This thesis explores the work of three theologians, Arthur Peacocke, John Haught and Denis Edwards, each of whom has made a significant contribution to the dialogue between contemporary evolutionary biology and the Christian understanding of God. The thesis explores and analyses how evolutionary theory throws light on key theological themes such as the nature of God's providence, especially in relation to pain, suffering and evil, and the meaning of Jesus Christ. The thesis involves a critical reading of the selected theologians' works, with their respective emphases on classical, process and kenotic types of theological thinking, and also draws on resources from the classical theological tradition, primarily St. Thomas Aquinas. The study gives a positive assessment of the contributions of the three chosen authors. It highlights the critical importance that theological methodology plays in formulating insights into the relationship of God to evolutionary processes. Peacocke emphasises the use of critical realism as the most credible methodology for theology, consistent with its use by science. Haught agrees with this approach stressing, however, that the data of theology is not the same as that for science. Consequently, he argues that theology ought to constitute the deepest layer of explanation for understanding reality and for understanding God as the ultimate explanation for evolution. Edwards argues that we must find a way of talking about God that is consonant with the reality of the world but that this God always remains ultimately Mystery. Peacocke, Haught and Edwards explore the usefulness of kenotic theology for explaining how belief in an omnipotent and supremely loving God can be reconciled with the existence of pain, suffering and evil in the creation. Although a kenotic approach can account for the scientific evidence of a “self-creative” and emergent cosmos along with the presence of suffering and evil, a more comprehensive theological viewpoint must include an understanding of how God is active in creation, sustaining it in existence and drawing it towards its divinely ordained end. Haught's argument for the presence of genuine contingency in the cosmos as evidence of God's on-going creativity is critically examined. Genuinely new possibilities, in evolutionary terms, new species, cannot be explained by material causation alone. In his “metaphysics of the future”, Haught argues that, despite the enormity of pain and suffering evidenced in evolution, God continues to lovingly draw the creation towards a hopeful and promised future in God. This thesis appreciates the value of Edwards’ trinitarian “God of evolution” for it combines a more classical theological approach with evolutionary theory. For Edwards, biological evolution is seen as a process within an ontologically relational creation that reflects the divine relations of the Trinity. The creation of being-in-relation flows out of, and reflects, the divine trinitarian relations of mutual love. Edwards’ insights into the nature of original sin and grace within an evolutionary context are also positively assessed. Both Peacocke and Edwards propose a Wisdom Christology as the most fruitful link between the biblical Sophia tradition and a creation theology, holding together insights on the divine Being, Wisdom and the Christ-event itself. Aspects of process and kenotic theologies can be usefully combined with Aquinas' expansive notion of God as ultimate Being. Through this synthesis, the drama of evolution is more intimately related with the ultimate reality, the Mystery of God. Throughout this thesis, gender-neutral language has been maintained except in some quotations of St. Thomas Aquinas.

