The modern office environment requires employees to perform stationary work. This can cause them several health issues due to being sedentary for long periods of time. An exergame was developed with the aim to remedy these issues by encouraging short motion controlled game sessions during breaks. The game was a farming game developed using the Godot game engine and the ML based skeletal tracking software Mediapipe. The game was played for 86 two-minute sessions where data was collected to evaluate how to use farming game tropes within the design for more movement to yield better results. It was also used to evaluate how the game mechanics could be distributed throughout the game session to promote sustained exertion during an average session. It was concluded that for farming exergames, if the goal is to reward players who exert themselves more, the in-game rewards should not make the game easier to play effectively as they generally do in typical farming games. Furthermore, it was also concluded that interactions happening in a sporadic order help with keeping the average exertion consistent, in addition to the aspect that players always have something to do during the allotted game session time.

Bakgrund: Dykreflexen är en reflex som aktiveras när däggdjur håller andan och när receptorer i ansiktet utsätts för kyla. Det är en evolutionär adaption som har utvecklats för att spara på syre i situationer då ny syretillförsel inte finns att tillgå. Den syresparande funktionen aktiveras även vid endast kylstimulering av ansiktet. Denna studie har undersökt vilken effekt dykreflexen har på återhämtningen efter aerob submaximal fysisk aktivitet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om dykreflexen påverkar återhämtningen efter aerob submaximal fysisk aktivitet med avseende på puls och självskattad ansträngning.  Metod: Studiedesignen var en randomiserad cross-over design. Studiedeltagarna var sina egna kontroller. Interventionen var applicering av kyla mot ansiktet (5–10 ºC) mot pannan och ögonen efter avslutad submaximal aerob fysisk aktivitet. Ett kontrolltest utfördes med hudtempererat vatten (27–33 ºC). Insamlade data var pulsåterhämtning och skattad ansträngning 60sek och 180sek efter avslutad submaximal aerob fysisk aktivitet. Resultat: Mediandifferensen mellan HRR60s med och utan kyla visade 0,5 pulsslag större återhämtning med interventionen. Mediandifferensen för HRR180s med och utan kyla visade 2 pulsslag större återhämtning med interventionen. Resultatet av självskattningen enligt Borgs RPE60s samt Borgs RPE180s visar 0,5 skalsteg större mediandifferens med interventionen. Signifikansnivå var satt till P = 0,05. Resultatet från de olika testerna visade P = 0,286 för HRR60s, P = 0,212 för HRR180s, P = 0,374 för Borgs RPE60s samt P = 1,000 för Borgs RPE180s. Konklusion: Resultaten visade inte någon statistiskt signifikant skillnad sett till pulsåterhämtning och självskattad ansträngning mellan interventionen med kyla i ansiktet och kontrolltestet med hudtempererat vatten i ansiktet. / Background: The diving reflex is a response triggered when mammals hold their breath and receptors in the face are exposed to cold. It's an evolutionary adaptation developed to conserve oxygen in situations where fresh oxygen isn't readily available. The oxygen-conserving function activates even with just facial cold stimulation. This study explored the impact of the diving reflex on recovery after aerobic submaximal physical activity. Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate if the diving reflex affects recovery following aerobic submaximal physical activity in terms of heart rate and perceived exertion. Method: The study design was a randomized crossover design. Participants acted as their own controls. The intervention was cold stimulus (5–10°C) to the forehead and eyes after completing submaximal aerobic physical activity. The same procedure was conducted in the control test, but with skin-tempered water (27–33°C). Collected data included pulse recovery and perceived exertion at 60 seconds and 180 seconds after completing submaximal aerobic physical activity. Results: The median difference between HRR60s with and without cold showed a 0.5 bpm greater recovery with the intervention. The median difference for HRR180s with and without cold showed a 2 bpm greater recovery with the intervention. The self-assessed results using Borgs RPE60s and Borgs RPE180s displayed a 0.5 scale higher median difference with the intervention. The significance level was set at P = 0.05. The test results showed P = 0.286 for HRR60s, P = 0.212 for HRR180s, P = 0.374 for Borgs RPE60s, and P = 1.000 for Borgs RPE180s. Conclusion: The results do not show any statistically significant difference in terms of pulse recovery and self-perceived exertion between the intervention using facial cold application and the control test with application of skin-temperature water on the face.

