Ce projet doctoral a pour finalité d’investiguer la place de la spécificité d’un contexte sportif, dans le processus d’adaptation de l’échelle de mesure Points of Attachment Index à un terrain d’étude particulier. Cette échelle se propose de mesurer l’attachement des spectateurs à l’égard des composantes des événements sportifs. Les concepts d’attachement, voire d’attachement émotionnel sont mobilisés dans les recherches sur la relation spectateurs - événements sportifs. Considéré comme animal, athlète et coproducteur de la pratique en tant que spécificité du milieu sportif, le cheval est étudié dans le contexte français et équestre. La question de recherche tend ainsi à s’intéresser à la prise en compte de cette spécificité dans l’utilisation d’une échelle de mesure dédiée à l’attachement des spectateurs aux composantes des événements sportifs liés au contexte sportif examiné. Pour cela, différentes étapes articulées sous forme d’études ont été menées. Après avoir identifié et observé les parties prenantes des concours équestres visibles par les spectateurs, une étude qualitative menée auprès 42 spectateurs nous a permis de mieux appréhender la relation affective vis-à-vis des composantes des concours équestres, et d’ainsi faire émerger des items propres à la composante « spécificité ». Par la suite, une étude quantitative (n=463) nous a donné l’opportunité d’analyser la place de cette spécificité dans l’échelle de mesure adaptée, ainsi que sa place dans l’attachement des spectateurs aux composantes des concours équestres. En conclusion, ces résultats se proposent de présenter de nouvelles connaissances quant à la relation spectateur-événement sportif, ainsi que, de suggérer l’éventualité d’adapter les instruments de mesure mobilisée au contexte étudiée (et implicitement étudier ses spécificités) dans la finalité d’être au plus près de la réalité du terrain. / This thesis aims at investigating the position of the specificity of sport context, in the adapted Points of Attachment Index scale to a particular filed. This scale measures the spectators' attachment to sporting event and their dimensions. Attachment and emotional attachment concepts are used for spectator-sporting event relationships researches. As a specificity of sport, we study horse in French and equestrian context. This research tends to examine the consideration of this specificity of scale. Several steps of this thesis are associated with studies. Firstly, we identify the stakeholders of equestrian competitions, with spectator’s equestrian sporting event. The main goal of this study is to emerge “specificity-horse” items. Then, a quantitative study is conducted (n=463). On the one hand, it gives us the opportunity to analyze the consideration of specificity dimension to adapted scale. On the other hand, we examine spectators’ attachment to horse and other dimensions of sporting events. These results provide a better understanding of spectator-sporting event relationships. For it, this research suggests to examine sport and cultural context and to adapt scale, in order to make the results representing the field reality at its best

Résumé : Depuis les années 1990, l’essentiel des travaux scientifiques sur l’impact des événements sportifs s’est focalisé sur les impacts économiques. Mais, depuis, quelques années, les effets immatériels relatifs à la dimension sociale sont de plus en plus étudiés. Dans ce contexte, la thèse porte sur la compréhension des impacts des événements sportifs récurrents sur le territoire parisien. À partir d’un recensement extensif, ce travail analyse 9 études de cas représentatives de la diversité observée des événements sportifs parisiens. La collecte de données s’appuie sur des séquences d’observation in situ (11), des entretiens semi-directifs (41) et de l’analyse documentaire. Fondée sur la théorie ancrée, posture qui part du terrain pour générer un cadre théorique, l’analyse montre que la compréhension des enjeux locaux ne peut se faire que par une contextualisation précise des situations locales et des volontés politiques.Ce cheminement inductif ouvre sur deux volets analytiques. Le premier construit une analyse des jeux d'acteurs qui révèle la centralité de l’acteur public dans les processus de mise en réseau. Le second éclaire la relation immatérielle qui s'organise entre l'événement et son territoire hôte, à travers la notion d'ancrage territorial. Ces développements conduisent à la proposition d’un « modèle des dynamiques locales », qui ambitionne d’appréhender tout ce qui se joue autour de l’événement sportif : ce qui lui permet d’émerger, autant que ce qu’il génère. En conclusion, considérant la fonction déterminante de l’acteur public dans l’événementiel sportif parisien, une approche plus globale est envisagée où l’agrégation des dynamiques locales pourrait se muer en une dynamique territoriale, initiée par un portefeuille d’événements sportifs complémentaires. / Since the 90s, scientific works on the impact of sports events has been mainly focusing on economics. However, for some years now, intangible effects related to social dimension of these events are increasingly studied. In this context, this work aims to understand the impacts of recurring sports events based in Paris. Started from an extensive census, this work analyzes 9 case studies representative of the observed diversity of sporting events in Paris. Data collection is based on in situ observations (11), semi-directives interviews (41), and documentary analyses. Based on grounded theory which uses a fieldwork approach to yield a theoretical framework, the analysis demonstrates that the understanding of local stakes can only be achieved through a precise contextualization of local situations and political willingness.This inductive pathway launches two analytical determinations: (1) to build a way to analyze interplays of actors that reveal the centrality of the public entity in the networking process (2) to highlight the intangible relationship between the event and its host territory, through the concept of “territorial anchorage.” These developments lead to the proposal of a “model of the local dynamics”. This model aim to apprehend all that revolves around the sporting event: from what allows it to emerge to what it generates. In conclusion, regarding the decisive role of the public entity within Parisian’s sporting events, a more global approach is envisaged where the aggregation of local dynamics could evolve into a territorial dynamic, beginning with a portfolio of complementary sports events.

