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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Obličejová atraktivita a její koreláty v mezikulturní perspektivě / Facial attractiveness and its correlates in cross-culture perspective

Fiala, Vojtěch January 2018 (has links)
Past studies, that studied facial attractiveness, focus mainly on fluctuating asymmetry, averageness, masculinity, femininity, and skin coloration influences on attractiveness assessment. Their findings have been used by intercultural studies. They have revealed that people from diverse areas prefer differential development of sexually dimorphic cues, according to, e.g. local health and economic situation. We have done an online questionnaire survey. We included Czech (N = 100), Iranian (N = 87) and Turkish (N = 185) facial stimuli and raters of both sexes. We have studied whether members of all the populations would utilize the facial colouration and sexual dimorphism cues in a similar way. We have also tested whether there were differences in the facial width to height ratio (fWHR) between the sexes in all the populations. We have also wondered if the populations differed in the variance of facial skin colouration. Raters from all the populations saw feminine women as attractive. Turks and Czechs found masculine men as attractive, while Iranian women found more average Iranian men as attractive. Averageness positively predicted the attractiveness of the Czech and Turkish faces of both sexes. Older and more average Czech men were considered more masculine by Czech women. More average and younger Czech...
82

Criminologia e natureza humana: possíveis contribuições da psicologia evolucionista para o estudo da criminalidade / Criminology and Human Nature: Possible Contributions of Evolutionary Psychology for the study of criminality

Egberto Zimmermann 06 August 2010 (has links)
A história das teorias criminológicas foi marcada pela constante dicotomia natureza x cultura, oscilando o pêndulo ora para o lado da natureza, como foi o caso do positivismo, ora para o lado da cultura, como são as teorias sociológicas. Recentemente, no entanto, as ciências naturais vêm se deparando com o rápido desenvolvimento de algumas disciplinas, como as neurociências, a genética comportamental e a psicologia evolucionista, que podem eventualmente trazer novas luzes para a compreensão do fenômeno delitivo, pois procuram superar a dicotomia, abordando o ser humano não apenas como uma unidade biológica separada de sua dimensão social, mas buscam uma visão integradora. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as eventuais contribuições de um desses novos saberes: a psicologia evolucionista. Para isso foi necessário fazer um estudo breve das diversas teorias criminológicas de cunho etiológico, uma sucinta apresentação dos pontos fundamentais da psicologia evolucionista e, finalmente, os contributos que os teóricos evolucionistas vêm realizando para a compreensão do fenômeno criminal. Diante das limitações inerentes ao trabalho e considerando a variedade dos assuntos, cuja apresentação ficaria muito extensa, serão escolhidos alguns tópicos em que se analisarão, de forma sucinta, algumas perspectivas dos teóricos evolucionistas acerca de temas relevantes para o estudo da criminalidade. Ao final do trabalho, concluiu-se que a psicologia evolucionista pode oferecer um novo olhar sobre a criminalidade, complementando as demais teorias já desenvolvidas. / The history of the criminology theories has been marked by the constant dichotomy into nature and culture as a pendulum oscillating either between nature , as seen in positivism, or culture as seen in sociological theories. Recently, however, the natural sciences sees a quickly development in some disciplines, as the neurosciences, behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology, that can eventually bring new lights to the comprehension of the criminal phenomenon. They intend not only to surpass the dichotomy, understanding the human being as a biological unit separate from its social dimension, but seeks for an integrated perception. So, the present work aims to analyze the eventual contribution of a new acquaintance, the evolutionary psychology. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to make a brief study of the etiological criminological theories, to display a brief presentation of the fundamental points of the evolutionary psychology and finally to present the contribution that the evolutionary theorists are carrying through for the understanding of the criminal phenomenon. Despite the inherent limitation of the work and considering the variety of subjects we will concentrate on the ones that present relevant contribution from the above mentioned theorists concerning pertinent new perspectives upon crime. It was concluded that the evolutionist psychology can offer a new look upon criminality, complementing such theories already developed.
83