This thesis describes a series of experiments to investigate sex differences in neuromuscular fatigue mechanisms of the ankle muscles and related postural control changes in healthy young adults. We found that isometric exercise-induced ankle muscle fatigue led not only to significant declines in twitch contractile function and voluntary activation (using twitch interpolation technique, Article 2) but also to significant changes in the center of pressure (COP) sway (backward/right shifts of the COP position and/or increased COP sway velocity) during quiet standing and/or standing forward leaning (FL) task with eyes open and/or eyes closed (Articles 3 and 4). However, we found minor or no significant sex differences in the fatigue mechanisms and fatigue-induced COP sway changes regardless of task difficulty, except for a significant sex X fatigue interaction for COP sway velocity (Article 3). The interaction effect was due to a significant increase in sway velocity in males during the FL task with eyes closed (but not in females), suggesting that males may preferentially rely on ankle control during a relatively challenging task (as compared to females). The general lack of sex differences is not surprising given similar performance and/or perceived fatigability between the sex groups (Articles 2-4), which could be explained by the relatively small differences in contractile function (and/or muscle strength) between males and females for ankle plantar and dorsi flexors compared with other muscle groups. In addition, this thesis involves a scoping review (Article 1), which summarized the broad range of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values documented in studies observing an effect of muscle fatigue on postural control and suggested the potential effect of various fatigue levels on postural changes. Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of sex-specific fatigue mechanisms and postural control behavior. These findings also indirectly contribute to the understanding of sex differences in injury risks during physically or stability-demanding tasks and sports, as well as to the improvement in the prescription of physical training or rehabilitation exercise.

Localized muscle fatigue (LMF) has been proposed as a surrogate measure to injury, since the onset of fatigue is rapid rather than months or years required to the onset of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The objectives of this study were to estimate LMF and quantify muscle activity of select forearm muscles during simulations of high pressure cleaning lance tasks common in the chemical production industry. Twenty participants, twelve males and eight females, with no musculoskeletal injuries and meeting criteria for upper extremity fitness, performed the simulated task. Independent variables studied include work height (shoulder, waist, and knuckle), lance orientation (parallel to the operator and parallel to the ground), and duty cycle (33, 50, and 67%) based on task analyses of actual work tasks. Dependent variables included mean RMS and rates of change in mean RMS, mean and median power frequency, MVE, and subjective ratings of fatigue. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the main effects of the independent variables and appropriate interactions. In general it was found that working at waist height, at higher duty cycles, and with the lance oriented parallel to the operator resulted in higher fatigue measures. Subjective ratings of fatigue were not well correlated with objective measures, similar to findings in previous studies. The simulated task was found to be extremely fatiguing and modifications to task design or job rotation schedules are required to reduce risk associated with injury development. / Master of Science

In demokratischen politischen Systemen haben staatliche Akteure darauf zu achten, die legitimatorische und die ökonomische Basis ihres Handelns stabil und miteinander vereinbar zu halten. Dieses Interesse des politischen Systems an sich selbst wird damit zur Grundlage all seiner Steuerungsbemühungen. Aufgrund der strukturellen Abhängigkeit des Staates von einer funktionsfähigen Ökonomie ist staatlichen Akteuren auch an der Steuerung der industriellen Beziehungen gelegen – zumindest dann, wenn sie in Rezessionsphasen das Handeln der Tarifverbände als dysfunktional bewerten. Unmittelbarer staatlicher Intervention und Steuerung steht aber das grundgesetzlich verankerte Konstrukt der Tarifautonomie entgegen. Das bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass dem Staat alle Steuerungsmöglichkeiten genommen sind. Am Beispiel der staatlichen Forcierung betrieblicher Bündnisse für Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass der Staat über den Umweg der indirekten, diskursiven Steuerung in der Lage ist, gesellschaftliche Akteure zur Selbststeuerung anzuregen. Im Ergebnis lässt sich eine Transformation der Strukturen der industriellen Beziehungen beobachten, die zu einem wesentlichen Teil nicht von den Tarifverbänden, sondern vom Staat ausgeht. / In political systems that are liberal and democratic state actors must keep the legitimating and economic basis of their actions stable and compatible with each other. This interest of political systems in themselves becomes the basis of all their intervention policies. Due to the structural dependency of the state from a functioning economy state actors also attempt to regulate industrial relations; at least during periods of recession in which free collective bargaining is regarded as dysfunctional. Direct state intervention and regulation are restricted by the right of free collective bargaining, which is guaranteed by the German constitutional law. Notwithstanding this does not mean that the state has lost all its possibilities of regulation and control. The example of the state’s demand, and to a certain extent enforcement, of internal alliances for jobs shows that the state is very well in the position to stimulate collective actors to self-regulation. This stimulation takes place through a discursive, indirect intervention. As a result of these shifts and changes a structural transformation of industrial relations takes place, which, to a great extent, is not initiated by employers’ and employee’s associations, but by the state.

