dissertação caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso na aldeia indígena Guarani denominada Aldeia Tekoha Añetete, situada no município de Diamante d Oeste/PR. Tem por objetivo principal registrar aspectos culturais do grupo através de relatos sobre a construção do espaço habitado e da arquitetura em si. A problemática dessa atividade está voltada à arquitetura tradicional dos Guarani em oposição à arquitetura desenvolvida por agentes externos no interior da aldeia, entre eles a Cohapar (Companhia de Habitação do Paraná) e a Itaipu Binacional. Entre essas construções encontram-se residências e casa de reza. A discussão está dividida em três capítulos. Inicialmente apresentam-se conceitos relacionados à problemática, entre eles: cultura, identidade, território. Em um segundo momento é feita uma descrição densa da aldeia visando caracterizá-la enquanto objeto de estudo. No terceiro capítulo são abordadas as obras arquitetônicas presentes na aldeia, entre elas a arquitetura tradicional dos Guarani, a arquitetura introduzida pela Cohapar e as obras feitas pela Itaipu, além de breve análise sobre os mecanismos de incorporação dessas obras feitas por agentes externos para com a dinâmica sociocultural do grupo a partir do olhar antropológico de Rubem Thomaz de Almeida.