Tratamento da Neofobia Alimentar em pacientes com obesidade associada ou não à compulsão alimentar / Treatment of Food Neophobia in obese patients with or without binge eating

Viviane Rosa Marinho 22 June 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tendo como base a visão evolucionista e a abordagem terapêutica cognitivo-comportamental, o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um protocolomodificado de tratamento para pessoas obesas com compulsão alimentar periódica.A idéia norteadora é que estratégias que foram úteis para a sobrevivência daespécie poderiam estar influenciando no ganho de peso. Entre estas estratégias,destacam-se: a tendência a consumir uma grande quantidade de alimentos, facilitando o consumo de alimentos hipercalóricos; e a neofobia alimentar, dificultando o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras. Obedecendo à lógicaancestral herdada pela espécie, a primeira proporciona reservas para momentos deescassez de alimentos e a segunda implica em uma recusa em consumir alimentosdesconhecidos evitando que substâncias tóxicas sejam ingeridas. Ambos os fatores poderiam contribuir para a obesidade. Os tratamentos convencionais buscam controlar a ingestão calórica. O que aqui se propõe, além desse controle, é tentardiminuir o nível de neofobia alimentar. Com essa hipótese de trabalho espera-se aumentar o consumo de alimentos, principalmente os mais saudáveis e hipocalóricos, contribuindo para reduzir a ingestão de alimentos hipercalóricos. Otratamento incluiu técnicas de exposição, modelação e imitação adicionadas a umtratamento já utilizado para obesos com compulsão alimentar periódica. Foram criados dois grupos, o primeiro com 4 participantes funcionando como grupo decontrole, que recebeu um tratamento convencional de TCC; o outro, com 6 participantes aqui denominado grupo de intervenção, que recebeu o tratamento deTCC modificado. A pesquisa foi qualificada como quase-experimental. O resultadoobtido foi uma redução do índice de neofobia alimentar, do Índice de massa corporal, um aumento no consumo de alimentos saudáveis e a redução de gordurase açúcares no chamado grupo de intervenção. Embora tenha alcançado estes resultados, o tratamento ainda precisa ser reformulado e ampliado. / Based on the evolutionary vision and cognitive-behavioral therapy approach,the objective was to propose a modified protocol of treatment for overweight peoplewith binge eating. The guiding idea is that the strategies that were useful for thesurvival of the species could have contributed to weight gain. Among these strategiesare: the tendency to consume a large amount of food, facilitating the consumption ofcalorie foods, and food neophobia, making the consumption of fruits and vegetables.According to the logic inherited the ancestral species, the first provides reserves fortimes of food shortages and the second implies a refusal to consume food thatavoiding unknown toxic substances are ingested. Both factors could contribute toobesity. Conventional treatments seek to control caloric intake. What is proposedhere, and this control is to try to reduce the level of food neophobia. With this workinghypothesis is expected to increase food intake, especially low-calorie and healthierby helping to reduce the intake of calorie. Treatment included exposure techniques,modeling and imitation added to an already used to treat obese patients with bingeeating. We created two groups, the first with 4 participants working as a control groupwho received conventional treatment of TCC, the other with 6 participants here calledthe intervention group, who received the modified treatment of TCC. The researchwas described as a quasi-experimental. The result was a reduction in the rate of foodneophobia, the body mass index, an increased consumption of healthy foods andreduce fats and sugars called in the intervention group. Although it has achievedthese results, the treatment still needs to be reformed and expanded.
84

Os homens do século XXI no cuidado dos filhos: um papel social em aberto / The men of the century XXI in the children's care: a opened social model