Title: Evaluation of the immediate influence of physical activity on the quality of postural functions of basketball players Author: Bc. Michaela Mudruňková Supervisor: PhDr. Tereza Nováková, PhD. Problem definition: Difficulties in the evaluation of the quality of postural functions and in the establishment of a so-called ideal posture stem from the diversity of views of different authors. Posture is definitely not the same as standing, but unfortunately many of the tests for postural functions evaluation focus only on that. Postural stability can be measured using device methods as well, but these devices are not available everywhere. Therefore, I have tried to create my own set of tests, which would best meet all requirements: simplicity, speed, availability and complexity of testing and evaluation of the quality of postural functions. Physical activity is followed by fatigue of the organism (decreased muscle strength, impaired movement coordination, ...). In my thesis I try to explain how fatigue manifests itself on the quality of postural functions and how to best assess the quality of postural functions using simple tests. The aim: The aims of this thesis are to develop an appropriate set of tests for evaluation of the quality of postural functions and to investigate the effects of different...

Abstrakt Bakgrund: Många människor tränar för välmående och hälsa, medan andra vill öka sin fysiska prestation och då är förbättring av konditionen en viktig del. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka individers skillnader i upplevd ansträngning efter att de följt ett högintensivt program (HIIT) jämfört med en grupp som följt ett lågintensivt träningsprogram. Design: Pilotstudie Material & Metod: Undersökningen gjordes utifrån en kvantitativ ansats där populationen som bestod av två grupper, totalt 10 testpersoner fick utföra fysisk ansträngning under fyra veckor. Den ena gruppen fick utföra högintensiva träningspass (n=5) och den andra gruppen lågintensiva träningspass (n=5). Innan de utförde fyraveckorsprogrammet fick testpersonerna uppskatta sin upplevda ansträngning vid ett konditionstest. Samma test genomfördes sedan efter de fyra veckorna. Resultat: Två av fem deltagare som utförde det lågintensiva programmet skattade lägre på Borgs RPE-skala efter de fyra veckorna. Utav de som utförde det högintensiva programmet (HIIT) var det tre av fem som skattade lägre. Konklusion: För att kunna generalisera resultaten behöver denna studie genomföras på en större population då det i denna pilotstudie pga antalet deltagare sannolikt är slumpen som avgjort utfallet. / Abstract Background: A lot of people exercise for the sake of health and wellbeing while others want to improve their physical performance. Improving their cardio fitness is an important part of that. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine differences in perceived exertion after having followed a high intensity programme (HIIT) in comparison with a group that followed a low intensity training programme. Design: Pilot study Methods & measures: The study was done with a quantitative approach where two groups of subjects, a total of 10 performed physical effort during four weeks. One group of 5 performed high intensity workouts and the other group of 5 low intensity workouts. Prior to performing the four week programme the subjects estimated their perceived exertion after a fitness test. The same test was then repeated after four weeks. Results: Two out of five subjects that followed the low intensity programme estimated lower on Borgs RPE scale after the four weeks. Out of those who followed the high intensity programme (HIIT), three out of five estimated lower. Conclusion: To be able to generalize the results from this study it needs to be performed on a larger population. The results of this pilot study due to the amount of participants are likely due to chance.

