The thesis is a study of how Chinese illegal tiger parts trading networks are organized. In particular, this thesis tests in a qualitative manner the causal relationship between three independent variables and the network organizations of these markets. The three independent variables are “ethnicity”, “level of enforcement” and “proximity to the source country”. The thesis also discusses the dynamics of the illegal transactions of tiger parts products. Legitimate meditators or dispute resolutions mechanisms are lacking in the underworld so the risks, which the parties undertake during trading, are far higher. This thesis explores how illegal transactions are enforced, carried out and honored in this trade. In order to map the organization of the tiger trade, I conducted fieldwork in three trading hubs across China: Lhasa. Kunming and Xining. I discovered five tiger parts trading networks, three of which specialized in the trading of tiger skins and two in tiger bones. Within these networks, the level of perceived but not the actual level of risk influences the decisions of the actors in the network. Entry into the network is easy when the perceived level of enforcement is low. In these settings, there is no ethnic restriction for entering the network; the supplier is willing to trade with anyone with a trustworthy reputation. On the other hand, accessibility to the network is strictly controlled when actors perceive a high level of enforcement in their operating environment. Under this setting, the organization of the network becomes more exclusive and ethnically homogenous, as shown in the Tibetan tiger skin-trading network in Lhasa and the tiger bone-trading network in Kunming. The proximity of the tiger source country to the re-distribution sites (fieldwork cities) also influences the organization of the networks. When the level of enforcement is low and the tiger source country is far away from the re-distribution sites, a monetary deposit is required in order to show that the buyer is serious about his/her request, as shown by the tiger skin-trading network in Kunming.

Angular distributions of jet pairs (dijets) produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of- mass energy √s = 7 TeV have been studied with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using the full 2011 data set with an integrated luminosity of 4.8 fb−1, and reaching dijet masses up to 4.5 TeV. All angular distributions are consistent with QCD predictions. Analysis of the dijet angular distribution, using a novel technique simultaneously employing the dijet mass, is employed. This analysis is sensitive to both resonant new physics and phenomena with a slow-onset in mass. Using this technique, new exclusion limits have been set at 95% credibility level for several hypotheses of physics beyond the standard model including: quantum gravity scales, with 6 extra dimensions, below 4.11 TeV, quark contact interactions below a compositeness scale of 7.6 TeV, and excited quarks with a mass below 2.75 TeV. In a large and complex scientific experiment, such as ATLAS, the collection, management and usability of coherent data and metadata is a challenging operation. The availability of these data to physicists within the experiment is essential to all analysis efforts. A new web-based interface called “RunBrowser”, which makes ATLAS and LHC operations data available to the ATLAS Collaboration, is introduced.

Cette thése est dédiée à la mesure des anisotropies du Fond Diffus Cosmologique (CMB) ainsi qu'à la caractérisation des émissions d'avant-plan galactiques. Les travaux que nous avons réalisés s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la préparation à l'analyse des données du satellite PLANCK. Cette thèse débute pas une description du modèle de Big Bang chaud et de la physique du CMB. Ensuite un état des lieux des expériences dédiées à la mesure du CMB est dressé, donnant lieu à la présentation des expériences Archeops, WMAP et PLANCK. Une deuxième partie est dédiée à la présentation des émissions galactiques diffuses puis à l'étude de ces émissions dans le plan galactique, permettant d'établir des cartes partielles des variations spatiales de la température des grains de poussière et des indices spectraux des émissions synchrotron et de poussière. Une troisième partie est dédiée à l'étude des deux principales émissions galactiques polarisées diffuses : les émissions synchrotron et de la poussière. Nous avons étudié des modèles effectifs de ces émissions basés sur l'utilisation de cartes-patron. Ensuite nous avons construit des modèles basés sur la physique de ces émissions et les avons comparés aux données Archeops et WMAP afin de contraindre les paramètres de ces modèles. Ceci nous permet de proposer pour la première fois un modèle cohérent de ces deux émissions. Ensuite nous fournissons une méthode pour améliorer ces contraintes à l'aide des données PLANCK. Dans une dernière partie nous étudions les spectres de puissance angulaires de ces émissions galactiques et estimons la contamination du signal CMB par ces émissions d'avant-plan. Enfin nous proposons une méthode pour minimiser la contamination du signal CMB de PLANCK par l'émission de la poussière.