Jôse Peixoto da Rocha Souza 30 June 2010 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No século XXI podemos caracterizar as relações por sua complexidade, o que se expressa em diferentes aspectos, como nas relações familiares, sociais, valores, crenças. Sendo assim, fatores como gênero, transgeracionalidade e a coexistência de antigos padrões e novas demandas relacionais, compõem a construção dos papéis contemporâneos. E dentre um dos mais importantes papéis desempenhados pelo homem, podemos citar o de pai, com isto. Dessa forma, com base nas necessidades e na carência de literatura sobre o papel atribuído a este novo pai, o presente trabalho pretendeu investigar os aspectos semelhantes e diferentes nas crenças de homens e mulheres de gerações distintas. Participaram desta pesquisa 100 pessoas residentes na cidade de Magé (estado do Rio de Janeiro), divididas em quatro grupos (25 por contexto: gênero e idade, grupos de 25 a 35 anos e 55 a 65 anos). O estudo incluiu questionário sociodemográfico, questionário sobre Função Paterna, aplicação da Escala sobre Crenças e Práticas Paterna (ECPP) e Escala sobre Crenças e Práticas Paterna Pretéritas (ECPP-P). Os resultados mostraram concordâncias e divergências, tanto entre os gêneros quanto entre as gerações, mas acreditamos que discussões como estas propiciam novos entendimentos acerca das práticas parentais paterna. / In the twenty-first century we can characterize the relations of its complexity, which is expressed in different ways, such as family and social relations, the values and beliefs. Thus, factors such as gender, transgenerationality and coexistence of old patterns and new relational demands, compound the construction of contemporary roles. And among the most important roles played by man, the fathers one deserves. Therefore, based on the needs and the shortage of literature about the role attributed to this "new" father, this paper was intended to investigate the similarities and differences in men and women beliefs of distinct generations. This study counted with the participation of 100 people living in the city of Magé (state of Rio de Janeiro), divided into four groups (25 per context: sex and age group, 25-35 years and 55-65 years). The study included sociodemographic questionnaire, Paternal Function questionnaire and the application of Paternal Beliefs and Practices Scale and Past-Paternal Beliefs and Practices Scale. The results show agreement and disagreement, both between genders and generations, but we believe that discussions such as these provide new understandings of paternal parenting practices.
85

Metas de realização e expectativas de vida de jovens do Rio de Janeiro em contextos distintos / Achievement goals and life expectancy of youth from different contexts in Rio de Janeiro

