Para avaliação do potencial anestésico do óleo de cravo na mitigação dos efeitos fisiológicos do estresse de exposição aérea e de transporte do lambari, A. altiparanae, foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, fêmeas adultas (n = 80) foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos: controle, anestesia (óleo de cravo 50 mg.L-1), estresse (exposição aérea durante 5 minutos) e anestesia prévia ao estresse. Registraram-se os níveis plasmáticos de cortisol, glicose e lactato, o hematócrito, índice hepatossomático (IHS), as concentrações de glicogênio hepático e muscular branco, a peroxidação lipídica e a atividade das enzimas lactato desidrogenase (LDH), catalase (CAT) e glutationa redutase (GR). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA, comparando-se as médias pelo Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). No segundo experimento, avaliaram-se a concentração adequada e os efeitos do anestésico, combinado ou não ao NaCl (sal), sobre as respostas ao estresse de transporte simulado em juvenis (n = 1.269). Foi estabelecido um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3x3 (0, 3 e 6 g.L-1 de NaCl; 0, 5 e 7,5 mg.L-1 do anestésico). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA com estudo de regressão (p<0,05). No primeiro experimento, observou-se elevação da glicose (53,9%) após a anestesia e/ou o estresse. O estresse elevou os níveis de cortisol (146,6%), de lactato (294,6%) e a peroxidação lipídica no músculo branco (45%) e reduziu o glicogênio muscular (40,1%). O hematócrito aumentou 7,9% após o estresse ou a anestesia. O glicogênio hepático e o IHS não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A anestesia ou o estresse não alteraram a atividade da LDH, mas reduziram a atividade da CAT (46,1%) e da GR (30,3%). No segundo experimento observou-se redução linear da glicose em função das diferentes concentrações de anestésico, na presença de sal (3 g.L-1), e redução quadrática desta variável em função das concentrações crescentes de sal, na presença de anestésico (7,5 mg.L-1). O sal ou anestésico reduziram linearmente o cortisol, entretanto, não houve alteração do hematócrito e do IHS. A adição crescente de sal aumentou linearmente o glicogênio hepático, elevou de forma quadrática o glicogênio muscular e reduziu linearmente o lactato. A anestesia provocou aumento linear do glicogênio muscular e não alterou a peroxidação lipídica, variável que aumentou de forma quadrática em função do acréscimo de sal. A LDH reduziu linearmente, em função das concentrações crescentes de sal, e houve efeito quadrático da interação sal e anestésico nesta resposta. A adição do anestésico provocou redução linear na atividade da CAT e a atividade da GR foi elevada pela interação entre sal e anestésico. Conclui-se que a exposição aérea e o transporte caracterizam-se como agentes estressores em lambaris, reduzindo o bem-estar e a qualidade do pescado. O óleo de cravo na concentração 50 mg.L-1 mitiga as respostas fisiológicas ao estresse e não provoca a peroxidação lipídica, porém não evita esta resposta causada pela exposição aérea. O óleo de cravo e o sal nas concentrações 5 e 7,5 mg.L-1 e 3 a 6 g.L-1, respectivamente, isolados ou associados, são seguros e eficazes para mitigar os efeitos do estresse de transporte no lambari. / The effects of clove oil anesthetic on mitigating the physiological stress responses to air exposure and simulated transporting were evaluated in lambari (A. altiparanae). In the first experiment, adult females (n = 80) were subjected to four treatments: control, anesthesia (clove oil 50 mg L-1), stress (5 min air exposure) and pre-anesthesia associated to stress. Cortisol, glucose and lactate levels, hematocrit, hepatosomatic index (HSI), liver and muscle glycogen content, lipid peroxidation level and the enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), were recorded. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, comparing the means by Tukey´s test (P<0.05). In the second experiment the potential of clove oil and sodium chloride (salt) added to water in mitigating the stress responses to simulated transporting was evaluated in 1.269 female juveniles. