Bakgrund: Cervixcancer är ett globalt hälsoproblem och fjärde vanligaste cancerformen hos kvinnor. Beroende på vilket cancerstadium kvinnorna befinner sig i erbjuds olika behandlingsalternativ. Sjuksköterskor ska arbeta utifrån ett holistiskt förhållningssätt och har ansvar att stötta och informera kvinnor som drabbats av cervixcancer. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av stöd i samband med cervixcancer. Metod: För att besvara syftet genomfördes en litteraturöversikt med en kvalitativ och induktiv ansats. En systematisk informationssökning efterföljdes i tre databaser med fokus på omvårdnad. Det genomfördes en noggrann granskning och sammanställning av de tio kvalitativa resultatartiklarna som analyserades utifrån en innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom de två följande huvudkategorierna: (1) Upplevelser av viktiga delar i omvårdnad vid cervixcancer och (2) Kvinnors upplevelse av stöd från närstående och andra drabbade. Följande sex underkategorier presenteras: Det informativa stödet gällande diagnos och behandling; Upplevelser av stöd från sjuksköterskan; Kvinnors upplevelse av stöd gällande sexualitet; Att förstå kvinnors emotionella lidande; Stöd från närstående; Stöd från andra drabbade. Konklusion: Det framkom att många kvinnor som lider av cervixcancer uppleverbristande stöd från sjuksköterskor. Kvinnorna betonar att bristande kommunikation och empati försämrar livskvalitén. Däremot framkommer det att vissa kvinnor upplever sjuksköterskans stöd som hjälpsamt. Närstående och andra drabbade var två viktiga källor till känslomässigt stöd och ökat välbefinnande. / Background: Cervical cancer is a global health problem and the fourth most common form of cancer among women. Depending on which cancer stage the women are in they are offered different medical treatments. Nurses are meant to work through a holistic approach and are also responsible for supporting and informing women who have been affected by cervical cancer. Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate women´s experiences of support in conjunction with cervical cancer. Method: A literature review was conducted with a qualitative and inductive approach. A systematic informational search was observed in three databases with a focus on nursing. A thorough review and compilation of the teen qualitative result articles was carried out, which was analyzed on the basis of a content analysis. Result: In the results emerged the two main categories: (1) Experiences of important parts of nursing in cervical cancer and (2) women’s experiences with support from relatives and others affected by the disease. The following six subcategories are presented: Informative support for diagnosis and treatment; Experiences of support from the nurse; Women's experience of support regarding sexuality; Understanding women's emotional suffering; Support from relatives; Support from others affected by the disease. Conclusion: There emerged that many women who suffer from cervical cancer experience a lack of support from nurses. The women emphasize that lack of communication and empathy degrades the quality of life. On the other hand, it appears that some women find the nurse's support helpful. Relatives and others affected by the disease were two important sources of emotional support and increased well-being.

This study was conducted in Gauteng Province and Tshwane North District. The study explored the poor performance of learners in Mathematics in the early grades. Learners’ performance is dependent on teacher input in class. Learners’ Mathematics performance is also influenced by various aspects contributing towards development such as nutrition, parental literacy which includes teachers’ knowledge of content and language in the subject taught. The poor Mathematics performance is exacerbated by lack of visual perceptual skills as the basis for learning. This study sought to investigate whether early grade teachers met this requirement. The proposed research investigated the teaching of number sense in the early grades. The research was informed by daily experience as subject advisor. The study was informed by theories of both Vygotsky and Piaget. Teaching in the Foundation Phase is mainly through group work and play and therefore this theory is appropriate. The primary research question for this study was as follows: How do teachers experience teaching number sense in the Foundation Phase? Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and observation. Purposive sampling was used to select participants for this study. Teachers from Grades 1-3 were interviewed and it was found that many lacked content knowledge and different strategies to teach number sense. Furthermore, teachers indicated that there was minimal support from HODs and subject advisors. They agreed that they needed more capacity building workshops to strengthen their knowledge and understanding of teaching number sense. The study revealed that teachers teach Mathematics in Foundation Phase without the relevant qualification. Due to the lack of knowledge and understanding of the Foundation Phase content, strategies and methods of teaching, teachers experienced challenges mainly in teaching number sense in the early grades. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Early Childhood Education / MEd / Unrestricted