In his groundbreaking work of postcolonial theory, Orientalism, Edward Said puts forth the idea that imperial Europe asserted an identity by constructing the character of its colonized subjects. Said writes that his book tries to “show that European culture gained in strength and identity by setting itself off against the Orient as a sort of surrogate and even underground self” (3). The object of this thesis is a related project, for it too is a search for imperial Britain’s surrogate or underground self. Yet rather than positioning this search within the British colonies, this thesis takes as its context a land and people that were at once more intimate and more alien: the races and landscapes of Fairyland. This Thesis attempts to situate the fairy folklore and literature from the Victorian era within the context of greater social and political ideologies of the age, specifically those pertaining to national identity, imperial power and race. In doing so it will analyze Charles Kingsley’s Water-Babies, Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Kenneth Grahame’s The Golden Age, George MacDonald’s The Princess and the Goblin, Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre and Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden concluding that the British self proposed by these works was an uncomfortable manifestation, and haunted by the anxieties and discontinuities that arose as imperial Britain attempted to navigate an identity within Victorian conceptions of race and power.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar as tecnologias de aplicativos da Web 2.0, desde uma perspectivas evolucionária, e dos seus impactos nas empresas em nível global. Desta forma, para poder entender o seu nascimento, essência e importância econômica para as empresas, se tomou como base teórica o conceito evolucionário de revoluções tecnológicas e paradigmas tecno-econômicos, o qual serviu como modelo para interpretar a atual revolução das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) e seu conseqüente paradigma tecnoeconômico, e na qual se constatou que este grupo de tecnologias surgiu no período de tempo atual de dito paradigma conhecido como “intervalo de reacomodação” (turning point). Por outro lado, se ressaltou que uma das principais características no processo de difusão de cada paradigma tecno-econômico é o seu impacto na organização das empresas. Desta forma, a teoria evolucionária se apresentou como a abordagem adequada para entender tanto o caráter da empresa atual, entendida esta em termos do conjunto de suas rotinas (conhecimentos e habilidades), quanto as suas principais inovações organizacionais como respostas aos desafios apresentados pela própria difusão do paradigma tecno-econômico atual das TIC, na qual o acumulo permanente de novos conhecimentos e informações, isto é, de rotinas dinâmicas se tornam variáveis chaves para o próprio processo permanente de inovação, vital para as empresas. Diante da crescente utilização das tecnologias de aplicativos da Web 2.0 entre as empresas a nível mundial como meios potenciais para atingir esses objetivos, o presente trabalho analisou o seu potencial para gerar de forma mais fluida novos conhecimentos e informações, isto é rotinas dinâmicas, tanto dentro da organização das empresas como na interação com os seus consumidores, refletindo-se, assim, no aumento de inovações permanentes de novos produtos e serviços. / The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the technologies of Web 2.0 applications, from an evolutionary perspective, and its impacts on businesses globally. Thus, in order to understand its birth, nature and economic importance for companies, it was taken as theoretical basis the evolutionary concept of technological revolutions and technoeconomic paradigms, which served as a model to interpret the current revolution in information and communication technologies (ICT) and its consequent techno-economic paradigm, in which it was found that this group of technologies originated in the current time of said paradigm known as turning point. On the other hand, it was emphasized that a key feature in the process of diffusion of each techno-economic paradigm is its impact on business organization. Thus, evolutionary theory appeared as the appropriate approach to understand both the character of the current company, which is understood in terms of its set of routines (knowledge and skills), as its main organizational innovations as answers to the challenges presented by the own diffusion of the current ICT techno-economic paradigm, in which the continuous accumulation of new knowledge and information, that is, dynamic routines, become key variables to the self process of continuous innovation, vital for companies. With the increasing use of Web 2.0 application technologies among the companies in the world as a potential means to achieve these goals, this study examined its potential to generate more fluidly new knowledge and information, that is dynamic routines, both within the business organizations and in their interaction with their consumers, which was reflected in the increase of permanent innovations of new products and services.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar as tecnologias de aplicativos da Web 2.0, desde uma perspectivas evolucionária, e dos seus impactos nas empresas em nível global. Desta forma, para poder entender o seu nascimento, essência e importância econômica para as empresas, se tomou como base teórica o conceito evolucionário de revoluções tecnológicas e paradigmas tecno-econômicos, o qual serviu como modelo para interpretar a atual revolução das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) e seu conseqüente paradigma tecnoeconômico, e na qual se constatou que este grupo de tecnologias surgiu no período de tempo atual de dito paradigma conhecido como “intervalo de reacomodação” (turning point). Por outro lado, se ressaltou que uma das principais características no processo de difusão de cada paradigma tecno-econômico é o seu impacto na organização das empresas. Desta forma, a teoria evolucionária se apresentou como a abordagem adequada para entender tanto o caráter da empresa atual, entendida esta em termos do conjunto de suas rotinas (conhecimentos e habilidades), quanto as suas principais inovações organizacionais como respostas aos desafios apresentados pela própria difusão do paradigma