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design 3x3 (0, 3, 6 g.L-1 salt; 0, 5, 7.5 mg.L-1 clove oil) and data were submitted to ANOVA (p<0.05). In the first experiment, we observed glucose increase (53.9%) after anesthesia and/or stress. The stress increased cortisol levels (146.6%), lactate (294.6%) and lipid peroxidation in white muscle (45%) and decreased glycogen (40.1%). The hematocrit increased 7.9% after stress or anesthesia and the liver glycogen and HSI did not changed between treatments. Anesthesia or stress did not affect the LDH activity, but reduced the activity of CAT (46.1%) and GR (30.3%). In the second experiment a reduction of blood glucose was observed when the anesthetic was associated to salt (linear) or salt was associated to anesthetic (quadratic). The salt or anesthetic decreased the cortisol (linear) but did not affected hematocrit or hepatosomatic index. The salt increased glycogen in liver (linear) and white muscle (quadratic), but reduced the lactate (linear). Anesthesia increased the muscle glycogen (linear) and did not affect the lipid peroxidation that was increased (quadratic) by salt. The LDH activity was reduced (linear) by increasing concentrations of salt or its association with the anesthetic (quadratic). Clove oil decreased CAT activity (linear) and when associated to salt increased the GR activity. We concluded that air exposure and transporting are stressful situations that reduces welfare and meat quality and that clove oil (50 mg.L-1) mitigates the physiological responses to stress and does not cause lipid peroxidation but does not prevent this response resulting from air exposure. The clove oil and the salt (5 and 7.5 mg.L-1 and 3 to 6 gL-1, respectively), either in its isolated or combined form, are safe and effective in mitigating the stress effects of transporting in lambari.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a resposta tecidual em 48 pré- molares (96 raízes) de cães, após obturação dos canais radiculares com diferentes materiais. Os dentes foram submetidos à biopulpectomia, ao preparo biomecânico e divididos em oito grupos, onde os canais radiculares foram obturados com os seguintes materiais: Grupos I e V pasta Calen® espessada com óxido de zinco; Grupos II e VI cimento EndoREZ; Grupos III e VII cimento Sealapex®, e Grupos IV e VIII cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol. Decorridos os períodos de 30 e 90 dias, os animais foram mortos, as peças removidas e submetidas ao processamento histológico. A avaliação histopatológica foi baseada nos seguintes parâmetros: intensidade do infiltrado inflamatório, espessura do ligamento periodontal, reabsorção do tecido ósseo, limte de obturação e presença ou ausência de selamento apical. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. Com base nos resultados obtidos e considerando as condições específicas deste trabalho, pôde-se concluir que a pasta Calen® espessada com óxido de zinco foi o material que apresentou a melhor resposta tecidual, seguida pelos cimentos Sealapex® e óxido de zinco e eugenol. O cimento EndoREZ apresentou resposta tecidual desfavorável . / The objective of the present work was evaluate the tissue response in 48 premolars( 96 roots), of dogs teeth, after pulpectomy, with different roots canals filling materials. The teeth were submitted to the biomechanical preparation and divided in eigth groups, where the canals were filled with following materials: Groups I and V - Calen® paste thickened with zinc oxide; Groups II and VI - EndoREZ sealer; Groups III and VII - Sealapex® sealer; and Groups IV and VIII Zinc oxide and eugenol cement. After periods of 30 and 90 days, the animals were killed, the pieces reduced and submitted to the histological processing. The histopathological evaluation was based on the following parameters: intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, thickness of the periodontal ligament, bone resorption,filling limit and presence or absence of sealed apical. The results were submitted to the statistical analysis by the non parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis, with significance level was 5%. Based on the results obtained in histopathological analysis and methodologies employed in the present work, it may be conclued that: Calen® paste thickened with zinc oxide was the material that showed the better tissue response, following by Sealapex® sealer and zinc oxide and eugenol cement. EndoREZ sealer showed tissue response unfavorable.