The interaction of embedded systems with their environments and their resource limitations make it important to take into account properties such as timing, security, and resource consumption in designing such systems. These so-called Extra-Functional Properties (EFPs) capture and describe the quality and characteristics of a system, and they need to be taken into account from early phases of development and throughout the system's lifecycle. An important challenge in this context is to ensure that the EFPs that are defined at early design phases are actually preserved throughout detailed design phases as well as during the execution of the system on its platform. In this thesis, we provide solutions to help with the preservation of EFPs; targeting both system design phases and system execution on the platform. Starting from requirements, which form the constraints of EFPs, we propose an approach for modeling Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) and evaluating different design alternatives with respect to the satisfaction of the NFRs. Considering the relationship and trade-off among EFPs, an approach for balancing timing versus security properties is introduced. Our approach enables balancing in two ways: in a static way resulting in a fixed set of components in the design model that are analyzed and thus verified to be balanced with respect to the timing and security properties, and also in a dynamic way during the execution of the system through runtime adaptation. Considering the role of the platform in preservation of EFPs and mitigating possible violations of them, an approach is suggested to enrich the platform with necessary mechanisms to enable monitoring and enforcement of timing properties. In the thesis, we also identify and demonstrate the issues related to accuracy in monitoring EFPs, how accuracy can affect the decisions that are made based on the collected information, and propose a technique to tackle this problem. As another contribution, we also show how runtime monitoring information collected about EFPs can be used to fine-tune design models until a desired set of EFPs are achieved. We have also developed a testing framework which enables automatic generation of test cases in order verify the actual behavior of a system against its desired behavior. On a high level, the contributions of the thesis are thus twofold: proposing methods and techniques to 1) improve maintenance of EFPs within their correct range of values during system design, 2) identify and mitigate possible violations of EFPs at runtime. / CHESS / MBAT / ITS-EASY

Crown selected youth diversion has received little academic attention in Canada. As a process that channels offenders out of the formal legal system, diversion purports to achieve contradictory self-serving system and offender-based goals. Using 50 randomly selected prosecution files – half of which the Crown diverted and half of which the Crown prosecuted – a mixed method investigation of diversion assesses cases through quantitative content analysis and grounded theory method. Based on the quantitative analysis, it is argued that there is an emerging patterned nature of Crown selected diversion that is not completely benign. This patterned nature of diversion unearths a distinctive discourse of diversion/non-diversion. Qualitatively, it is argued that the cases are organized around three temporal moments that create an area for distinctions to be made in terms of threat, responsibility, (in)tolerableness and recourse. Seemingly, there is a persistent paradoxical existence of the diversion process that emerges from the case files.

The research within this thesis sought to determine the ability of various animal derived fats and plant derived oils to support the survival of several pathogenic cocktails over a multitude of storage times. The Salmonella study explored the survival rate of a four strain Salmonella cocktail in beef tallow, pig lard, duck fat, coconut oil, and extra virgin olive oil over seven days at 26˚C and 37˚C storage. The animal fats and the coconut oil supported the survival of the bacteria until the conclusion of the study. The Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli study explored the survival rate of a five strain STECs cocktail in extra virgin olive oil over seven days at 26˚C and 37˚C storage. The two Listeria studies explored the survival rate of a four strain Listeria monocytogenes cocktail in extra virgin olive oil over several time periods with different frequencies of sample mixing. In vitro, all genuses showed a 2.5-log cfu/mL to ≥ 7-log cfu/mL reduction in the extra virgin olive oil by the conclusion of the experiments. Extra virgin olive oil was then applied to cooked pork tenderloin, cheddar cheese snack squares, and turkey lunchmeat in hopes of inhibiting the L. monocytogenes cocktail. No reduction was observed.

Aim: The overall aim was to create knowledge about what it means to live with bipolar disorder from an existential perspective, both for individuals with the diagnosis and for their close relatives. Method: An existential perspective in this context entails that it is explored and described from a lifeworld perspective of individuals who in various ways experience that which is termed as bipolar disorder. The lifeworld phenomenological approach Reflective Lifeworld Research (RLR) was used in the four empirical studies. Meaning-oriented interviews and analysis were conducted following the leading methodological principles of the chosen scientific approach. A synthesis, based on lifeworld hermeneutic existential philosophy, then presents how it is possible to understand the perspective of individuals with bipolar disorder and their close relatives as a coherent whole. Findings and conclusions: A magnitude and complexity of experiencing, which means that life with bipolar disorder is characterized by extra dimensions, specific tension and contradictions, has been elucidated. Knowledge of the meaning of these aspects enables for the persons with the illness and for their close relatives to understand, to put words to, and to communicate how their life is and what they need, which in turn enhances their ability to influence their lives. It also increases the opportunities for professional caregivers to develop care, both in content and organization, so that it can meet the actual needs of those concerned in an adequate way. Living with bipolar disorder means so much more than the usual description with changes between episodes of depression and mania. The diagnosis “bipolar disorder” thus appears to be an inadequate label that only reflects the more obvious and visible dimensions of the illness, while those that characterize life in its entirety remain hidden. The thesis also shows that the importance of the common everyday life of persons with bipolar disorder and their close relatives should be highlighted as the most important factor in a liveable existence. A change in the view of mental health care is thus needed; a change that is characterized by consensus, collaboration and transparent communication between the person with the illness, their close relatives and mental health care. The common goal should be about meeting actual needs, and to strengthen a profound connectedness in order to make everyday life more liveable.