Dandara de Oliveira Ramos 12 June 2012 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A questão da orientação para o futuro tem ocupado um grande espaço nas discussões sobre o desenvolvimento jovem, sendo abordada por uma diversidade de enfoques teóricos. Prioritariamente, as teorias apontam fatores cognitivos e motivacionais como principais na relação entre os jovens e o tempo futuro. A presente dissertação de Mestrado teve por objetivo aproximar-se desse campo de investigação através da perspectiva Evolucionista da Psicologia, acrescentando variáveis sociodemográficas e contextuais à pesquisa do tema. Tal propósito foi atingido por meio de três artigos científicos distintos elaborados ao longo do curso de Mestrado. O artigo inicial, apresentou uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre Metas de Realização e Estimativas Futuras de jovens, propondo um modelo diferenciado para o estudo do tema através da Teoria Evolucionista das Estratégias de História de Vida. O segundo artigo, apresentou um estudo empírico sobre o mesmo tema, realizado com Jovens de diferentes contextos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: moradores de favelas (Rocinha e Vigário Geral) e estudantes universitários não moradores de favelas. Concluindo que em diferentes cenários sociais, as perspectivas futuras apresentam-se de maneiras distintas e sensíveis às variáveis específicas do contexto. O terceiro artigo, dedicou-se a investigação das expectativas de vida destes mesmos jovens e encontrou resultados semelhantes. Para os jovens moradores de favelas, as expectativas de vida e as estimativas de tempo futuro se mostraram menores. O conjunto de trabalhos produzidos permitiu atingir o objetivo proposto e, com base na Psicologia Evolucionista, ressaltar a importância de variáveis extrínsecas para o estudo das metas e estimativas de futuro, assim como das expectativas de vida dos jovens. Espera-se que as informações oferecidas pelo trabalho possam ampliar o panorama de estudos sobre o tema, assim como servir de referência para profissionais ligados ao público jovem, em pré-vestibulares, projetos sociais e outras políticas públicas desenvolvidas em favelas e outros contextos sociais. / A questão da orientação para o futuro tem ocupado um grande espaço nas discussões sobre o desenvolvimento jovem, sendo abordada por uma diversidade de enfoques teóricos. Prioritariamente, as teorias apontam fatores cognitivos e motivacionais como principais na relação entre os jovens e o tempo futuro. A presente dissertação de Mestrado teve por objetivo aproximar-se desse campo de investigação através da perspectiva Evolucionista da Psicologia, acrescentando variáveis sociodemográficas e contextuais à pesquisa do tema. Tal propósito foi atingido por meio de três artigos científicos distintos elaborados ao longo do curso de Mestrado. O artigo inicial, apresentou uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre Metas de Realização e Estimativas Futuras de jovens, propondo um modelo diferenciado para o estudo do tema através da Teoria Evolucionista das Estratégias de História de Vida. O segundo artigo, apresentou um estudo empírico sobre o mesmo tema, realizado com Jovens de diferentes contextos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: moradores de favelas (Rocinha e Vigário Geral) e estudantes universitários não moradores de favelas. Concluindo que em diferentes cenários sociais, as perspectivas futuras apresentam-se de maneiras distintas e sensíveis às variáveis específicas do contexto. O terceiro artigo, dedicou-se a investigação das expectativas de vida destes mesmos jovens e encontrou resultados semelhantes. Para os jovens moradores de favelas, as expectativas de vida e as estimativas de tempo futuro se mostraram menores. O conjunto de trabalhos produzidos permitiu atingir o objetivo proposto e, com base na Psicologia Evolucionista, ressaltar a importância de variáveis extrínsecas para o estudo das metas e estimativas de futuro, assim como das expectativas de vida dos jovens. Espera-se que as informações oferecidas pelo trabalho possam ampliar o panorama de estudos sobre o tema, assim como servir de referência para profissionais ligados ao público jovem, em pré-vestibulares, projetos sociais e outras políticas públicas desenvolvidas em favelas e outros contextos sociais.
86

My Baby Daddy is a 10: Mate Value, Sex Ratio, and the Endorsement of Child Support Laws

January 2013 (has links)
abstract: Life History Theory suggests that, in order to maximize reproductive fitness, individuals make trade-offs between allocating resources to mating and parenting. These trade-offs are influenced by an individual's sex, life history strategy, and environment. Here, I explored the usefulness of a Life History Theory framework for understanding endorsement of child support laws. This study experimentally manipulated sex ratio, and gathered information about participants' endorsement of child support, sexual restrictedness, and mate value. As predicted, women endorsed child support more than men, whereas men favored greater restriction of child support in the form of required paternity testing. However, in general, results do not support an effect of sex ratio, sexual restrictedness, or mate value on endorsement of child support. Results suggest sensitivity to exploitation in a male-biased sex ratio, reflected by an increase in men's endorsement of paternity testing requirements under a male-biased sex ratio prime. Women, on the other hand, report especially unfavorable beliefs toward paternity testing in a male-biased sex ratio. Although results of the current study are mixed, there remains much to be gained from applying an evolutionary perspective to understanding variability in endorsement of child support. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013
87

Evolutionary Psychology - Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities

Wendelholt, Erica January 2008 (has links)
Sex differences in spatial ability, especially mental rotation, navigation and object-location memory are described in this essay. Biological differences in brain morphology, hormones and genes between men and women are presented as explanations for the sex differences. Another level of explanations offered are evolutionary, hence the most influential evolutionary psychological theories are summarized and evaluated. These theories are Gaulin’s and Fitzgerald’s male range theory, Silverman’s and Eals’s hunter-gatherer theory, and Ecuyer-Dab’s and Robert’s twofold selection theory. The hunter-gatherer theory at present seems to be of the most importance, though the twofold selection theory may in the future challenge it. Regardless, united biological and evolutionary explanations would create the best comprehensive theory.
88