The mobile preschool are preschools in buses who travels to different locations where the children spend the day. It allows children to spend time in a variety of public spaces as well as it enables ac- cess to nature, green spaces and physical activity. This study use already collected video material from a larger ethnographic research project about the mobile preschool. The aim of this study is to look at the socializationprocess during a priming event in a mobile preschool where a group of children who have taken part in the preschool during one year will meet a group of visiting children who will begin in the preschool in the autumn. A priming event is common in the mobile preschool as well as in transitions within ordinary preschools and in the transition from preschool to school. During this priming event the transition occurs between the experienced child and the inexperienced child to create an understanding of how to be a mobile preschooler. Results show that by taking part in this priming event and by interacting with children and teachers the visiting children learn diffe- rent competences that are needed when becoming a mobile preschool child. The children and educators interact on what rules and skills are important when becoming a competent mobile pre- schooler. These skills include, being able to walk long distances, to keep the line together, to be aware of different safety aspects, to be quiet whilst travelling on the bus, to learn what kind of acti- vities one can do in different places and how to get your afternoon snack. This priming event where a group of experiences children meet the visiting children is also a unique event who makes them masters and novices, which in in line with theories about peripheral participation. The result show that when the experienced child are taking a leader role they guide, tell and show the novice child how to act as a mobile preschool child. By telling details about what is going to happen, tell and show what is expected and guide them during the activities. The experienced child take responsibi- lity and the inexperienced child tries to follow as they are told, the result aslo show that one the ex- perience children has been told by the teachers to help the visting children. During this priming event in a mobile preschool the socializationprocess takes place through the children’s participation, interaction and learning.

Background: Different social, environmental and economical aspects indicate the current need for sustainability and build the imperative for a change in the fashion industry from the prevailing “take-make-dispose” consumption habit to more circular practices, which minimise the input of resources. According to research, the most direct way to capture value and design out waste and pollution in the textile system lays therewith in increasing the number of times a garment is worn. Therefore, the key challenge is to subvert the habit that garments are perceived as disposable and to increase their utilisation. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how sharing events influence the use phase of garments through the perspective of organisers and participants of such events. Method: The study implemented a qualitative research nature and followed thereby an exploratory research design and strategy. Through semi-structured interviews, event organisers of different organisations with a well-founded experience in sharing events - staged in a Circular Fashion environment - provided their insights on the influence sharing events obtain regarding the use phase of garments. The research strategy supplemented the theories and empirical data with the insights of participants of a sharing event through self-completion questionnaires. Conclusion: Besides their practical ability to pass on garments to various users, sharing events are indicated to prolong the garment usage by promoting a possible change in the consumer’s mindset. Doing so, different aspects connected to Event Management, -Strategy as well as additional offers and activities, besides swapping, are facilitating. As the research outcome hints, the sharing event model, as one of the simplest forms of collaborative garment consumption, is indicated to influence the usage by enabling a change from garment consumer to user.

Advanced practice providers (APPs), consisting of nurse practitioners and physician assistants, face many challenges in the provision of evidence-based practice in their management of hospitalized adult patients with diabetes. Some of the barriers faced by APPs at a Northeast acute care facility are poor communication between disciplines, lack of confidence in initiating insulin, limited understanding of the management of insulin and the insulin pump, and insufficient treatment of the hospitalized patient with diabetes that aligns with current clinical guidelines for the management of inpatient hyperglycemia. This quality improvement project focused on the development of an evidence-based theory supported educational intervention to improve APPs' knowledge regarding glycemic management. An interdisciplinary team created the educational intervention using the analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate (ADDIE) instructional model. A 10-member expert panel validated the program utilizing both a formative and summative evaluation. The results from the formative evaluation was discussed with the interdisciplinary team, corrections were made, and was returned to the expert panel. Once the changes were made to the satisfaction of the expert panel, the program was then validated and submitted to the institution as a completed project to be used by the institution for APPs. This project addresses social change by increasing awareness in the management of inpatients with diabetes therefore decreasing fragmented care delivered by the APPs which will improve quality of care and patient safety.