Hur hanteras arbetat med extra anpassningar och särskilt stöd i skolan? Lagen som reglerar arbetet och insatser i skolan verksamheter ändrades 2014 (Skollagen 2014:10). Där tydliggjordes hur elevers behov av anpassning och stöd ska kartläggas och dokumenteras. Bland annat Skolinspektionen (2016) har i sina uppföljningar visat på brister i att individanpassa åtgärder sedan lagändringen trädde i kraft 2014. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur elevers stödbehov kartläggs, beskrivs och dokumenteras på fem mindre skolor. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta pedagoger och dokumentanalys av tio åtgärdsprogram samt tre dokumentmallar för extra anpassningar försökte ovanstående syfte besvaras. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att respondenterna framhöll betydelsen av tidiga insatser, att individanpassa åtgärder och anpassa miljön. Den visade också att skolorna arbetade olika med dokumentationen av åtgärder och anpassningar. Slutsatser som kunde dras utifrån studien var att arbetet med dokumentation av åtgärdsprogram och extra anpassningar ännu inte implementerats i de undersökta verksamheterna. Lagändringen 2014 har ännu inte påverkat hanteringen av uppdraget. Samtliga respondenter framhöll att individens behov är viktigt och att skolmiljön bör anpassas till elevens förutsättningar och det oavsett om eleven har någon diagnos eller ej. Betydelsen av planerade insatser på grupp- och skolnivå har respondenterna sett som ett komplement till individanpassningar. Rutiner för arbetet med kartläggning och utredning behöver upprättas då detta saknades på några skolor vilket försvårat arbetet och samverkan mellan olika professioner behöver stärkas och utvecklas för att optimera arbetet med anpassning och stödinsatser. Tidiga insatser framhölls som viktigt för att undvika att elever ska misslyckas i skolan och det kan bidra till att eliminera risken att fler elever fastnar i att identifieras som elever i behov av särskilt stöd.

Ce mémoire de recherche-création porte sur les fonctions extra-narratives telles que définies par Gérard Genette, soit les fonctions de régie, testimoniale, de communication et idéologique, dans le contexte d’un récit à narrateurs multiples. Deux approches ont été privilégiées ici : l’écriture d’un roman comportant plusieurs instances de narration, et l’analyse d’un roman offrant un type comparable de structure narrative, soit Trou de mémoire d’Hubert Aquin. Ainsi, la partie création comprend des extraits d’Horions, roman hybride combinant les formes romanesque, poétique et dramatique, et dont ne figurent dans ce mémoire que des extraits des passages romanesques. Une instance narrative d’abord anonyme, puis nommée à la toute fin, retrace son passé en prêtant une voix à des êtres qui l’habitent, notamment un homme violent et un fils aphasique. Ces personnages-narrateurs exercent, outre la fonction narrative, d’autres fonctions qui justifient en quelque sorte leur présence : l’un est témoin de l’intrigue qu’il rapporte, l’autre communique avec un narrataire intra-diégétique, un troisième rend compte des émotions du protagoniste… Quant à la partie réflexion, elle se fonde sur les notions de narrateur, de narrataire et de situation narrative, mais se concentre sur les fonctions extra-narratives exercées par les diverses instances prenant la parole au fil du récit. Ces notions permettent de rendre compte de la structure narrative d’ensemble du roman Trou de mémoire d’Hubert Aquin, lequel juxtapose plusieurs voix, soit celles de Pierre X. Magnant, Rachel Ruskin, Olympe Ghezzo-Quénum et Charles-Édouard Mullahy. Un bref retour sur l’écriture d’Horions et sur les enjeux du récit à plusieurs narrateurs se prévalant des diverses fonctions extra-narratives complète la démarche.

I föreliggande uppsats ville vi fokusera på den styrning vi i dag ser och hur den i olika grad påverkar specialpedagogens yrkesroll. Diskussionen om lärarna som professionella har betonats i takt med att styrningen av skolan har förändradrats och decentraliserats till att bli den mål- och resultatstyrda skola vi har i dag med ett kommunalt huvudmannaskap. Syftet formulerades som så att beskriva och analysera ett antal skolpolitiska reformer och deras potentiella inverkan på specialpedagogprofessionen. Vi utgick ifrån professionsteori som ett teoretiskt ramverk som hjälpte oss att expandera förståelsen för studiens resultat. Med hjälp av styrdokument, forskning inom området samt intervjuer med specialpedagoger skulle studien besvara följande frågeställningar. Vad har specialpedagoger för tankar, erfarenheter och idéer gällande sin profession? Vad har specialpedagoger för tankar, erfarenheter och idéer om professionen i förhållande till de senaste reformerna på området? Vilka faktorer påverkar specialpedagogens profession? Specialpedagogerna i studien har alla ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv där de ser på skolan utifrån tre olika nivåer; organisation-, grupp- och individ. Vi fann att ändringarna i lagen gällande extra anpassningar och särskilt stöd samt förstelärarreformen har inverkat på professionen och i och med delvis detta kom vi fram till fem faktorer som påverkar specialpedagogprofessionen. Forskning om och utvärdering av implementering av reformer och utfallet av dem kan vara ett sätt att förhoppningsvis stärka professionerna i vårt ovanifrån styrda utbildningsväsende.