Att amma är karakteristiskt för alla däggdjur och ett beteende som utvecklats under miljontals år. Amning är en global folkhälsoangelägenhet, då bröstmjölken och amningen ger ett dominerande skydd för både barnets och mammans fysiska, kognitiva och mentala hälsa. Enligt Svenska Barnmorskeförbundet ingår det i barnmorskans kompetensbeskrivning attarbeta hälsofrämjande och förebyggande, det inkluderar amning. Barnmorskan ska främja amning, ge information till blivande föräldrar om amningens hälsofördelar samt främja hud mot hudkontakt postpartum. I Sverige har andelen kejsarsnitt varit relativt bestående sedan år 2004, runt 17 procent av alla födslar. År 2015 var den värdsliga siffran 20 procent, vilket innebar att var femte förlossning i världen under året 2015, rapporterades in som kejsarsnitt. Efter ett kejsarsnitt kan mor och barn separeras från varandra postpartum, vilket ökar risken för försenad amningsinitiering jämfört med en vaginal förlossning. Detta på grund av separation de första timmarna postpartum som visat sig vara en avgörande tidpunkt för att etablera amningen. Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva om, och i så fall vilka faktorer, som kan påverka exklusiv amning upp till sex månader efter kejsarsnitt hos mödrar med normal, fullgången graviditet. Metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie. Den utfördes baserat på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar, med kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Inhämtat material söktes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed, dessa analyserades genom en integrerad analys på ett strukturerat och systematiskt sätt. Resultatet presenterade femtiosex faktorer som kan påverka exklusiv amning sex månader efter ett kejsarsnitt. Faktorerna redovisas med hjälp av fyra bärande huvudkategorier; förlossningsvård, modern, barnet och amning. Därtill framkom även elva subkategorier. Resultatet visade att kejsarsnitt påverkade den omedelbara hud mot hudkontakten, som är främjande för den exklusiva amningen postpartum. Även maternella postoperativa komplikationer och livsstilsfaktorer, moderns amningsintention, barnets hälsotillstånd postpartum, amningsstöd, bröst- och amningskomplikationer samt modersmjölksersättning, sågs påverka exklusiv amning. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att föda med kejsarsnitt hotar den omedelbara hud mot hudkontakten som visat sig vara essentiell för den exklusiva amningen postpartum. Det sombland annat visade en lyckad exklusiv amning var kvinnans positiva avsikt och inställning till amning innan födseln. Mer utbildning behövs för all vårdpersonal inom vårdkedjan för kejsarsnitt. På så vis skulle möjligheten kunna öka till att samtliga yrkesgrupper strävar efter gemensamma beslut som gynnar hud mot hudkontakt mellan mamma och barn, och samvård utan separation i största möjliga mån. / Breastfeeding is characteristic of all mammals and a behavior that has evolved over millions of years. Breastfeeding is a global public health issue, as breast milk and breastfeeding provide a dominant protection for both the baby's and the mother's physical, cognitive and mental health. According to The Swedish Association of Midwives (Svenska Barnmorskeförbundet), it is included in the midwife's competence description, that midwives must work to promote health and health prevention, this includes breastfeeding. The midwife must promote breastfeeding, provide information to expectant parents about the health benefits of breastfeeding, and promote skin-to-skin contact postpartum. In Sweden, the proportion of caesareans has been relatively permanent since 2004, around 17 percent of all births. In 2015, the worldly figure was 20 percent, which meant that every fifth birth in the world in 2015 was reported as a caesarean section. After a caesarean section, mother and child can be separated from each other. That might increase the risk of delayed initiation of breastfeeding compared to a vaginal birth. This is due to separation the first hours postpartum which has been proved to be a crucial time to establish breastfeeding. The aim of this literature study was to describe, if and which factors, that could affect exclusive breastfeeding up to six months after a cesarean section, including mothers with a normal and full-term pregnancy. The method performed was a literature study. It was carried out based on 16 scientific articles, with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Collected material was searched in the databases CINAHL and PubMed, these were analyzed through an integrated analysis in a structured and systematic way. Result of the study features fifty-sixfactors that could affect exclusive breastfeeding six months after a caesarean section. The factors are presented using four main categories: maternity care, mother, baby and breastfeeding. In addition, eleven subcategories emerged. The results showed that cesarean section affected the immediate skin-to-skin contact, which is conducive to the exclusive postpartum breastfeeding. Maternal postoperative complications and lifestyle factors, the mother's breastfeeding intention, the child's health condition postpartum, breastfeeding support, breast and breastfeeding complications and breast milk replacement, were also seen to affect exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion that can be drawn, is that a caesarean section threatens the immediate skin-to-skin contact that has been shown to be essential for the exclusive postpartum breastfeeding. However, the mother’s positive intention and attitude to breastfeeding before giving birth, lead to a successful exclusive breastfeeding. More training is needed for all healthcare staff within the chain for caesarean section. In this way, the possibility could increase, that all professional groups would strive for similar decisions that would be in favor for skin-to-skin contact between mother and child, and cohabitation without need for separation, as much as possible.

Kvinnans amning har många olika hälsofördelar både för den nya mamman men också för hennes nyfödda. Amning har ett antal olika hälsofördelar, till exempel utvecklingen av barnets immunsystem och tarmflora. Genom kvinnans amning främjas deras första kopplings- och interaktionsfas mellan modern och det nyfödda och därmed en större möjlighet till framgångsrik amning. / The woman's breastfeeding has many different health benefits both for the new mother but also for her newborn. Breastfeeding has a number of different health benefits, such as the development of the baby's immune system and intestinal flora, for example. Through the woman's breastfeeding, their first connection and interaction phase between the mother and the newborn is promoted and thus a greater opportunity for successful breastfeeding.

<p> </p><p>The luxury market has steadily grown from the industrial revolution and onwards. Changes in society, trends and the increased living standards has enabled more people to consume luxury goods.</p><p>The world is going through a major economic crisis at the moment. Studies shows that companies that have focused on added value rather than lowering prices has survived past financial crisis. It is also obvious that companies act very different during times of crisis. Adding to the problem is trends that point to a more careful consumption and environmental awareness. Different source suggest different opinions on the situation and future for the luxury market.</p><p>The purpose of the study is to answer what strategies are important for luxury brands during a financial crisis.</p><p>To answer this a qualitative study is performed on Swedish luxury brands to analyse what their strategies are during the current economic crisis and compare that to how ”exclusive” or ”luxurious” they are considered. This to investigate if there is a relationship between a brands exclusiveness and chosen strategy.</p><p> </p>

The luxury market has steadily grown from the industrial revolution and onwards. Changes in society, trends and the increased living standards has enabled more people to consume luxury goods. The world is going through a major economic crisis at the moment. Studies shows that companies that have focused on added value rather than lowering prices has survived past financial crisis. It is also obvious that companies act very different during times of crisis. Adding to the problem is trends that point to a more careful consumption and environmental awareness. Different source suggest different opinions on the situation and future for the luxury market. The purpose of the study is to answer what strategies are important for luxury brands during a financial crisis. To answer this a qualitative study is performed on Swedish luxury brands to analyse what their strategies are during the current economic crisis and compare that to how ”exclusive” or ”luxurious” they are considered. This to investigate if there is a relationship between a brands exclusiveness and chosen strategy.