Bakgrund: Opiattillgängligheten är ett växande problem världen över. Således kan personer som är beroende eller missbrukare av opiater komma att söka sig till hälso- och sjukvården på grund av smärta. Personer som sjuksköterskan inom ramen för sitt omvårdnadsansvar kan behöva skatta avseende smärtintensitet och administrera smärtstillande läkemedel till. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att smärtlindra personer beroende av opiater.Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Kartläggning resulterade fyra huvudteman: Likvärdigt bemötande, där en del sjuksköterskor visade empati medan andra inte gjorde det, handlingsberedskap via erfarenhet som hjälpte sjuksköterskors bemötande av personer med beroendeproblematik. Det tredje temat var misstänksamhet begränsar, där sjuksköterskor hade en misstänksamhet och deras syn på personer var att personerna bara ville ha smärtstillande läkemedel. Sjuksköterskor uttryckte även smärtbedömningens komplexitet vid bedömning av personens smärta.Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor ställs inför många komplexa situationer relaterat till smärta och beroende där varje person och situation är unik. Utifrån studiens fynd behöver sjuksköterskor implementera hela sin skicklighet, i mötet med personer beroende av opiater, vilket görs genom att de arbetar personcentrerat och holistiskt. Då antalet studier med kvalitativ ansats är få inom detta område behövs vidare forskning från såväl sjuksköterskans perspektiv som från personen beroende av opiater. / Background: Opiate availability is a growing problem worldwide. These people who are addicted or addicted to opiates may seek medical care because of pain. Persons to whom the nurses within the scope of their nursing responsibilities may need to assess pain intensity and administer additional painkillers. Aim: The purpose of the study is to survey nurses experiences of relief pain from persons with opiate addiction. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review with a qualitative approach. Results: Four main themes during the data-analysis. The four main themes were first; equal treatment, towards the person they care for, second; action readiness through experience, which helped nurses in dealing with people with addiction problems. Third; suspicion limiting, where nurses had a suspicion and their view was that individuals only wanted painkillers. Last; nurses expressed the complexity of pain assessment. Conclusion: Nurses are faced with many complex situations related to pain and dependence where each person and situation is unique. Based on the findings of this study, nurses need to implement all their skills in the meeting with the opioid-dependent person. This was done by working through person-centered care and with a holistic approach. As the number of studies with a qualitative approach is few in this area, further research is needed from both the nurse's perspective and from the person dependent on opiate.Keywords: Addiction, experiences, nurse, opiate, pain.