tecno-econômico atual das TIC, na qual o acumulo permanente de novos conhecimentos e informações, isto é, de rotinas dinâmicas se tornam variáveis chaves para o próprio processo permanente de inovação, vital para as empresas. Diante da crescente utilização das tecnologias de aplicativos da Web 2.0 entre as empresas a nível mundial como meios potenciais para atingir esses objetivos, o presente trabalho analisou o seu potencial para gerar de forma mais fluida novos conhecimentos e informações, isto é rotinas dinâmicas, tanto dentro da organização das empresas como na interação com os seus consumidores, refletindo-se, assim, no aumento de inovações permanentes de novos produtos e serviços. / The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the technologies of Web 2.0 applications, from an evolutionary perspective, and its impacts on businesses globally. Thus, in order to understand its birth, nature and economic importance for companies, it was taken as theoretical basis the evolutionary concept of technological revolutions and technoeconomic paradigms, which served as a model to interpret the current revolution in information and communication technologies (ICT) and its consequent techno-economic paradigm, in which it was found that this group of technologies originated in the current time of said paradigm known as turning point. On the other hand, it was emphasized that a key feature in the process of diffusion of each techno-economic paradigm is its impact on business organization. Thus, evolutionary theory appeared as the appropriate approach to understand both the character of the current company, which is understood in terms of its set of routines (knowledge and skills), as its main organizational innovations as answers to the challenges presented by the own diffusion of the current ICT techno-economic paradigm, in which the continuous accumulation of new knowledge and information, that is, dynamic routines, become key variables to the self process of continuous innovation, vital for companies. With the increasing use of Web 2.0 application technologies among the companies in the world as a potential means to achieve these goals, this study examined its potential to generate more fluidly new knowledge and information, that is dynamic routines, both within the business organizations and in their interaction with their consumers, which was reflected in the increase of permanent innovations of new products and services.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A depressão pós-parto (DPP) é uma condição prevalente que afeta globalmente as mulheres puérperas. Uma hipótese evolutiva aborda a depressão, e consequentemente a DPP, como uma resposta proveniente da evolução do comportamento humano ao longo da História, através da seleção natural. A teoria do investimento parental sugere que os pais não investem automaticamente em toda prole; o investimento é direcionado para que o sucesso reprodutivo seja máximo. No caso de os riscos superarem os benefícios reprodutivos, sintomas de depressão se desenvolvem como sinal de alerta. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar fatores associados à DPP que fossem compatíveis com a teoria do investimento parental. Estudo transversal realizado com 811 mães de lactentes até cinco meses de idade, no município do Rio de Janeiro. A presença de DPP foi definida com base no escore da Escala de Edinburgh (EPDS). Fatores potencialmente associados à DPP foram analisados através de regressão logística com ajuste para fatores de confundimento. Os fatores significativamente associados à DPP foram: apoio social inadequado (OR 3,38; IC 95% 2,32-4,94), baixa escolaridade (OR 2,82; IC 95% 1,69-4,70), violência física entre parceiros íntimos na gestação (OR 2,33; IC 95% 1,56-3,47), idade materna inferior a 35 anos (OR 2,20; IC 95% 1,05-4,64), falta de companheiro (OR 1,90; IC 95% 1,16-3,12), internações durante a gestação (OR 1,87; IC 95% 1,12-3,14) e prematuridade do recém-nascido (OR 1,87; IC 95% 1,02-3,42). Em suma, identificamos alguns fatores associados à DPP que podem ser úteis no rastreamento e acompanhamento de mulheres de risco. Alguns dos fatores associados à DPP podem ser explicados através das hipotéses evolutivas contempladas neste estudo. Entretanto, os achados encontrados não são suficientes para esgotar o conhecimento referente a esta questão. Futuras pesquisas devem focar em diferentes abordagens desta condição e acompanhamento das consequências para as mulheres e suas famílias. / Postpartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent condition that affects women globally after they have given birth. An evolutionary hypothesis deals with depression, and consequently PPD, as a response from the evolution of human behavior throughout history, through natural selection. The parental investment theory suggests that parents do not automatically invest in all offspring, so that the investment is directed towards maximum reproductive success. If the risks outweigh fittness benefits, symptoms of depression develop as a warning sign. The objective of the study was to identify factors associated with PPD that were consistent with parental investment theory. Cross-sectional study with 811 mothers of infants up to five months of age in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The presence of PPD was defined based on scores on the Edinburgh Scale (EPDS). Factors potentially associated with PPD were analyzed by logistic regression with adjustment for confounding factors. Factors significantly associated with PPD were: inadequate social support (OR 3,38; 95% CI 2,32-4,94), low educational level (OR 2,82; 95% CI 1,69-4,70), physical violence between partners in gestation (OR 2,33; 95% CI 1,56- 3,47), maternal age under 35 years (OR 2,20; 95% CI 1,05-4,64), lack of partner (OR 1,90; 95% CI 1,16-3,12), hospitalization during pregnancy (OR 1,87; 95% CI 1,12- 3,14) and prematurity of the newborn (OR 1,87; 95% CI 1,02- 3,42). In summary, we identified factors associated with PPD which can be useful in tracking and monitoring women at risk. Some of the factors associated with PPD can be explained through the evolutionary hypotheses considered in this study. However, the findings are not sufficient to exhaust the knowledge regarding this question. Future research should focus on different aspects of this condition and monitoring of the consequences for women and their families.