Orientador: Luis Alexandre Maffei Sartini Paulillo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T11:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bueno_VanessaCastroPestanadaSilveira_M.pdf: 10101006 bytes, checksum: 0cdee7488442c7a04cbb64daddf3b98e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do cimento endodôntico e do sistema de fixação na resistência à tração de pinos pré-fabricados de fibra de vidro. Foram utilizadas sessenta e quatro raízes bovinas extraídas, divididas em oito grupos experimentais resultantes da interação Cimento Endodôntico x Sistema de Fixação. A obturação dos canais radiculares foi realizada com gutapercha e cimento endodôntico contendo eugenol (CC) ou no apenas com gutapercha termo-plastificada (SC), sendo verificada a influência do eugenol presente no cimento endodôntico nos sistemas de fixação. Foram utilizados dois sistemas de fixação RelyX/ Single Bond (SB/RX) e C&B/All-Bond 2 (CB/AB) e a associação dos mesmos RelyX/ All-Bond 2 (RX/AB) e C & B/ Single Bond (CB/SB), distribuídos nos seguintes grupos: GI ¿ SB/RX/CC; GII ¿ AB/CB/CC; GIII ¿AB/RX/CC; GIV ¿ SB/CB/CC; GV ¿ SB/RX/SC; GVI ¿ AB/CB/SC; GVII ¿AB/RX/SC; GVIII ¿ SB/CB/SC. Após a inclusão das raízes, as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de resistência à tração através de uma Máquina de Ensaios Universal ¿ EMIC - modelo DL 5000, regulada a velocidade de 0,5mm/min. Os valores obtidos em quilograma força (kgf) foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística. Os resultados mostraram não haver efeito estatístico significativo para o fator cimento endodôntico e para a interação cimento endodôntico x sistema de fixação (teste de Análise de Variância, a= 0,05). Entretanto, a análise do resultado do teste de variação múltipla de Tukey (LSMEANS) mostrou que a maior média de resistência à tração foi apresentada pelo sistema de fixação Single Bond/RelyX 37,41(12,86)a, porém não apresentou diferença estatística significativa da média do sistema All- Bond 2/C&B 27,13 (8,34)ab. Por outro lado, a menor média de resistência à tração foi apresentada pelo sistema Single Bond/C&B 21,36(6,3)c, não apresentando diferença estatística significativa para o sistema All-Bond 2/RelyX 33,45(11,49)bc. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o cimento endodôntico não influenciou a resistência à tração dos sistemas de fixação de pinos intraradiculares de fibra de vidro; os sistemas de fixação All-Bond 2/C&B e Single Bond/RelyX apresentaram o mesmo comportamento em relação a resistência à tração. Além disso, que a associação de adesivo que possui monômeros ácidos, em sua composição, e cimento resinoso quimicamente ativado diminui significantemente a resistência à tração / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of adhesive system, endodontic and fixation sealer on tensile strengh of prefabricated glass fiber posts. Sixty-four bovin roots were selected and divided in eighth experimental groups resultant in the interation of Endodontics Sealer x Fixation System. The guta-percha plasticized (WS) by heat and a sealer containing eugenol (WOS) were used in root canal filling in the root canal filling was done using guta-percha plasticized by heat, only. So, the influence of eugenol in fixation systems could be analyzed. It was used two adhesive systems: RelyX/ Single Bond e C & B/ All Bond 2 and the association between them (Rely X/ All Bond 2 e C & B/ Single Bond), all divided in 6 groups: GI ¿ SB/RX/WS; GII ¿ AB/CB/WS; GIII ¿ AB/RX/WS; GIV ¿ SB/CB/WS; GV ¿ SB/RX/WOS; GVI ¿ AB/CB/WOS; GVII ¿ AB/RX/WOS; GVIII ¿ SB/CB/WOS. After the inclusion, the specimens were submitted to tensile strengh in a Universal Testing Machine ¿ EMIC - model 5000, under 0,5 mm/min of velocity. The results expressed in Kgf were schedule and submitted into statistical analysis. They showed no significant statistical effect to the sealer agent and to the interaction sealer X fixation system (Analysis of Variance Test, a= 0,05). However, Tukey's test (LSMEANS) showed higher mean of tensile strengh to the system Single Bond/RelyX 37,41(12,86)a, but no statistical difference between this system and the other one - All Bond 2/C&B 27,13(8,34)ab was found. In the other hand, minor average was showed by system Single Bond/C&B 21,36(6,3)c, but no significant difference between this system and the other one All Bond 2/RelyX 33,45(11,49)bc. Thus, it follows that the endodontic sealer didn't affect fixation systems of pins and the system All Bond 2/C&B and Single Bond/RelyX showed similar results of tensile strengh. It also follows that the association between an adhesive with acidic resin monomers and a chemical cured resin sealer can cause drop of potencial bond strengh / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

