Para el presente trabajo de investigación se detectaron dos problemas en la coyuntura Limeña. El primero es que las empresas organizadoras de eventos culturales tienen poca afluencia debido a una difusión ineficiente de sus eventos. El segundo, es complicado encontrar oferta cultural en Lima. Para darle solución a estos problemas, el equipo de investigación ha planteado el desarrollo de un aplicativo mediante el cual los organizadores pueden difundir sus eventos y vender entradas por el mimo aplicativo; y donde los usuarios podrán encontrar toda la oferta cultural que Lima ofrece mediante un mapa que le permite ver en tiempo real lo que sucede a su alrededor. Para el desarrollo del trabajo se realizaron un sin fin de experimentos con usuarios y clientes que permitieron hacer proyecciones adecuadas, así como los planes estratégicos, operativo, de marketing, de recursos humanos, de responsabilidad social y financiero de acuerdo a las necesidades del mercado. El análisis cuantitativo de la investigación concluye en la necesidad de invertir S/. 44,350.75 soles para obtener S/. 26,207.20 como utilidad neta el primer año, S/. 197,488.59 en el segundo año y S/. 609,430.36 en el tercer año. El valor del proyecto es de S/ 1,252,819.49. / For the present research work, two problems were detected in the Lima juncture. In first place, companies organizing cultural events have little influx due to inefficient dissemination of their events. On the other hand, it is difficult to find cultural offer in Lima. To solve these problems, the research team has proposed the development of an application through which organizers can disseminate their events and sell tickets in the same application; and where users can find all the cultural offer that Lima offers through a map that allows them to see in real time what is happening around them. For the development of the work, an endless number of experiments were carried out with users and clients that allowed adequate projections, as well as strategic, operational, marketing, human resources, social and financial responsibility plans according to market needs. The quantitative analysis of the research concludes in the need to invest S /. 44,350.75 soles to obtain S /. 26,207.20 as net income the first year, S /. 197,488.59 in the second year and S /. 609,430.36 in the third year. The value of the project is S/. 1,252,819.49. / Trabajo de investigación

Pacha’s Fashion Truck, es un emprendimiento basado en la creación de una boutique móvil, la cual estará orientada a la venta de ropa femenina y al ser un vehículo tendrá la facilidad de movilizarse a diferentes lugares de Lima y llegar a los clientes con mayor. La idea de negocio surge a partir del malestar de muchas mujeres, quienes demoran horas buscando exclusividad y calidad, por lo cual la empresa busca aliviar este malestar y generar un ahorro de tiempo al momento de comprar ropa y ofrecer diseños nacionales y exclusivos. A diferencia de las tiendas convencionales de ropa, Pacha’s Fashion Truck acercará a los clientes variedad de prendas nacionales con diseños únicos y elaborados por emprendedores peruanos, esto debido a que estará ubicado en diferentes ferias o eventos. Asimismo, las redes sociales será el principal medio para tener contacto con los clientes de manera constante y mantenerlos informado sobre la ubicación de la boutique móvil. La empresa tendrá como principales proveedores a diferentes diseñadores independientes, quienes van a proveer las prendas para la venta, esto con el objetivo de incentivar a los emprendedores peruanos y a la compra de productos nacionales. La inversión inicial que se requiere para poder ejecutar el emprendimiento es de S/ 73,620. Asimismo, se evaluaron los escenarios base, pesimista y optimista para conocer y analizar la viabilidad del proyecto y en los tres escenarios el resultado del TIR superó al COK, lo cual nos permite concluir que el proyecto es viable en el tiempo. / Pacha's Fashion Truck is a venture based on the creation of a mobile boutique, which will be oriented to the sale of women's clothing and being a vehicle will have the facility to move to different parts of Lima and reach customers with greater. The business idea arises from the discomfort of many women, who take hours looking for exclusivity and quality, so the company seeks to alleviate this discomfort and generate a time savings when buying clothes and offer national and exclusive designs. Unlike conventional clothing stores, Pacha's Fashion Truck will bring customers a variety of national garments with unique designs and made by Peruvian entrepreneurs, this because it will be located at different fairs or events. Also, social networks will be the main means to have constant contact with customers and keep them informed about the location of the mobile boutique. The company will have as its main suppliers different independent designers, who will provide the garments for sale, this with the aim of encouraging Peruvian entrepreneurs and the purchase of national products. The initial investment required to execute the project is S/ 73,620. Likewise, the base, pessimistic and optimistic scenarios were evaluated to know and analyze the viability of the project and in the three scenarios the IRR result exceeded the COK, which allows us to conclude that the project is viable in time. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) are the predominant DNA lesions formed upon exposure of this biopolymer to sunlight. Given the potentially dire biological consequences of DNA lesions, there is a need to fully characterize their behaviour, with an eye towards understanding their complete reactivity and as a possible means to detect and quantify their presence in the genome. The work described in this dissertation describes studies of the alkaline reactivity of CPD lesions generated within dinucleotide & polynucleotide strands. It was found that CPD-TpT is generally inert under alkaline conditions at room temperature, which is in agreement with earlier studies on alkaline hydrolysis of CPD-thymine and CPD-thymidine. However, a re-evaluation of the same reaction in the presence of ¹⁸O labelled water demonstrated that, similar to other UV-induced DNA lesions containing a saturated pyrimidine ring, CPD undergoes a water addition at the C4=O group of the nucleobase leading to the formation of a hemiaminal intermediate. This intermediate, however, does not lead to hydrolysis products and completely reverts to starting material under those same conditions. Moreover, the two C4=O groups present on 3′ and 5′-thymines in a CPD molecule show different chemical reactivities, with the 3′ C4=O group having greater affinity towards water addition as compared to the one on 5′ end, a fact reflected in different rates of exchange with the incoming nucleophile leading to the hemiaminal intermediate. The ¹⁸O labelling reaction was also investigated in CPD lesions generated within oligonucleotides to probe the cause of asymmetry between the 3′ <i>vs</i> 5′ C4=O groups; ultimately, it was determined that the asymmetric reactivity observed to occur between the two C4=O groups was an intrinsic property of the CPD molecule and did not arise as a result of asymmetry in a dinucleotide setting.</p><p><br></p> <p>In addition to the above studies, during the course of the investigation of the nucleophilic reactivity of CPD, a chemical reaction was observed leading to what appeared to be the rapid and total chemical reversal of CPD lesions to the original TpT (thymine-thymine dinucleotide)! This “repair” reaction occurred when CPD reacted with hydrazine, and appears facilitated by an inert atmosphere under which it rapidly proceeds to completion at room temperature.</p><br>

Future impacts from climate change can be better understood by placing modern climate trends into perspective through extension of the short instrumental records of climate variability. This is especially true for extreme climatic events, such as extreme precipitation and wildfires, as the period of instrumental records provides only a few examples and these have likely have been influenced by anthropogenic warming. Multi-parameter records showing the past range of climate variability can be obtained from lakes. Lakes are particularly good recorders of climate variability because sediment from the surrounding environment accumulates in lakes, making them sensitive recorders of climate variability and providing high-resolution histories of local environmental conditions in the past. In some cases, such as at Basin Pond, sediment is persevered efficiently enough to produce distinguishable annual laminations (varves) in the sedimentary record. The varved record at Basin Pond was used to construct an accurate, highly-resolved age-to-depth model over the past 300 years. Using a multi-proxy analysis, including organic biomarker analysis of molecular compounds and sedimentological features preserved in the sediment record, a history of environmental and climatic change at Basin Pond was constructed. These analyses were compared with the record of known extreme events (from instrumental measurements and historical documents), including 129 years of high-resolution precipitation and temperature meteorological data, 19 tropical systems over the past 145 years, and two known wildfire events over the past 200 years. Long-term trends in precipitation, including the increase in precipitation seen throughout the last half of the 20th century and the drought of the 1940’s, were captured in the analysis of long-chain n-alkane distributions and through varve thickness measurements obtained through X-Ray Fluorescence analysis. Furthermore, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of organic compounds that can be used to trace combustion activity, were found in abundance in the Basin Pond sedimentary record. Peaks in the abundances of two PAHs (retene and chrysene) and the ratio retene/(retene + chrysene) were found to be highly correlated with the known wildfire events occurring in the historical period, giving promise as using these compounds and ratio as a robust proxy for regional wildfire events in the northeastern U.S.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23105号 / 医博第4732号 / 新制||医||1050(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 竹内 理, 教授 上野 英樹, 教授 椛島 健治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Magister Artium - MA / Media representations, embedded in reported media events, play a pivotal role in the propagation of beliefs, ideologies and establishing the status quo. The media events are given coverage by news reports on newsworthy topics, and in this case, politics. In this mini-dissertation, two particular media events, namely the Travel Ban instituted by President Donald Trump, and making Jerusalem the official capital of Israel, were analysed based on the different viewpoints writers portrayed on the same media events. Being contemporary political events related to the current President of America, it was evident that a standard news structure was common and spatial positioning of texts was a noticeable key feature of news report. The use of pronouns as the subject in headlines, including nominalisations, clause embedding and speech acts, clarified implicit and underlying meanings of the text. The linguistic choices made by the writers had a direct link to the text, which propagated Trump’s social and political ideologies positively and negatively based on these choices. The textual construct of four online news reports from four American-based newspapers presented both positive and negative revelations about Trump’s political aims. The stance of writers pronounced subjective views in three of the four the news reports. The contentious issue of Jerusalem proved to be sensitive one, in that the religious sensibilities played a major role in the dispute of Palestinian lands. The linguistic choices most utilised were non-cohesive use of grammar rules as opposed to other texts; linguistic techniques, such as the discourse of exclusion; and the choice of wording, particularly understood within the Political Discourse Analysis (PDA) framework.