A questão da justiça é tema sempre presente nas perquirições da filosofia do direito. Como tema recorrente deve ser submetido a novas investigações à luz de paradigmas teóricos alternativos e inovadores. A teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann representa um marco teórico capaz de inaugurar novos percursos investigativos no estudo da função do direito e de sua relação com a justiça, ora como função, ora como capacidade de adaptação. A ideia da autopoiese e sua elaboração na teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann torna possível observar essa relação entre direito e justiça dentro do contexto do aumento da complexidade e da contingência na sociedade moderna. A presente tese busca produzir uma investigação jusfilosófica, com inspiração interdisciplinar ao combinar-se com especulações teoréticas da sociologia jurídica de inspiração luhmanniana. Ao utilizar uma metodologia fundada na pesquisa bibliográfica primacialmente nos idiomas originais, a tese persegue a reconstrução da teoria da justiça na perspectiva do funcional-estruturalismo de Niklas Luhmann. Na consecução deste projeto, a tese utiliza a metáfora do horizonte, de matriz fenomenológica, para propor a dualidade entre justiça operativo-funcional e justiça adaptativo-mutante. Dualidade que servirá de baliza para conclusões desta tese que poderá trazer uma contribuição original à cultura jurídica nacional. / The problem of justice is an ever-present issue in the investigations of philosophy of law. As a recurring theme, it should be subjected to further investigation in the light of alternative and innovative theoretical paradigms. The systems theory of Niklas Luhmann is a theoretical framework capable of opening new routes for studies and researches on the role of law and its relation to justice, either as function either as adaptability. The idea of autopoiesis and its elaboration in Luhmann´s systems theory makes it possible to observe the relationship between law and justice within the context of the increased complexity and contingency in modern society. This thesis aims to produce an investigation in the philosophy of law with interdisciplinary inspiration when combined with theoretical speculations of legal sociology of luhmannian inspiration. Using a methodology based on a primary bibliographic research in works in their original language, the thesis pursues the reconstruction of the theory of justice from the perspective of functional-structuralism as thought by Niklas Luhmann. In pursuing this project, the thesis uses the metaphor of the horizon, in its phenomenological matrix, to propose the duality between justice as operation and adaptation (mutant). This duality will serve as a beacon for the conclusions produced in this thesis that can bring an original contribution to legal culture.