A procura por novos agentes com ação antifúngica está se intensificando nos últimos anos. A incidência de infecções fúngicas causadas por espécies do gênero Candida sp tem aumentado consideravelmente, principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos, nos quais podem apresentar gravidade. Por esse motivo, há uma intensa busca por novas substâncias com atividade antifúngica concomitante com pesquisa de novos alvos farmacológicos. A proteína H+-ATPase presente na membrana plasmática dos fungos é um novo alvo promissor, já que é exclusiva de células fúngicas. O Ebselen, mostrou ser um bom inibidor de H+-ATPase, sendo utilizado em alguns estudos como padrão de inibição dessa enzima. O eugenol, presente nos óleos essenciais de várias espécies vegetais é conhecido por apresentar diversas propriedades biológicas, incluindo ação antifúngica, a qual também parece estar relacionada à inibição desta ATPase microbiana. Soma-se a isso, o fato das 1,2-benzisoxazolin-3-onas, serem uma classe pouco explorada quanto ao seu perfil de ação biológica. Nesse contexto, foram planejados e sintetizados por hibridização molecular seis derivados benzisoxazolinônicos do eugenol e substâncias correlatas. Destes, quatro são inéditos, sendo que nenhum deles foi explorado quanto ao potencial antifúngico. Os produtos planejados foram sintetizados por meio de procedimentos sintéticos clássicos, tendo em comum as etapas finais de formação de intermediários do tipo ácido hidroxâmico seguido de ciclização às benzisoxazolinonas via reação de Mitsunobu. Os produtos finais foram caracterizados pelos métodos espectrométricos usuais. Na sequência, os produtos finais, bem como intermediários de síntese, foram avaliados quanto à sua atividade antifúngica in vitro frente a espécies de Candida spp. por meio de testes de microdiluição. Adicionalmente, os produtos mais promissores tiveram avaliados seus perfis de citotoxidade para determinação do índice de seletividade. Os testes revelaram que todos os compostos sintetizados apresentam atividade antifúngica superior à do eugenol. As N-fenilbenzisoxazolinonas (18, 19 e 20) foram as mais promissoras, apresentando, em alguns casos, valores de IC50 comparáveis ou até igual ao do fármaco fluconazol contra as espécies C. krusei e C. glabrata. O composto 19 apresentou um IC50 de 142 M frente a C. krusei, valor esse bem próximo ao alcançado pelo fluconazol (104 µM), sendo também o único híbrido planejado que se mostrou fungicida. O produto de hibridização 18, alvo do planejamento desse trabalho, foi o mais ativo contra C. glabrata com um CI50 de 53 µM. Ele obteve um índice seletividade bom (IS 3,4) e sua potência foi igual à do fluconazol (CI50 52 µM). Essa classe de heterociclos é ainda pouco explorada e mostrou ter atividade antifúngica, sendo passível de alterações estruturais para otimização dessa atividade biológica. / The incidence of fungal infections caused by Candida spp. has increased considerably, especially in immunocompromised patients, who may present gravity. The most widely used antifungal agents in the treatment of these infections are amphotericin B and azole. However, resistence to drugs and severe side effects limit the success of therapeutics. For these reasons, there is an intensive search for new substances with antifungal activity, mainly those acting in new molecular targets. Ebselen, a seleno-organic compound is a good inhibitor of H+-ATPase, an essential and unique yeast enzime. On the other hand, eugenol is a natural product present in the essential oils of several plant species, especially in clove, is and it known for its various biological properties, including antifungal action, which also seems to be related to inhibition of this microbial ATPase. Likewise, of benzisoxazolinones, are heterocycles chemically similar to ebselen, but relatively little explored as bioactive compounds. In this context, we describe here the design and synthesis of benzisoxazolinones derived from eugenol (our related substances) and ebselen, planned according to molecular hybridization strategy. They were synthesized by classical synthetic procedures and the final step consisted cyclization in hydroxamic acids into benzisoxazolinone via Mitsunobu reaction. The final products were obtained with yields ranging from 5 to 70% and were characterized by standard spectroscopic methods. Next, the final products, and synthetic intermediates were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against Candida spp. by microdilution tests. In addition, the most