Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariele ISM_DISSERT.pdf: 4704397 bytes, checksum: 9fa1538bc3d6948d492f9a6c378eaf62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The oxidative desulfurization process (ODS) of a commercial diesel fuel was performed under mild conditions in the presence of catalysts based on vanadium or manganese, supported on alumina, clays (commercial, natural and pillared) and zeolites (NaX, NaY, beta, mordenite and ZSM-5). The catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, textural analysis by N2 adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. The dibenzothiophene (DBT) was used as sulfur compound in catalytic evaluation. The reactions were performed using acetonitrile as solvent and the hydrogen peroxide as oxidant at 55?C. The reaction products were analized by gas chromatography (GC-FID). In the studied conditions, the process was efficient due to the DBT was converted to its corresponding sulfone. Both DBT and corresponding sulfone were extracted by the solvent. Removals and oxidations up to 100% of sulfur compound were achieved. The catalysts supported on ZSM-5 zeolite showed are more effective for oxidation reaction of sulfur compound, presenting the best results. It was observed for oxidation reaction, that vanadium catalysts were more effective and manganese catalysts showed best results for removal of sulfur compounds / O processo de Dessulfuriza??o Oxidativa (ODS) de um diesel comercial foi realizado em condi??es suaves na presen?a de catalisadores ? base de van?dio ou mangan?s, suportados em aluminas, argilas (comerciais, naturais e pilarizadas) e ze?litas (NaX, NaY, beta, mordenita, ZSM-5). Os catalisadores foram sintetizados via impregna??o ?mida e caracterizados por difra??o de raios-X, an?lise textural por adsor??o e dessor??o de nitrog?nio e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. O dibenzotiofeno (DBT) foi utilizado como o composto de enxofre nos testes catal?ticos. As rea??es foram realizadas usando como solvente acetonitrila e como oxidante o per?xido de hidrog?nio a temperatura de 55?C. Os produtos de rea??o foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa (CG-FID). Nas condi??es estudadas o processo mostrouse eficiente, o DBT foi convertido para sua respectiva sulfona. Ambos DBT e a sulfona foram extra?dos pelo solvente. Remo??es e oxida??es de 100% do composto de enxofre foram alcan?adas. Os catalisadores suportados na ze?lita ZSM-5 mostraram-se mais efetivos para a rea??o de oxida??o do composto sulfurado, apresentando os melhores resultados. Observa-se para a rea??o de oxida??o que os catalisadores de van?dio foram mais efetivos, e os catalisadores de mangan?s apresentaram melhores resultados na extra??o dos compostos sulfurados

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KeilaROM.pdf: 1106532 bytes, checksum: 919e086ca601ac57108653607838c88e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Leather tanneries generate effluents with high content of heavy metals, especially chromium, which is used in the mineral tanning process. Microemulsions have been studied in the extraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Considering the problems related with the sediment resulting from the tanning process, due to its high content in chromium, in this work this sediment was characterized and microemulsion systems were applied for chromium removal. The extraction process consists in the removal of heavy metal ions present in an aqueous feeding solution (acid digestion solution) by a microemulsion system. First three different solid sludge digestion methods were evaluated, being chosen the method with higher digestion capacity. For this digestion method, seeking its optimization, was evaluated the influence of granule size, temperature and digestion time. Experimental results showed that the method proposed by USEPA (Method A) was the most efficient one, being obtained 95.77% of sample digestion. Regarding to the evaluated parameters, the best results were achieved at 95?C, 14 Mesh granule size, and 60 minutes digestion time. For chromium removal, three microemulsion extraction methods were evaluated: Method 1, in a Winsor II region, using as aqueous phase the acid digestion solution; Method 2, in a Winsor IV region, being obtained by the addition of the acid digestion solution to a microemulsion phase, whose aqueous phase is distilled water, until the formation of Winsor II system; and Method 3, in a Winsor III region, consisting in the formation of a Winsor III region using as aqueous phase the acid digestion solution, diluted in NaOH 0.01N. Seeking to optimize the extraction process only Method 1 (Systems I, II, and VIII) and Method 2 (System IX) were evaluated, being chosen points inside the interest regions (studied domains) to study the influence of contact time and pH in the extraction percentiles. The studied systems present the following compositions: System I: Surfactant Saponified coconut oil, Cosurfactant 1-Butanol, Oil phase Kerosene, Aqueous phase 2% NaCl solution; System II: Aqueous phase Acid digestion solution with pH adjusted using KOH (pH 3.5); System VIII: Aqueous phase - Acid digestion solution (pH 0.06); and System IX Aqueous phase Distilled water (pH 10.24), the other phases of Systems II, VIII and IX are similar to System I. Method 2 showed to be the more efficient one regarding chromium extraction percentile (up to 96.59% - pH 3.5). Considering that with Method 2 the microemulsion region only appears in the Winsor II region, it was studied Method 3 (System X) for the evaluation and characterization of a triphasic system, seeking to compare with a biphases system. System X is composed by: Surfactant Saponified coconut oil, Cosurfactant 1-Butanol, Oil phase Kerosene, Aqueous phase Acid digestion solution diluted with water and with its pH adjusted using 0.01N NaOH solution. The biphasic and triphasic microemulsion systems were analyzed regarding its viscosity, extraction efficiency and drop effective diameter. The experimental results showed that for viscosity studies the obtained values were low for all studied systems, the diameter of the drop is smaller in the Winsor II region, with 15.5 nm, reaching 46.0 nm in Winsor III region, being this difference attributed to variations in system compositions and micelle geometry. In chromium extraction, these points showed similar results, being achieved 99.76% for Winsor II system and 99.62% for Winsor III system. Winsor III system showed to be more efficient due to the obtaining of a icroemulsion with smaller volume, with the possibility to recover the oil phase in excess, and the use of a smaller proportion of surfactant and cosurfactant (C/S) / Os curtumes geram efluentes carregados em metais pesados, especialmente o cromo, utilizado no processo de curtimento. Microemuls?es t?m sido estudadas na remo??o de metais pesados. Considerando o problema encontrado no sedimento gerado no processo de curtimento, pelo elevado teor de cromo, no presente trabalho nos propomos a caracteriz?-lo e aplicar sistemas microemulsionados para remo??o do cromo. O processo de extra??o consiste em remover o metal de uma alimenta??o aquosa (solu??o ?cida digerida) para uma fase microemuls?o. Iniciou-se a pesquisa avaliando tr?s diferentes m?todos de digest?o de sedimentos, escolhendo-se o m?todo que apresentasse maior percentual de digest?o, sendo este m?todo otimizado atrav?s de mudan?as no di?metro das part?culas do sedimento, tempo e temperatura de digest?o. Nesse estudo, escolheu-se o m?todo proposto pelo EPA (M?todo A), que se mostrou mais eficiente, obtendo-se um percentual de 95,77% de digest?o da amostra. Com rela??o aos par?metros avaliados, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a temperatura a 95?C, granulometria de 14 Mesh e tempo de opera??o de 60 minutos. Para os estudos da extra??o foram utilizados tr?s m?todos: o M?todo 1, que consiste na forma??o de uma regi?o de Winsor II, utilizando a solu??o ?cida digerida como fase aquosa; o M?todo 2, que consiste em utilizar uma microemuls?o cuja fase aquosa ? ?gua destilada e adicionar a solu??o ?cida digerida at? a obten??o de um sistema de Winsor II; e o M?todo 3, que consiste na forma??o de uma regi?o de Winsor III, utilizando a solu??o ?cida digerida, dilu?da em NaOH 0,01N, como fase aquosa. Para o estudo da otimiza??o da extra??o foram avaliados apenas os M?todos 1 (Sistemas I, II e VIII) e 2 (Sistema IX), escolhendo-se pontos dentro das regi?es de interesse (dom?nio estudado) para estudar a influ?ncia do tempo e do pH no percentual de extra??o. Os sistemas estudados apresentam as seguintes composi??es: Sistema I: Tensoativo ?leo de coco saponificado, Cotensoativo 1-Butanol, Fase oleosa Querosene, Fase aquosa NaCl 2,0%; Sistema II: Fase aquosa Solu??o ?cida digerida ajustada c/ KOH (pH 3,5); Sistema VIII: Fase aquosa Solu??o ?cida digerida (pH 0,06) e Sistema IX: Fase aquosa ?gua destilada (pH 10,24), as demais fases dos Sistemas II, VIII e IX s?o semelhantes ao Sistema I. Atrav?s desse estudo, observou-se que o M?todo 2 foi mais eficiente, com percentuais de 96,59% de extra??o, em pH 3,5. Tendo em vista que com a aplica??o do M?todo 2 s? se obt?m os sistemas de Winsor II, estudou-se um sistema capaz de fornecer a regi?o de Winsor III (tr?s fases) para efeito de compara??o da efici?ncia na extra??o do cromo, com um sistema de duas fases (Winsor II) e, assim, constituiu-se o M?todo 3, utilizando o Sistema X. O sistema X apresenta a seguinte composi??o: Tensoativo ?leo de coco saponificado, Cotensoativo 1-Butanol, Fase oleosa Querosene, Fase aquosa Solu??o ?cida digerida dilu?da em ?gua e ajustado com NaOH 0,01N. As microemuls?es nas regi?es bif?sicas e trif?sicas foram analisadas com rela??o ? viscosidade, extra??o e di?metro efetivo da gota. Os resultados obtidos nas regi?es de W II e WIII foram os seguintes: a