A questão da justiça é tema sempre presente nas perquirições da filosofia do direito. Como tema recorrente deve ser submetido a novas investigações à luz de paradigmas teóricos alternativos e inovadores. A teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann representa um marco teórico capaz de inaugurar novos percursos investigativos no estudo da função do direito e de sua relação com a justiça, ora como função, ora como capacidade de adaptação. A ideia da autopoiese e sua elaboração na teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann torna possível observar essa relação entre direito e justiça dentro do contexto do aumento da complexidade e da contingência na sociedade moderna. A presente tese busca produzir uma investigação jusfilosófica, com inspiração interdisciplinar ao combinar-se com especulações teoréticas da sociologia jurídica de inspiração luhmanniana. Ao utilizar uma metodologia fundada na pesquisa bibliográfica primacialmente nos idiomas originais, a tese persegue a reconstrução da teoria da justiça na perspectiva do funcional-estruturalismo de Niklas Luhmann. Na consecução deste projeto, a tese utiliza a metáfora do horizonte, de matriz fenomenológica, para propor a dualidade entre justiça operativo-funcional e justiça adaptativo-mutante. Dualidade que servirá de baliza para conclusões desta tese que poderá trazer uma contribuição original à cultura jurídica nacional. / The problem of justice is an ever-present issue in the investigations of philosophy of law. As a recurring theme, it should be subjected to further investigation in the light of alternative and innovative theoretical paradigms. The systems theory of Niklas Luhmann is a theoretical framework capable of opening new routes for studies and researches on the role of law and its relation to justice, either as function either as adaptability. The idea of autopoiesis and its elaboration in Luhmann´s systems theory makes it possible to observe the relationship between law and justice within the context of the increased complexity and contingency in modern society. This thesis aims to produce an investigation in the philosophy of law with interdisciplinary inspiration when combined with theoretical speculations of legal sociology of luhmannian inspiration. Using a methodology based on a primary bibliographic research in works in their original language, the thesis pursues the reconstruction of the theory of justice from the perspective of functional-structuralism as thought by Niklas Luhmann. In pursuing this project, the thesis uses the metaphor of the horizon, in its phenomenological matrix, to propose the duality between justice as operation and adaptation (mutant). This duality will serve as a beacon for the conclusions produced in this thesis that can bring an original contribution to legal culture.

In the lead up to the Year 2000 dot.com crash of publicly traded high-technology equities, Information Communication Technology (ICT) Companies proudly displayed inter-firm allegiances on their newly created websites. These collaborative relationships were in reality licensing agreements to develop or market new products internationally. Phenomena associated with ICT product development - collaboration, innovation, and internationalisation - are the core tenets of the accompanying dissertation. Leading scholars have suggested these phenomena challenge conventional economic theories of the firm. This study commences with tracing the evolution of trade and production theories from absolute advantage through to competitive advantage and introduces the concepts of non-adversarial collaborative advantage. Within the framework of the technology cycle, this dissertation then seeks to answer why firms engage in international collaborative innovation. The cycle of technological innovation is investigated and this leads to postulating a period of technological overlap and its implications for collaboration. One of the shortcomings acknowledged in the literature is the generic application of the term collaboration to cover a wide scope of inter-firm agreements. Within the literature this is referred to as a problem of multidimensionality. A model is developed in this dissertation that identifies the choices available to the firm and addresses the problem of defining collaboration. The choices provided in the developed model are more complex than simply choosing between external and internal intermediate markets. As a separable form of industry organisation, the success rates of alliance collaboration are compared to Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) to validate issues of sustainability before examining the impact of location on innovation and collaboration. Again, theory is tested by recent events that require explanation. These events include the relocation of early stage foreign R&D to both developed and lesser-developed nations. The final chapter assesses the findings throughout this study and identifies separate and distinct roles for large and small firms in the international and collaborative commercialisation of new innovations. This central conclusion requires empirical validation and suggests the need investigate how firms shape the cycle of innovation from a reflected vantage point to the evolutionary perspective taken in this study. Further research is warranted because the literature on international innovation and collaboration is at an early stage and gaps in understanding remain.