Some people are genetically more vulnerable to stress than others, leading them towards poorer outcomes following stressful events. Mothers' vulnerability to stress may, in turn, influence their children, leading their children towards poor outcomes as well. A biological marker of vulnerability to stress may indicate mothers who are at greater risk for experiencing parenting stress, depression, and less support of the infant's emotional development, and infants who are at greater risk for development of poor emotion regulation and behavior problems. Taste sensitivity to propylthiouracil (PROP) is proposed as a biological marker of stress vulnerability in mothers and children. This research used a bioecological approach to examine extant data from two previous longitudinal studies, both with child and mother data from maternal interviews and video-recorded observations of mother-child interaction. Participants included 121 low-income and 102 middle-income mother-child pairs who were studied for presence of the biological marker in relation to stressful life events, parenting stress, depression, and lower support of infants' emotions. Children were studied for presence of the biological marker in relation to their development of emotion regulation and their later behavior problems. Results revealed that PROP taste sensitivity, as tested in this study, is not likely to be a useful biological marker of higher vulnerability to stress. Although results flowed in the hypothesized direction, few reached statistical significance and most were of small effect size. For depression, results supported previous research, although with smaller effect sizes. In addition, results depended on the sample and source of stress. For low-income mothers the source of stress was stressful life events. For the middle-income sample the source of stress was parenting stress, specifically mother-child dysfunctional interaction. Among mothers with higher PROP taste sensitivity, those from the low-income sample reported more depression whether stressful events were higher or lower, whereas those from the middle-income sample reported more depression when parenting stress, particularly poor mother-child dyadic interaction, was higher. From both samples, mothers' parenting stress or depression at 14 months predicted children's later behavior problems when they were school-age. Children with lower PROP taste sensitivity were more emotionally regulated with their mothers. Because the results were consistent and suggestive, although not conclusive enough to warrant the use of PROP as a biological marker, future research should examine individual situational factors under which PROP taste sensitivity is related to stress vulnerability.

This thesis is a study of the “underground” cycling community in Ogden, Utah. Countercultural cycling micro-communities exist across the United States, if not the world, but have not yet been thoroughly studied by folklorists. This research establishes a foundational understanding of the nature of underground cycling culture, particularly in relation to identity. Using folkloric definitions of identity and subculture as my foundation, I examine four different facets of cyclist activities: folk art, folk events, narratives, and the community’s use of space. These four facets provide a variety of lenses through with to examine actualized, expressive cyclist behavior. Each facet also illustrates the different levels (personal, community, and global) at which identity is performed. The most personal performances of cyclist identity are through the folk art of modified bicycles. Modifications tend to reflect the personality of the cyclist, and consequently a bicycle comes to hold much symbolism for the cyclist. The communitylevel studies consisted of examining group events where I observed how the group interacted with itself. The performance and participation in activities are what constitutes an actual cycling community, rather than a series of individual cyclists. The examination of narratives moves outward to contextualize the cycling microcommunity within the larger Ogden community. This chapter explores the role of conflict, illustrates how cyclists think of themselves, and illustrates how cyclists define themselves in opposition to motorists. The community spaces examination looks at the use of physical space versus digital space. These spaces illustrate how the community behaves amongst itself versus how the community behaves amongst the larger, online, Utah cycling community. The physical space reflected the creativity and utilitarian needs of the group. The restrictive digital spaces manage to be expressive through images and language. Internal group conflict occurs more often online, however, due to infractions of implicit group etiquette, possibly as a symptom of a less personal form of interaction. The marginalized, cyclist identity seemed to hold the greatest rewards at the more intimate, personal levels. Moving outward towards broader community-level contests, cyclist identity seems to become a source of conflict.