promising products were evaluated for their cytotoxicity profiles for determining the selectivity indexes. Tests have shown that all synthesized compounds have antifungal activity higher than eugenol. The N-phenylbenzisoxazolinones (18, 19 and 20) were the most promising ones showing in some instances IC50 values comparable oe equal to those of fluconazole against C. krusei and C. glabrata. Compound 19 showed an IC50 of 142 µM against C. krusei, very close to that achieved by fluconazole (104 µM) and was the only hybrid with fungicidal activity. Product 18, eugenol-ebselen hybrid, was the most active one against C. glabrata with an IC50 of 53 µM, good selectivity index (3.4) and potency equal to that of fluconazole (IC50 52 µM). These results highlight these derivatives as good compounds for structural optimization and further studies, as investigations on its molecular mechanism of antifungal action. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Os produtos naturais bioativos são fontes em potencial para o tratamento de diversas doenças associadas a altos índices de mortalidade na população mundial como, por exemplo, os cânceres e doenças infecciosas. Alguns fenilpropanoides, em especial o eugenol, o qual está presente nos óleos essenciais de diversas espécies vegetais, demonstram atividades relevantes como antimicrobianos e antiparasitários. Além disso, há diversos relatos científicos que demonstram o potencial antiproliferativo do eugenol frente a linhagens distintas de células tumorais. Da mesma forma, diversas substâncias que contêm o grupo funcional sulfonamida foram citadas como bioativa, em vista de apresentarem efeitos biológicos importantes, como antibacteriano, antifúngico, antiparasitário e antitumoral. Buscando a obtenção de novos produtos bioativos e em vista das ações biológicas relacionadas ao uso do eugenol e de sulfonamidas, empregou-se nesse trabalho a estratégia de hibridação molecular para o planejamento de substâncias inéditas que contemplassem resíduos estruturais do eugenol ou diidroeugenol e uma subunidade sulfonamídica. As oito substâncias finais propostas foram obtidas com sucesso a partir da condensação do cloreto de p-acetamidobenzenossulfonila com derivados orto e meta-aminofenóis, originados por sua vez de derivados nitrados do eugenol ou de seu análogo, diidroeugenol. Os produtos tiveram suas identidades confirmadas por meio de espectroscopia no infravermelho, de ressonância magnética nuclear e de massas. Na sequência, foram avaliados como antimicrobianos contra bactérias Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus e Enterococcus faecalis) e Gram-negativas (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Salmonella typhimurium) e contra espécies patogênicas ou oportunistas de Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata e C. parapsilosis). Avaliou-se, ainda, a atividade anti-Trypanosoma cruzi em formas epimastigotas do parasito e também a atividade antiproliferativa contra linhagens celulares derivadas de cânceres humanos (A549, HepG2, HT144 e MCF7). Três derivados sulfonamídicos (7a, 7b e 7c) apresentaram atividade antibacteriana com valores de CI50 na faixa de 299,40 a 297,62 μM, frente Bacillus cereus e Staphylococcus aureus. Seis derivados sulfonamídicos (6a, 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c e 7d) exibiram atividade antifúngica com valores de CI50 entre 664,89 a 748,50 μM, frente C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata e C. parapsilosis. Na avaliação da atividade tripanocida, todos os oito derivados sulfonamídicos mostraram-se ativos com valores de CI50 na faixa de 217,26 a 420,21 μM. Já na avaliação da atividade antiproliferativa, apenas três derivados (6b, 6d e 7a) exibiram atividade promissora frente a linhagem de adenocarcinoma de mama (MCF7) com valores de CI50 entre 116,60 a 164,90 μM. Mesmo que os valores de CI50 encontrados nestes ensaios biológicos sejam maiores que aqueles obtidos para os fármacos referência, é importante destacar que, em alguns, casos as substâncias híbridas propostas resultaram em produtos menos tóxicos e com maior atividade que seus precursores fenilpropanoides. Por conseguinte, representam moléculas inéditas passíveis de alteração estrutural para otimização de atividade. / Bioactive natural products are potential sources for the treatment of various diseases associated with high mortality rates in the world population, such as cancers and infectious diseases. Some phenylpropanoids, especially eugenol, which are present in the essential oils of several plant species, demonstrate relevant activities as antimicrobials and antiparasitics. In addition, there are