This thesis provides the first comprehensive study of an eminent but oft-overlooked Victorian polymath, with the overarching aims of assessing his contributions to nineteenth-century intellectual life and of exploring the mutual relations between science and religion in his work. One of the towering figures of the Victorian scientific establishment, William Carpenter (1813-1885), F.R.S, was a famous physiologist and public figure. He is most remembered for his concept of 'unconscious cerebration' which contributed to the emergence of the disciplines of neurology and modern psychology, but Carpenter was also noted amongst his peers for his evolutionary approach to the study of the unicellular marine invertebrates known as the foraminifera. As a lifelong practicing Unitarian, Carpenter's outspoken support for evolutionary theory made him an exemplary advocate of the compatibility between rational thought and Christian belief amidst the Victorian debate about science and religion. As the Registrar of the University of London during its formative years, Carpenter also had a nationwide impact on the fortunes of scientific education and secondary education as a whole. Finally, as a populariser of science and public moralist, "Dr. Carpenter" was also well known to the Victorian public as one of the most outspoken critics of spiritualism, alleged paranormal phenomena, and superstition more generally. Nevertheless, no systematic study of Carpenter's work had until now been carried out, and the commonly held view that he lacked originality as a scientist had not been fully questioned. The current study therefore aims to review Carpenter's achievements and trace his intellectual legacy. As an intellectual biography, it argues that focusing on the now lesser-known members of the British intelligentsia can shine new light on the context of the professionalization of science in Victorian Britain. In its focus on science and religion, this thesis argues that a deeper understanding of Carpenter's Unitarianism must feature at the heart of any endeavour to analyse his work. Previous references to Carpenter either bypassed Unitarianism and its nineteenth-century transformations, or reduced Unitarian thought to certain core tenets that fell short of uncovering Carpenter's philosophical pursuits. Carpenter's Unitarianism is still often equated with the rationalism and mortalism that defined late eighteenth-century Unitarianism, and this failure to recognise how much Carpenter's own faith had departed from earlier strands of Unitarian belief has led to some misinterpretations of his motives. The current thesis therefore offers fresh interpretations of Carpenter's work, based on new archival material and recent historical studies of the shifting priorities shaping the more romantic and emotional spirituality of nineteenth-century Unitarianism. Taking an integrative approach to Carpenter's various projects makes it possible to show how seminal many of his ideas were, and how his Unitarianism, both in its social and spiritual dimensions, influenced his professional, political and intellectual choices. The biographical angle taken in this thesis also makes it possible to uncover a degree of epistemological coherence underpinning Carpenter's thought, and to argue that Carpenter's efforts to transcend conflicting viewpoints partook of his wider social and metaphysical aims.

xviii, 197 p. / Whistleblowing has been a topic of media interest since the Vietnam War, and it continues to resonate strongly with the public. Several well-publicized whistleblowers have done much more than catch the attention of the world media. They arguably have changed the world. Whistleblowing refers to the reporting of illegal, wasteful, or unethical activities (i.e., wrongdoing) by current and former employees of an organization. Triggered by several highly publicized corporate financial failures, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires publicly traded companies to provide an anonymous channel for employees to report financial wrongdoing and provides protection for those who do. Using resource dependence perspective and relationship management theory, this study uses e-mail to distribute an online survey to top-ranking public relations executives in the Fortune 1000 corporations to identify what role public relations executives have played in developing and publicizing anonymous whistleblowing channels, their knowledge of wrongdoing in their own organizations and elsewhere, their attitudes and actions related to the wrongdoing, the consequences of their actions, and their relationships with their organizations. The study finds that only one-fifth of respondents helped develop the required anonymous communication channel, but two-thirds helped publicize it; almost one-half of respondents are aware of wrongdoing in their corporations or in other organizations, and two-thirds of those report such activities; those who report wrongdoing do so through internal channels within the corporation, with one exception; few who report wrongdoing suffer retaliation; and the vast majority enjoy positive relationships with their organizations. However, a small number of respondents experienced retaliation, and the research points to a broader exploration of this topic among public relations personnel within Fortune 1000 corporations to determine to what extent status, relationships, and benefits such as the "golden handcuffs" influence whistleblowing. Future research on whistleblowing and ethics in public relations is warranted. / Committee in charge: Dr. Patricia A. Curtin, Co-Chairperson; Dr. H. Leslie Steeves, Co-Chairperson; Dr. James K. Van Leuven, Member; Dr. Michael Russo, Member; Dr. Anne Parmigiani, Outside Member