The Fourth Swedish National Pension Fund (AP4), as well as many other large investors, has noted deficiencies the Mean-Variance framework for portfolio management of asset with non-normal characteristics. The main problem apparent in the Mean-Variance framework, when investing in alternative assets such as hedge funds, is the lacking systematic control of the balance between the measurements of risk due normal variation and tail-risk. Hedge funds constitute an asset class distinguished by non-normal characteristics such as negative skewness and heavy excess kurtosis, which suggests normality should not be assumed when optimizing a portfolio of hedge funds. Certain hedge fund strategies aim to be uncorrelated to other hedge funds and the major asset markets and are thus expected to have the capacity to hedge against extreme market events. Hedge fund performance during historically volatile market periods, including heavy losses and liquidations, has however proved this untrue. Outcomes in the tail of hedge fund distributions rather appear to occur in conjunction with increased correlation toward external indicators such as the equity stock market. With the aim to consider tail events in a portfolio of hedge funds and index futures, an optimization model intending to capture the asymmetric covariance between hedge fund assets and the equity market is developed and evaluated. The theory of copulas is applied to estimate the multivariate distribution by separating assumptions regarding univariate characteristics and dependence between assets. The estimated multivariate distribution is thereafter utilized in a scenario-based optimization model applying the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) measure as a risk measure, to capture events in the left tail of the portfolio distribution. The proposed GARCH-C-Vine-Mean-CVaR model is presented and evaluated against two reference models, a GARCH-C-Vine-Mean-Variance model, and a model assuming a multivariate normal distribution, EWMA-Mean-Variance. The ability to capture realized outcomes is analyzed for all three models, where the proposed GARCH-C-Vine-Mean-CVaR as well as the GARCH-C-Vine-Mean-Variance model show to capture realized outcomes to a further extent than the model assuming a multivariate normal distribution. Further, applying the risk measure CVaR has in this study shown to capture the realized outcomes to the same extent as applying variance as the risk measure. In conclusion, the proposed model manages to capture tail-events in the data analyzed in this study, to a further extent than if assuming multivariate normality. The lack of regulations and bias that denote hedge fund reporting, does however prevent a conclusion on whether the proposed model captures actual realized tail-events of hedge fund returns.

Over the last four decades, coral reefs have suffered a ~50% decline of across the tropics. Consequently, most research efforts have focused on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures on corals, including ocean warming, ocean acidification, and overfishing. However, recent discoveries indicate that coral reefs are becoming increasingly vulnerable to acute deoxygenation events, which can drive severe and widespread coral bleaching, and in some cases, mortality of corals and other reef organisms. On unimpacted coral reefs, dissolved oxygen (DO) availability can vary between 50% and 200% air saturation, depending on the location, proximity to the open-ocean, and time of the day. During the daytime, Symbiodiniaceae spp. produce more O$_2$ than the coral host can consume, releasing excess O$_2$ to the surrounding tissues. However, at nighttime Symbiodiniaceae spp. cease O$_2$ production. Hence, corals may suffer to O$_2$ deprivation at nighttime when the photosynthesis ceases, and holobiont respiration consumes oxygen. To assess the O$_2$ thresholds and aftereffects of two Red Sea coral species: ${{P. lobata}}$ and ${{G. fascicularis}}$ corals were exposed to reduced DO concentrations. Coral fragments from both species were exposed to one control treatment (6.8 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$) and three reduced DO concentrations treatments (5.25 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$, 3.5 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$, and 1.25 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$). Experiments were held at a stable temperature (32°C ± 0.25) and stable pH levels (pH 8.2 ± 0.08). Corals in these experiments displayed different thresholds to low O$_2$ concentrations. ${{P. lobata}}$ coral fragments didn’t exhibit any bleaching symptoms throughout complete experiment. However, ${{G. fascicularis}}$ fragments showed signs of bleaching after the third night of exposure to the low O$_2$ treatment (1.25 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$). Physiological variables such as maximum and effective photochemical efficiency, Chl ${{a}}$, cell density, and dark respiration experienced the lowest values under the low O$_2$ treatment for both species. These results highlight the need for further experimental assessments of deoxygenation thresholds for corals across the globe. These assessments are of great importance to create better conservation strategies for the preservation of coral reefs.