La synthèse des protéines est un mécanisme central de la vie cellulaire dont la compré-hension est un enjeu pour la recherche biomédicale. Des phénomènes comme les erreurs programméesde la traduction eucaryote ou l’initiation par des structures IRES virales sont impliqués dans les processusde réplication de virus et de bactéries. Mieux appréhender ces processus est une étape essentiellepour aboutir au développement d’approches thérapeutiques innovantes. Les études en molécule uniquepermettent d’observer chaque système réactionnel individuellement et donnent accès à des évènementsasynchrones difficilement observables en mesure d’ensemble, tels la traduction de protéines.Ce manuscrit de thèse présente une approche d’étude de la traduction par un ribosome eucaryote(mammifère) en molécule unique. Nous observons les systèmes traductionnels grâce à des marqueursfluorescents liés à des oligonucléotides pouvant s’hybrider sur les séquences d’ARN messagers traduites.L’observation de ces marqueurs est faite par microscopie de fluorescence en réflexion totale (TIRFM),les ARNm étant accrochés à la surface de l’échantillon. En lisant l’ARNm, le ribosome détache lesmarqueurs, et leurs instants de départ nous permettent de remonter à la dynamique de traductionde ribosomes individuels. Cette méthode permet d’obtenir des données cinétiques statistiques surun grand nombre de systèmes traductionnels en parallèle pouvant alors être ajustées par des lois deprobabilité. Partant de ce principe, mes travaux de thèse ont eu pour objectif d’étendre nos expériencesà une nouvelle problématique biologique : l’étude des évènements non canoniques de la traductioneucaryote. Pour cela nous avons apporté les modifications et les optimisations nécessaires au dispositifet au protocole expérimental pour l’adapter à ces nouveaux enjeux.Nos mesures de la cinétique in vitro de l’élongation eucaryote ont mis à jour un délai dû à uneinitiation non-canonique. En effet, nous réalisons le recrutement du ribosome par l’ARNm grâce àune structure virale de type IRES. Dans nos conditions d’expérience, l’incorporation d’un acide aminéprend environ une seconde tandis que cette structure induit un retard à la traduction de plusieursdizaines de secondes. Nous avons réalisé une étude comparative de plusieurs de ces structures viraleset avons montré que le délai mesuré était une caractérisitique conservée dans le cadre de l’initiation noncanonique. Ce résultat ouvre des perspectives d’études cinétiques tant pour approfondir nos conclusionssur les IRES que pour aborder d’autres évènements non canoniques tel que le décalage de la phase delecture ou le franchissement du codon stop. / The synthesis of proteins is a central mechanism of cellular life whose understandingis an issue for biomedical research. Phenomena such as programmed errors of eukaryotic translation orinitiation by viral IRES structures are involved in virus and bacterial replication processes. A Betterunderstanding of these processes is an essential step towards the development of innovative therapeuticapproaches.Single molecule studies allow each reaction system to be observed individually and give accessto asynchronous events, such as protein translation, that are difficult to observe in overall measurements.This phD manuscript presents a single molecule approach to study translation by a eukaryotic(mammalian) ribosome.We observe the translational systems thanks to fluorescent primers linked to oligonucleotides thatare hybridized to the translated mRNA sequences. These markers are observed by Total InternalReflection Fuorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) ; with the mRNAs attached to the sample surface. Whilereading the mRNA, the ribosome detaches the primers, and their instants of departure give us access tothe translation dynamics of individual ribosomes. This method makes it possible to obtain statisticalkinetic data on a large number of parallel translational systems, which can then be fitted by probabilitylaws. On the basis of this principle, my phD work aimed at extending our experiments to a newbiological issue : the study of non-canonical events in eukaryotic translation. To this end, we havemade the modifications and optimizations necessary for the set-up and the experimental protocol toadapt them to these new challenges.Our measurements of the in vitro kinetics of eukaryotic elongation have revealed a delay due tonon-canonical initiation. Indeed, the ribosome are recruited on the mRNA thanks to a viral, IREStype structure. Under our experimental conditions, the incorporation of an amino acid takes aboutone second while this structure induces a translation delay of several tens of seconds. We carried outa comparative study of several of these viral structures and showed that the measured delay was acharacteristic preserved in the framework of the non-canonical initiation. This result opens up prospectsfor kinetic studies both to deepen our conclusions on IRES and to address other non-canonical eventssuch as programmed frameshifting or STOP codon readthrough.

The purpose of this Bachelor thesis was to investigate how communities can be formed online. By applying Randall Collins theory of Interaction Ritual Chains to live chats in the Just Chatting and esport categories on Twitch.tv, we aimed to explore how communities on the website are established through interaction rituals. By identifying and mapping them we hoped to not only find differences between streams and their live chats, but also to find universal rituals that can be applied to chats across Twith.tv as a whole. As our method, we used a digital ethnographic approach, often referred to as netnography, where the data later was processed by using a qualitative data analysis. This study found several interaction rituals in live chats on Twitch.tv, where communities met with mutual focus. Channel specific emotes, jargons and internal references acted as barriers to entry as well as methods of confirming shared moods. The study also found that while esport streams were dominated by expressive rituals, Just-Chatting streams were defined by conversing rituals that invited users to two-way communication.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis proposed an algorithm that can find optimized Petri nets from given observation sequences according to some rules of optimization. The basic idea of this algorithm is that although the length of the observation sequences can keep growing, we can think of the growing as periodic and algorithm deals with fixed observations at different time. And the algorithm developed has polynomial complexity. A segment of example code programed according to this algorithm has also been shown. Furthermore, we modify this algorithm and it can check whether a Petri net could fit the observation sequences after several steps. The modified algorithm could work in constant time. These algorithms could be used in optimization of the control systems and communication networks to simplify their structures.