O sistema visual exerce importante papel para o reconhecimento do ambiente externo e para estabelecer relações entre objetos, tempo e espaço. Além disso, ele está relacionado com o controle e o desempenho motor. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a privação de luz ambiente alteraria o desempenho e as respostas fisiológicas e psicológicas durante dois modelos de exercício, um fechado e um aberto. Onze ciclistas formaram o grupo de exercício fechado (GEF) e completaram um teste de 20 km, enquanto doze indivíduos ativos formaram o grupo de exercício aberto (GEA) e executaram um teste de potência constante até a exaustão (TWC). Após teste incremental máximo, GEF e GEA realizaram exercício na presença (controle) ou privação (experimental) de luz ambiente, em ordem balanceada. Respostas de desempenho, VE, VO2, VCO2 RER, FC, eletromiografia do músculo vato lateral (EMG), percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e pensamento associado ao exercício (PAE) foram obtidas durante, e no ponto final do exercício, em ambas as condições. O tempo total de exercício indicou a resposta de desempenho em GEF e GEA. As respostas das variáveis fisiológicas e psicológicas foram analisadas durante a realização, ou no ponto final do exercício. A média das respostas geradas durante os 20 km no GEF, e as respostas obtidas no mesmo tempo absoluto do TWC no GEA, pareado pelo menor tempo de exaustão atingido no teste, indicaram as respostas durante a execução do exercício. As respostas obtidas nos 5 segundos finais de cada exercício indicaram as respostas do ponto final do GEF e GEA. A taxa de incremento na PSE foi calculada em GEF e GEA, e o erro de predição da distância real percorrida no teste de 20 km foi obtido no GEF. No GEF, não houve efeito da privação de luz sobre o tempo para completar o teste de 20 km, porém a privação de luz gerou menores respostas (P< 0,01) na VE, VO2, VCO2, EMG e PAE, quando comparada ao controle. No ponto final do exercício, nenhuma diferença foi verificada entre as condições. A privação de luz não alterou a taxa de elevação da PSE ou o erro de predição da distância percorrida. No GEA a privação de luz ambiente reduziu o tempo de exaustão (P< 0,05) no TWC e aumentou a resposta do VO2 e EMG (P< 0,05). Entretanto, não foi observado efeito da privação de luz na VE, VCO2 e FC. No ponto final do exercício observou-se menor EMG com a privação de luz (P< 0,03), mas nenhuma diferença nas demais variáveis foi observada. Maior taxa de elevação na PSE foi observada em ambiente privado de luz. Os resultados do presente estudo podem ser interpretados de acordo com a existência de um \"relógio biológico interno\" que calcula a duração tolerável do exercício de acordo com a aproximação ao ponto final do exercício, sugerindo que os efeitos da privação de luz sobre o desempenho possam depender da presença de um ponto final previamente conhecido / The visual system plays an important role for the environment recognition as well as to set objects, time and space relationships. Furthermore, the visual system is related to the motor learning and performance. The aim of this study was to verify if light deprivation environment would alter performance, and physiological and psychological responses to different exercise modes, closed- and open-loop exercises. Eleven cyclists were the closed-loop exercise group (CLE) and performed a 20 km time trial, while twelve active individuals were the open-loop exercise group (OLE) and cycled to exhaustion during a constant workload exercise. After maximal incremental test CLE and OLE groups performed exercise in a control and experimental condition (i.e. under light deprivation), in a counterbalanced fashion. Performance responses and responses of VE, VO2, VCO2 RER, HR, eletromyography of the vastus lateralis muscle (EMG), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and associative thoughts to exercise (ATE) were obtained during exercise and at the exercise endpoint in both the conditions. Time of exercise indicated performance responses in CLE and OLE groups. Physiological and psychological responses were analyzed either during or at the exercise endpoint. Mean responses throughout the 20 km cycling time trial and responses obtained at absolute matched time of exercise, corresponding to the shortest time to exhaustion provided responses along the exercise in CLE and OLE groups, respectively. Responses obtained during the last 5 seconds of the exercises provided responses at the exercise endpoint in both CLE and OLE groups. The rate of increase in RPE was calculated in CLE and OLE groups, and the predictive error of the distance was calculated in the CLE group. In CLE group no effect of light deprivation was observed in the time to complete the 20 km, although the lower response (P< 0.01) of VE, VO2, VCO2, EMG e ATE when compared to control condition. Neither difference was observed in variables at the exercise endpoint. Light deprivation had effect in neither rate of increase in RPE or predictive error of distance. Regarding OLE group the light deprivation decreased the time to exhaustion (P< 0.05) and increased VO2 and EMG (P< 0.05) responses. However, there was no light deprivation effect in VE, VCO2 and HR. Lower EMG was observed at the exercise endpoint in light deprivation condition (P< 0.05) than in control, but no difference was observed in the others. Greater rate of increase in RPE was detected (P< 0.05) in the light deprivation condition than in control. Results of the present study were interpreted according to a \"biological internal clock\" that calculates the tolerable exercise duraton based on the exercise endpoint approximation, suggesting that light deprivation effects on performance may depend on the presence of an exercise endpoint previously known

INTRODUÇÃO Pacientes com doença renal crônica sofrem alterações musculoesqueléticas nos estágios iniciais da doença associadas a fatores como alteração de substratos séricos, capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida e parâmetros nutricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho funcional, qualidade de vida, e parâmetros respiratórios em pacientes com doença renal crônica não dialítica segundo o estágio da doença renal. MÉTODOS Foram selecionados 26 indivíduos acompanhados pelo Serviço de Nefrologia do Instituto Central da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com diagnóstico de doença renal crônica não dialíticos, e taxa de filtração glomerular abaixo de 45 mL/min, foram excluídos pacientes com doenças reumatológicas, respiratórias, neurológicas ou que apresentassem limitações para a execução dos testes funcionais. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: questionário de Qualidade de Vida (SF-36), o questionário Internacional de Nível de Atividade Física (IPAQ), foi realizado os seguintes testes: teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos, teste de Sentar e Levantar, e o teste de Preensão Palmar, foram aferidas também as pressões máximas inspiratórias e expiratórias e volumes pulmonares através da manuvacuometria e exames laboratoriais de rotina. RESULTADOS Os dados do grupo geral foram comparados com os encontrados na literatura demonstrando menor capacidade funcional e respiratória do que indivíduos saudáveis de mesmo gênero e faixa etária. Os indivíduos avaliados também foram subdivididos em dois grupos através da estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular pela formula CKD-EPI, o primeiro grupo com taxa de filtração glomerular menor que 30 mL/min e o segundo grupo com taxa de filtração glomerular maior ou igual a 30 mL/min. Foram encontradas diferenças significantes quanto a: pressão expiratória máxima (P=0.04) onde os pacientes com pior função renal apresentaram maior força muscular expiratória, paratormônio (P= 0.02), fosforo (P= 0.04) e ureia (P= 0.00) . CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu se que indivíduos com doença renal crônica apresentam diferenças em relação aos parâmetros respiratórios, exames séricos diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica antes da terapia renal substitutiva / INTRODUCTION Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer musculoskeletal disorders in the early stages of the disease associated with factors such as change in serum substrates, functional capacity, quality of life and nutritional characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional performance, quality of life, and respiratory parameters in patients with CKD not requiring dialysis according to the stage of kidney disease. METHODS We selected 26 individuals accompanied by the Nephrology Department of the Central Institute of the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, diagnosed with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis, and glomerular filtration rate below 45 mL / min, patients were excluded with rheumatic diseases, respiratory, neurological or who present limitations for the execution of functional tests. The following instruments were applied: Quality of Life questionnaire (SF-36), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), was performed the following tests: the Six Minutes Walk test, Sitting and Rising test, and Hand Grip Strength test were also measured the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure and lung volumes through manuvacuometria and routine laboratory tests. RESULTS The results presented by the general group were compared with those found in the literature showing lower functional and respiratory capacity than healthy individuals of