several scientific reports that demonstrate the antiproliferative potential of eugenol against distinct lines of tumor cells. Likewise, several substances containing the sulfonamide functional group have been cited as responsible for important biological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and anticancer. In order to obtain new bioactive products and in view of the biological actions related to the use of eugenol and sulfonamides, it was proposed herein the use of molecular hybridization strategy in the design of new substances that contained structural motifs of eugenol or dihydroeugenol and a sulfonamide subunit. The eight final proposed substances were successfully obtained from the condensation of p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride with ortho and meta-aminophenols derivatives, which came from nitrated derivatives of eugenol or dihydroeugenol. The products checked by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. They were evaluated as antimicrobials against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium) and against pathogenic or opportunistic species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis). Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity in epimastigote forms of the parasite and antiproliferative activity against cell lines derived from human cancers (A549, HepG2, HT144 and MCF7) were also evaluated. Three sulfonamides derivatives (7a, 7b and 7c) presented antibacterial activity with IC50 values ranging from 299.40 to 297.62 μM, against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Six sulfonamides derivatives (6a, 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d) exhibited antifungal activity with IC50 values between 664.89 and 748.50 μM, against C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. In the evaluation of trypanocidal activity, all eight sulfonamides derivatives were active with IC50 values in the range of 217.26 to 420.21 μM. In the evaluation of antiproliferative activity, only three derivatives (6b, 6d and 7a) exhibited promising activity against the breast adenocarcinoma line (MCF7) with IC50 values between 116.60 and 164.90 μM. Even though the IC50 values found in these biological assays are higher than those obtained for the reference drugs, it is important to note that in some cases the proposed hybrid substances have resulted in less toxic and more active products than their phenylpropanoid precursors. Therefore, they represent new molecules that can be altered structurally for optimization of activity. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Purpose: This retrospective study was performed to assess the clinical and radiographic success rates of a non-vital formocresol and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) primary molar root canal therapy (RCT) technique. The effects of this treatment on the permanent successors and on exfoliation times were also investigated. Methods: The study included 161 patients with 211 primary molars treated by RCT by a single operator in a private pediatric dental office in the Toronto area. Results: A clinical success rate of 90.0% and a radiographic success rate of 77.3% were obtained. Enamel defects were found in 6.8% of permanent successors and in patients who were significantly younger at the time of root canal therapy treatment (p = .001). Treated molars exfoliated on average 5.8 months sooner than contralateral teeth (p<0.001). Conclusions: Formocresol and ZOE RCT is a viable treatment for necrotic primary molars and yielded very high clinical success rates with moderate radiographic success rates.

Purpose: This retrospective study was performed to assess the clinical and radiographic success rates of a non-vital formocresol and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) primary molar root canal therapy (RCT) technique. The effects of this treatment on the permanent successors and on exfoliation times were also investigated. Methods: The study included 161 patients with 211 primary molars treated by RCT by a single operator in a private pediatric dental office in the Toronto area. Results: A clinical success rate of 90.0% and a radiographic success rate of 77.3% were obtained. Enamel defects were found in 6.8% of permanent successors and in patients who were significantly younger at the time of root canal therapy treatment (p = .001). Treated molars exfoliated on average 5.8 months sooner than contralateral teeth (p<0.001). Conclusions: Formocresol and ZOE RCT is a viable treatment for necrotic primary molars and yielded very high clinical success rates with moderate radiographic success rates.