Background Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer for women. Sexual health, which is important for women's well-being, can be affected by breast cancer and its treatment. Nurses working with sexual health requires that their own attitude to sexuality is positive and respectful in order to safeguard the well-being of their patient. Aim The aim of this literature study was to describe women's experiences of sexual health in relation to breast cancer. Method The results of this literature-based study include eleven qualitative empirical and scientific articles. The method used for this literature study was an analysis of qualitative research based on a five-stage model. Results The results of this literature study showed that women's sexual health can be affected by breast cancer and its treatment. Two themes emerged: Changes in the sexual life and Changes of body image. Four sub-themes emerged: To experience decreased sexual desire and activity, To experience physical and emotional distress, Feelings of less femininity and Being ashamed of the body. Conclusion Breast cancer and its treatment have physical and emotional impact on women's sexual health. / Bröstcancer är den vanligaste formen av cancer hos kvinnor i världen och i Sverige drabbas cirka 8000 kvinnor varje år. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av sexuell hälsa i samband med bröstcancer. Sexuell hälsa definieras som ett välbefinnande och kan uppnås trots sjukdom. Elva vetenskapliga och empiriska artiklar som svarade mot syftet söktes fram i tre olika databaser och analyserades genom att jämföra likheter och skillnader i deras resultat. Resultaten sammanställdes och två huvudteman och fyra underteman växte fram. Det första huvudtemat var förändring av det sexuella livet, med underteman att uppleva minskad sexuell lust och aktivitet och att uppleva fysiska och emotionella besvär. Det andra huvudtemat var förändrad kroppsbild, med underteman att känna sig mindre kvinnlig och att skämmas över sin kropp. Resultat visade att många kvinnor upplevde minskad sexlust efter kirurgi, cytostatika och hormonbehandling och att den intima relationen påverkades. Fysiska besvär så som torra slemhinnor i vaginan och smärta vid samlag var vanligt vid behandlingen. För många kvinnor var sex en viktig faktor i deras intima relation och de kände sig hjälplösa när de intima relationerna begränsades. Många kvinnor upplevde brösten som en del av kvinnan och att bröstcancern var ett angrepp mot deras kvinnlighet. Många kvinnor upplevde att de hade förlorat en bit av sig själva och många skämdes över sin förändrade kropp. Resultatet visade också att många kvinnor upplevde svårigheter med att tala om sin sexuella hälsa. Slutsatsen är att bröstcancer och dess behandling har en betydande inverkan på många kvinnors sexuella hälsa. Sjuksköterskan möter ofta dessa kvinnor i olika vårdsammanhang och behöver därför ha kunskap om kvinnornas upplevelser för att kunna möta deras behov av stöd.

This thesis investigated the migration experiences and subjectivity of belonging of Members of the African American Association of Ghana (AAAG) in obtaining permanent status in Ghana. An estimated three thousand African Americans are living in Ghana (Brown, 2013). Fieldwork was conducted primarily in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana with sixteen Research Participants, including members of AAAG and the African American community at large. Life history interviews were conducted utilizing a twenty-one question instrument that guided the data collection. Participant observation and autoethnography was unique to this study as the Researcher himself; an African American, spent two years living in Ghana prior to submitting this thesis. This thesis offers new data and experiences to the ideas surrounding a “return” migration of the descendants of victims of the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Ghana. Attention was given to the experiences of African Americans being referred to by Ghanaians as obruni, which effectively means “white man and/or foreigner” and what impact, if any, it had on my Research Participants. Necessarily, issues of identity, nationhood, race as well as religion/spirituality was explored with this thesis. Pierre Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory was utilized in looking at the interconnections of cultural capital between my Research Participants and what he describes as the embodied state, objectified state and the institutionalized state (Bourdieu, 1986). The results of this thesis are that the experiences of the Research Participants varied regarding the pursuit of permanent status in Ghana. Moreover, the use of the word obruni had various levels of interpretation and use that were expressed.

Due to the global push for deinstitutionalisation, the care of psychiatric patients has been transferred to their family members. Evidence worldwide however suggests that the rate of deinstitutionalisation has not been matched with the sufficient increase of community resources to support both the caregiver and the patient in the community where they reside (Lippi, 2016:1). The conducted study undertook to explore and describe the experiences of caregivers of Mental Health Care Users (MHCUs) with a diagnosis of Schizophrenia in the southern- western parts of Johannesburg. The goal of the present study was to explore the experiences of the caregivers of MHCUs with schizophrenia in the southern- western parts of Johannesburg. A qualitative research approach was utilised to conduct the study. The researcher made use of purposive sampling and semi-structured, face to face interviews were utilised to collect data. Ten interviews were conducted with caregivers of MHCUs in Lenasia South. The researcher however reports on 9 of the 10 interviews due to the fact that the recording device was stolen in the home of the researcher before the recording could be backed up. The findings of the study indicate that the caregivers of MHCUs often do not know the name of the diagnosis and do not understand the diagnosis. Many of the caregivers held the belief that the MHCU was bewitched. The social lives, health and finances of caregivers were negatively affected by the task of caregiving. The study found that caregivers are reluctant to leave the MHCU alone or in the care of other people, because they are constantly worried about their well-being. The study found that caregivers were stigmatised together with the MHCU in their communities. Community resources to support the caregiver and provide psychoeducation are non-existent in the experience of these caregivers. The study found that caregivers had minimal to no experience at all of receiving support from a social worker. The study concludes that the experiences of caregivers are difficult because of the lack of understanding of the illness, a lack of support and psycho-education and a lack of community resources that can aid the caregiver. Recommendations in the study include making a referral to be seen by a social worker mandatory for each case, social workers facilitating the start-up of peer support groups for the caregivers and being intentional about psycho-educating caregivers. / Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted

Bakgrund: År 2020 uppskattar Europarådet att det kommer saknas cirka 590 000 sjuksköterskor i Europa, vilket kan påverka kvalitéten på vården. Omvårdnaden är sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde vilket innebär att följa riktlinjer och ge individanpassad omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskestudenterna såg framemot att komma ut i arbetslivet och få applicera den teoretiska kunskapen med det praktiska arbetet.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva upplevelser av att vara nyexaminerad sjuksköterska under det första året i yrket.   Metod: Studien är en litteraturstudie som har en deskriptiv design där elva artiklar inkluderades.   Huvudresultat: Fyra huvudrubriker identifierades och fyra underrubriker. Huvudrubrikerna var: glappet mellan skola och arbetsliv, upplevelsen av stöd och handledning, brist på tid och eget lärande. Underrubrikerna var: upplevelsen av brist på kunskap, komma ut som ny på arbetsplatsen, vikten av stöttning och kommunikation på arbetsplatsen.   Slutsats: De nyexaminerade sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de negativa upplevelserna dominerade jämfört med de positiva. Att vara medveten om upplevelsen av att vara nyexaminerad sjuksköterska är viktigt både för studenter och de blivande kollegorna. / Background: In the year of 2020, the European council estimated that there is a shortage of approximately 590 000 nurses in Europe, which could affect the quality of care. Nursing is the area of responsibility in which includes following guidelines and give individual care. The nursing students looked forward to getting into working life and apply the theoretical with the practical.   Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the experience of newly graduated registered nurses during the first year of work.   Methods: The study is a literature review with a descriptive design which includes eleven studies.   Main result: Four themes were identified with four subthemes. The themes were: The gap between school and working life, the experience of support and guidance, lack of time and own learning. The subthemes were: the experience of lack of knowledge, new employee in the workplace, the importance of support and communication at work.   Conclusion: The experience of newly graduated registered nurses was often experienced in a negative manner rather than positive. To be aware of newly graduated registered nurses is important for both students and prospective colleagues.

This thesis explores the field of mediated presence in a distant relationship, with a specific focus on the introduction of “receptiveness” as the biggest factor, when designing to enhance this mediated experience. I have approached this field in a user centered manner since it is fairly unexplored thus far. Through related work, cultural probe, interviews and discussions with the target group I have explored design opportunities. These design opportunities are contributing to the field. This by revealing how the target group evaluate presence, to what extent they do so and the different needs the relationship have when experiencing presence. The introduction of “receptiveness” as the main factor to how we experience presence lead to prototyping and user testing in regard of manipulation of certain times and spaces. Resulting in different explorations to how mediated presence will be experienced as enhanced.

Background: Globally 300 000 children are diagnosed with cancer each year and in Sweden, approximately 300 children are affected. Cancer is the largest cause to death among children age 0-19. Children may experience pain, anxiety, and fear. The cancer treatment can cause suffering and making the children more sensitive to infections. Previous research has shown there is a lack of knowledge about nurse's experiences of caring for children diagnosed with cancer. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurse's experiences of caring for children diagnosed with cancer. Method: An overview of the literature was performed. Ten qualitative studies were included in the results of this study. Results: The main categories that emerged was: Emotions in caring, the important of involving the child and their parents in the care and the meaning of support in caregiving. Nurses experienced several emotions when caring for children diagnosed with cancer and their families. The nurses were emotionally affected and sometimes they have difficulties coping with these experiences. The relationship with the family was one of the main reasons the nurses appreciated working at oncology unit. Conclusion: The nurses were emotionally affected and experienced both positive and negative emotions. This study showed that family centered care is important that includes an ability to listen and accommodate children's and their family's needs, as well as acknowledge their voices.