the same gender and age. The evaluated individuals were also subdivided into two groups by means of the glomerular filtration rate by the formula CKD-EPI, the first group of glomerular filtration rate lower than 30 ml / min and the second group with higher glomerular filtration rate or equal to 30 ml / min. Significant differences were found regarding: maximal expiratory pressure (P 0.04) where patients with poor kidney function had higher expiratory muscle strength, parathyroid hormone (P = 0.02) and phosphorus (P 0.04). CONCLUSION: We conclude that individuals with chronic kidney disease have differences from respiratory parameters, different blood tests stages of chronic kidney disease before renal replacement therapy

O objetivo da presente tese foi verificar a influência do enxágue bucal com carboidrato (CHO) sobre o desempenho no exercício físico predominantemente aeróbio realizado após uma atividade cognitiva frequentemente utilizada para induzir a fadiga mental. Sete homens fisicamente ativos participaram do estudo (idade: 26 ± 5 anos; estatura: 176,0 ± 8,3 cm; massa corporal: 73,6 ± 7,4 kg e gordura corporal: 14,3 ± 3,7 %, VO2 pico: 43,9 ± 6,5 ml.kg-1.min-1, Wpico: 268 ± 23,8 W) realizaram o Stroop Incongruente para indução da Fadiga Mental (FM) ou assistiam a um documentário pelo mesmo período de tempo (controle, CON). Após a tarefa eles realizaram um exercício de carga constante (~55%Wpico) até exaustão. Em cada uma das condições FM e CON os voluntários utilizavam o enxágue bucal (10s) com CHO ou placebo (PLA). No pre-exercício, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para glicose entre as diferentes condições. A frequência cardíaca apresentou aumento após todas as intervenções, assim como a fadiga percebida (P = 0,001, ES = 0,49), mas sem efeito de condição. O effect size foi moderado para essa variável, sugerindo que o aumento na fadiga percebida foi maior na condição FM (75%) quando comparado a condição CON (60%). A motivação não apresentou diferença entre as condições. Porém, houve uma tendência (0,07) a ser maior na condição DOC. Houve uma redução de 7,8% no tempo até exaustão na condição FM comparado ao CON, entretanto, essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. A frequência cardíaca, percepção subjetiva do esforço, fadiga percebida e eletromiografia do músculo vasto lateral aumentaram em função do tempo, sem diferença entre as condições. Com base nesses achados, pode-se concluir que a FM produz apenas um pequeno efeito deletério no exercício físico prologado e que o enxágue com CHO não era capaz de influenciar nessas condições experimentais. Possivelmente, isso se deve ao fato de ambas as intervenções estudadas (FM e enxágue com CHO) produzirem apenas pequenas alterações nas variáveis fisiológicas e perceptivas antes do exercício físico / The aim of this thesis was verify the influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHO) on endurance performance after cognitive activity frequently used to induce mental fatigue. Seven health men (age: 26 ± 5 years; height: 176.0 ± 8.3 cm; weight: 73.6 ± 7.4 kg; and corporal fat: 14.3 ± 3.7%, VO2peak: 43.9 ± 6.5 ml.kg-1.min-1, Wpeak: 268.0 ± 23.8 W) performed an Incongruent Stroop to induce mental fatigue (FM) state or watched a documentary (control, CON) prior to endurance exercise. Following, they performed a workload exercise (~55%Wpeak) until exhaustion with CHO or placebo (PLA) mouth rinse (10s). In the pre-exercise, there was no significant difference for blood glucose between conditions. There was a main effect of distance for heart rate and perceived fatigue, but without interaction (P > 0.05) or condition (P > 0.05) effects. However, there was a moderate effect size for perceived fatigue (ES = 0,49), suggesting a possible relevant increase in perceived fatigue in the FM condition (75%) when compared to CON condition (60%). Although did not reach a significance level, the motivation tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in DOC condition. There was a reduction of 7.8% in time to exhaustion in FM condition compared to CON, however did not reach a significance level (P > 0.05). During exercise, the heart rate, rating perceived exertion, perception of fatigue and electromyography of the vastus lateralis increased over time (P < 0.05), but without interaction (P > 0.05) or condition (P > 0.05) effects. These results suggest that FM produce only a small deleterious effect in the prolonged physical exercise and that carbohydrate mouth rinse was not able to influence the endurance performance at all experimental conditions. Possibly, this is due to the fact of the experimental interventions (FM and carbohydrate mouth rinse) produced only discrete changes in the physiological and perceptual variables before endurance exercise