Sprout control is essential for successful management of stored potatoes. This study examined the effect of dill weed, spearmint and clove essential oils on sprouting of potatoes. Extracts of steam distilled dill weed whole plants containing 41.5-42.7% of S-(+)-carvone and spearmint foliage extracts containing 97.2-97.6% of R-(-)-carvone, were applied to tubers in a series of experiments using either 1-L glass jars or 63-L steel drums. The composition of the essential oils was consistent between years but evaporation rate varied among the oils as dill weed extract evaporated the fastest while clove oil evaporated the slowest under the same conditions. After exposure to essential oil treatments, tuber sprout number and weight were assessed and compared to untreated control and tubers treated with commercially marketed clove oil product (Biox-CTM, containing 78.5-82.3% eugenol). Applications of 32.5 and 47.6 mg L-1 headspace of dill weed oil and 21.5 and 22.3 mg L-1 headspace of spearmint oil achieved 50% reduction in 'Russet Burbank' sprout weight and sprout number respectively, 30 days after the initial treatment. Tubers stored in environments with 60-240 mg L-1 headspace of dill weed or spearmint oils suppressed sprouting at least 5 weeks longer than that of the controls. In 63-L steel drums, repeated dill and spearmint oil vapor treatments effectively and consistently suppressed sprouting of 'Russet Norkotah' and 'Piccolo' tubers for 7-8 months when doses were 25 mg L-1 headspace or higher and when treatments were repeated at least every four weeks. Within this range, sprout suppression was not sensitive to treatment variations, and, therefore, an optimal treatment level could not be determined. Clove oil was less effective in suppressing sprouting, likely due to its slower vaporization compared to dill and spearmint oils. Essential oil treatment effects on seed tuber viability were evaluated on 'Piccolo'. Tubers were planted after exposure to dill or spearmint oil vapor environments ranging from 15-240 mg L-1 headspace for seven days. There were no adverse effects on seed viability at doses less than 120 mg L-1 headspace. Although environments with <120 mg L-1 headspace had no significant adverse impact on sprouting, sprout emergence was delayed at higher doses. Dill weed and spearmint oils could potentially be used as potato sprout inhibitors but further studies are needed to demonstrate its commercial feasibility.

Sprout control is essential for successful management of stored potatoes. This study examined the effect of dill weed, spearmint and clove essential oils on sprouting of potatoes. Extracts of steam distilled dill weed whole plants containing 41.5-42.7% of S-(+)-carvone and spearmint foliage extracts containing 97.2-97.6% of R-(-)-carvone, were applied to tubers in a series of experiments using either 1-L glass jars or 63-L steel drums. The composition of the essential oils was consistent between years but evaporation rate varied among the oils as dill weed extract evaporated the fastest while clove oil evaporated the slowest under the same conditions. After exposure to essential oil treatments, tuber sprout number and weight were assessed and compared to untreated control and tubers treated with commercially marketed clove oil product (Biox-CTM, containing 78.5-82.3% eugenol). Applications of 32.5 and 47.6 mg L-1 headspace of dill weed oil and 21.5 and 22.3 mg L-1 headspace of spearmint oil achieved 50% reduction in 'Russet Burbank' sprout weight and sprout number respectively, 30 days after the initial treatment. Tubers stored in environments with 60-240 mg L-1 headspace of dill weed or spearmint oils suppressed sprouting at least 5 weeks longer than that of the controls. In 63-L steel drums, repeated dill and spearmint oil vapor treatments effectively and consistently suppressed sprouting of 'Russet Norkotah' and 'Piccolo' tubers for 7-8 months when doses were 25 mg L-1 headspace or higher and when treatments were repeated at least every four weeks. Within this range, sprout suppression was not sensitive to treatment variations, and, therefore, an optimal treatment level could not be determined. Clove oil was less effective in suppressing sprouting, likely due to its slower vaporization compared to dill and spearmint oils. Essential oil treatment effects on seed tuber viability were evaluated on 'Piccolo'. Tubers were planted after exposure to dill or spearmint oil vapor environments ranging from 15-240 mg L-1 headspace for seven days. There were no adverse effects on seed viability at doses less than 120 mg L-1 headspace. Although environments with <120 mg L-1 headspace had no significant adverse impact on sprouting, sprout emergence was delayed at higher doses. Dill weed and spearmint oils could potentially be used as potato sprout inhibitors but further studies are needed to demonstrate its commercial feasibility.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1948.