Background: Sepsis is a condition that can result in death by failure or lack of treatment. Mortality has decreased over the past decade and thus is due to increased awareness and improved management of disease cases. Despite this decline, the death rate is still high and increased knowledge to detect and prevent sepsis in time is needed to reduce the suffering and serious complications. Aim: The aim is to illustrate nursing knowledge of the role in caring for patients with sepsis. Method: A literature review study based on an analysis of eight quantitative and two qualitative articles of research. Results: The result showed that nurses experienced that a lack of knowledge exists, long experience in nurses are valuable and that assessment tools can improve nurses' detection of sepsis. Nurses experienced detection of sepsis as a difficult, defiant and stressful task but it could facilitate trough teamwork. Conclusion Combination of knowledge and exertion of assessment tools improve the quality of care and reduce mortality. The result showed that experience and education among nurses are important for improving the competence to early identification of sepsis. / Sjukdomstillståndet sepsis är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem med högt dödsantal vilket skapar stort lidande. Sepsis framkallar ett stört systemiskt svar av immunförsvaret som utlöser livshotande symtom och ett snabbt utvecklande sjukdomsförlopp. Sjukdomen utvecklar en inflammation i hela kroppen oavsett om infektionen finns i blodet eller inte. Studiens syfte var att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med sepsis. Bristande kunskap påverkar omhändertagandet av patienter med sepsis som leder till förseningar och i värsta fall komplikationer. Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter var att kartläggning av sjukdomsförloppet är utmanande, tidsberoende och att stort ansvar läggs på deras axlar. Det framkom att det inte finns tillräcklig kunskap hos sjuksköterskor och att de inte känner trygghet i hur en patient med sepsis skall handläggas. Utbildning och erfarenhet lyftes fram som stärkande faktorer för att kompensera bristen på kunskap. Genom att utbilda sjuksköterskor om tidiga tecken på sepsis och passande omvårdnadsåtgärder kunde professionen stärkas i vårdandet av dessa patienter. Sjuksköterskans erfarenhet belystes och ansågs vara viktigt för teamarbetet med andra professioner och behandlingen av patienter med sepsis. Lång arbetserfarenhet bland sjuksköterskor kunde effektivisera vården, inge trygghet till kolleger och öka patientsäkerheten. Ett fåtal sjuksköterskor var medvetna om bedömningsverktyg och hur de skulle användas. Resultatet visar på att efter införande av bedömningsverktyg i vårdandet av patienter med sepsis förbättrades handläggningen, vården säkerställdes och dödligheten minskade. Bedömningsverktyg är viktigt för att ställa diagnos och likaså mätning av vitalparametrar. Användning av bedömningsverktygen resulterade i att sjuksköterskor lättare kom ihåg alla omvårdnadsåtgärder och att risken för missar minimerades. Sjuksköterskor upplevde stor arbetsbelastning i vårdandet av patienter med sepsis på grund av högt tempo, stort patientflöde och stressig arbetsmiljö. Patienter fick vänta länge på akutmottagningen innan de fick tillsyn och vårdprioritet som följd av sjuksköterskornas arbetsbelastning. Erfarenheterna var att de inte hade tillräckligt med tid för patienterna och att bedömningarna blev bristfälliga på grund av underbemanning. Det kan leda till komplikationer och ökad dödlighet för patienten vilket medförde att sjuksköterskor upplevde oro och stress. Sjuksköterskor bör ha tillräcklig kompetens att identifiera och handlägga patienter med sepsis då det ofta är de som först möter dessa patienter.