Alloparenting and Child Health Outcomes among the Comca'ac

Hohman, Zachary J., Hohman, Zachary J. January 2017 (has links)
Alloparenting has played a pivotal role in every society throughout human history in ensuring the survival and healthy development of children. A large amount of theory (e.g. kin-selection) and evidence exists to support this claim, and though alloparenting is certainly not unique to humans, it is difficult to suggest that any other species benefits from it more, and certainly not one as ubiquitous as Homo sapiens. However, there is a surprising dearth of empirical research examining the causes of individual variation in the amount and type of alloparental behavior that a child receives, and what effect this variation has on previously validated measures of child well-being. We propose how different measures of familial relatedness and the spatial distribution of relatives might be used to predict the amount and type of alloparental care a child receives, and how these variables may interact to affect a child’s health. We employed a variety of different methods; genealogical modeling, genetic analysis, geospatial mapping, ethological behavioral observations, and anthropometric measurements in order to generate objective data to test these predictions. As members of a relatively isolated native people in Sonora, Mexico, our study population (the Comca'ac) is uniquely suited to help us test our hypotheses. From just this pilot study, we have made many methodological developments and found strong support for many of our hypotheses. There are many new questions to answer as well, which together suggest the future directions for an intensive study of a broader sample of this population, and alloparental behavior in humans in general.
89

The Effect of Androstenone as a Mating Prime on Drinking and Approach Behavior

Tan, Robin 02 July 2017 (has links)
Recent research has shown that sexual activity may be influenced by variables suggested by evolutionary theory, such as pheromonal cues. A recent study in our laboratory indicated that female pheromones influence men’s drinking and approach behavior based on hidden pathways of behavioral influence caused by chemosensory signals. The current study sought to examine whether a link exists between male pheromones and women’s drinking and approach behavior, through the use of a possible male sex pheromone called androstenone, and sought to examine this link within the context of a women’s ovulation cycle. One hundred and three female participants were primed with either androstenone or a control scent and then completed measures assessing their beer consumption, approach behavior, and ovulatory phase. Results of the study indicated that females who were exposed to the androstenone prime drank significantly more than those exposed to the control prime, though results indicated no differences between groups in terms of approach behavior. No interaction effects existed between group condition and ovulatory phase on beer consumption or approach behavior; however, a limited amount of participants were ovulating when they completed the study, as indicated by a biological assay. The results from the current study implicate a specific pathway to alcohol use through biological signals within a sexual context. The findings from this study expand the existing literature on olfactory and pheromone signaling of sexual behavior in humans and shed light on newly uncovered biological pathways of influence on human behaviors.
90

Students’ perceptions of green space on a university campus : an attention restoration theory perspective

Liprini, Ruth Mary January 2014 (has links)
Previous research has revealed that green spaces provide numerous benefits to human beings. One such benefit is the proven ability of green spaces to restore individuals’ attention capacities. However, there exists very little literature that examines these benefits in the context of tertiary education campuses. University campuses are hubs where full-time students spend many hours daily during the course of their studies and are therefore exposed to the benefits of the landscaping on their campuses. This study therefore aimed to determine the manner in which students at the University of Pretoria perceive the on-campus green spaces, specifically in terms of the restorative properties of these areas. Quantitative data collection strategies were utilised, yielding a final sample size of 286 participants. A survey was employed as the research design, and included both closed and open-ended questions. Results indicated a generally positive perception of the green spaces on campus. Students tend to enjoy spending time in green spaces and find all green spaces that were addressed restorative. The Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden was rated as the most restorative green space on campus. Future research includes exploring the link between attention restoration and academic achievement of students in order to better understand the role green spaces play in this regard. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Psychology / MA / Unrestricted

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