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancersjukdomen bland kvinnor och ca 8000 diagnostiseras varje år. Upplevelsen är individuell men generellt drabbas kvinnorna psykologiskt i dubbel bemärkelse. Det handlar dels om ovissheten angående sjukdomen och död, men också om kvinnlighet och utseende. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur kvinnor hanterar upplevelsen av att leva med bröstcancer. Metod: Litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design som bygger på 12 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Databasen Pubmed via Medline har använts. Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade att stöd från familj, vänner och utomstående samt att finna någon slags mening med sin diagnos gav kvinnorna mest kraft för att hantera sin situation. Att distrahera sig själv genom att fokusera på andra saker, fortsätta som vanligt eller planera inför framtiden trots sjukdom beskrevs även som sätt att försöka klara sig igenom den svåra tiden. Kvinnor som trodde på en Gud och fann tröst i det förekom upprepade gånger. I de flesta av studierna berättar kvinnorna om att de har fått en ny syn på livet och uppskattar det på ett annat sätt jämfört med innan de fick diagnosen. Slutsats: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancersjukdomen hos kvinnor. Stöd från anhöriga och utomstående, förändra upplevelsen samt att fortsätta som innan diagnostisering var det vanligaste strategierna för att hantera upplevelsen på. Religion hjälpte många kvinnor att acceptera sin sjukdom. Genom att erhålla kunskap om detta kan sjuksköterskan bemöta dessa kvinnor med en bättre förståelse för hur upplevelsen av en bröstcancerdiagnos och efterföljande behandlingar hanteras. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer disease among women and about 8,000 are diagnosed each year. The experience is individual but in general women are psychologically affected in a double sense. It is partly about the uncertainty about the illness and death, but also about femininity and appearance. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe how women deal with the experience of living with breast cancer. Method: Literature study with descriptive design based on 12 scientific articles with a qualitative approach. Data collection has been carried out via PubMed. Main results: The result showed that support from family, friends and outsiders as well as finding some kind of meaning with their diagnosis gave women the most power to deal with their situation. Distracting oneself by focusing on other things, continuing as usual, or planning for the future despite illness was also described as a way to try to make it through the difficult times. Women who believed in a God and found comfort in that repeatedly appeared. In most of the studies, women report that they have been given a new outlook on life and appreciate it in a different way compared to before they were diagnosed. Conclusion: Breast cancer is the most common cancer disease among women. Support from relatives and others, changing the experience and continuing as before diagnosis was the most common strategies used to manage the experience. Religion helped many women to accept their illness. By gaining knowledge of this the nurse can respond to these women with a better understanding of how the experience of a breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatments are handled.

Face à la dynamique et la complexité de l’environnement, les middle managers des filiales sont souvent soumis à une double pression, d’une part de leur filiale et d’autre part de la maison mère. Ainsi, ils n’arrivent pas à gérer les différents objectifs imposés qui sont souvent contradictoires surtout quand ils s’inscrivent dans un processus de changement continu. En effet les middle managers acteurs et destinataires du changement, n’arrivent pas à donner du sens à leurs actions quand ils sont face à des évènements ambiguës, nouveaux et critiques.Ainsi, l’étude qualitative et longitudinale menée dans une filiale française appartenant à un groupe Allemand analyse et décrit le rôle des middle managers dans l’interaction et la création du sens « sensemaking » consistant à faire partager ce sens (« sensegiving ») en vue de son appropriation et de son déploiement sur le terrain. En proposant une analyse multi-niveaux,l'étude de cas permet de comprendre les évènements qui impactent l’interprétation et la création du sens dans le cadre d’un changement imposé par la société mère. / Faced with the dynamics and complexity of the environment, the middle managers of the subsidiaries are often subject to a double pressure, on one hand of their subsidiary and on the other hand of the parent company. Thus, they cannot manage the different objectives imposed that are often contradictory especially when they are part of a process of continuous change. Indeed, middle managers, actors and recipients of change, cannot make sense of their actions when faced with ambiguous, new and critical events.The qualitative and longitudinal study carried out in a French subsidiary belonging to a German group, analyzes and describes the role of the middle managers in their interactions and their sensemaking and “sensegiving" for purpose of appropriation and implementation on the ground. By proposing a multi-level analysis, the case study enable to understand the events that impact their interpretations and sensemaking in the framework of change imposed by the headquarters.