viscosidade ? baixa em todos os pontos estudados e o comportamento dos fluidos ? do tipo Newtoniano; o di?metro da gota ? menor na regi?o de Winsor II, com di?metro de 15,5 nm, atingindo 46 nm em Winsor III, sendo essa varia??o atribu?da ?s composi??es estudadas e ? geometria da micela; os resultados obtidos na extra??o com os dois sistemas foram semelhantes, com 99,76% de extra??o em WII e 99,62 % em WIII. O sistema utilizando WIII mostrou-se mais eficiente na extra??o do cromo devido a obten??o de uma microemuls?o com menor volume, a possibilidade de recuperar o ?leo em excesso e a utiliza??o de uma menor propor??o de cotensoativo e tensoativo (C/T)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MonicaRO_TESE.pdf: 4155777 bytes, checksum: 6bff63b5cb0f37e64dfe6fcb144dae79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-23 / The environmental impact due to the improper disposal of metal-bearing industrial effluents imposes the need of wastewater treatment, since heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and hazardous substances that may cause undesirable effects to humans and the environment. The use of microemulsion systems for the extraction of metal ions from wastewaters is effective when it occurs in a Winsor II (WII) domain, where a microemulsion phase is in equilibrium with an aqueous phase in excess. However, the microemulsion phase formed in this system has a higher amount of active matter when compared to a WIII system (microemulsion in equilibrium with aqueous and oil phases both in excess). This was the reason to develop a comparative study to evaluate the efficiency of two-phases and three-phases microemulsion systems (WII and WIII) in the extraction of Cu+2 and Ni+2 from aqueous solutions. The systems were composed by: saponified coconut oil (SCO) as surfactant, n-Butanol as cosurfactant, kerosene as oil phase, and synthetic solutions of CuSO4.5H2O and NiSO4.6H2O, with 2 wt.% NaCl, as aqueous phase. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were obtained and the systems were characterized by using surface tension measurements, particle size determination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The concentrations of metal ions before and after extraction were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The extraction study of Cu+2 and Ni+2 in the WIII domain contributed to a better understanding of microemulsion extraction, elucidating the various behaviors presented in the literature for these systems. Furthermore, since WIII systems presented high extraction efficiencies, similar to the ones presented by Winsor II systems, they represented an economic and technological advantage in heavy metal extraction due to a small amount of surfactant and cosurfactant used in the process and also due to the formation of a reduced volume of aqueous phase, with high concentration of metal. Considering the reextraction process, it was observed that WIII system is more effective because it is performed in the oil phase, unlike reextraction in WII, which is performed in the aqueous phase. The presence of the metalsurfactant complex in the oil phase makes possible to regenerate only the surfactant present in the organic phase, and not all the surfactant in the process, as in WII system. This fact allows the reuse of the microemulsion phase in a new extraction process, reducing the costs with surfactant regeneration / O impacto ambiental gerado pelo descarte de efluentes industriais carregados de metais pesados imp?e a necessidade do tratamento desses rejeitos, uma vez que s?o t?xicos e n?o biodegrad?veis, podendo causar s?rios danos ? popula??o e ao meio ambiente. O processo de extra??o de c?tions met?licos utilizando microemuls?es ? eficaz quando acontece em WII, onde a fase microemulsionada encontra-se em equil?brio com uma fase aquosa em excesso. No entanto, a microemuls?o formada nesse sistema possui uma maior quantidade de mat?ria ativa quando comparada ao equil?brio de WIII (microemuls?o em equil?brio com fases aquosa e oleosa, ambas em excesso), ainda pouco estudado, motivando, assim, o desenvolvimento de um estudo comparativo da efici?ncia de extra??o dos ?ons Cu2+ e Ni2+ por sistemas microemulsionados bif?sicos e trif?sicos (WII e WIII). Os constituintes utilizados nos sistemas de extra??o foram: ?leo de coco saponificado - OCS (Tensoativo), n- Butanol (Cotensoativo), querosene (Fase Oleosa) e solu??es sint?ticas de CuSO4.5H2O e NiSO4.6H2O com NaCl 2% (fases aquosas). Foram obtidos os diagramas de fases pseudotern?rios e os sistemas microemulsionados foram caracterizados atrav?s das t?cnicas de tens?o superficial, tamanho de part?culas e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV). A concentra??o dos ?ons foi determinada por espectrometria de absor??o at?mica. O estudo da extra??o dos c?tions met?licos Cu2+ e Ni2+ na regi?o de WIII contribuiu para um melhor entendimento dos processos de extra??o por microemuls?o, elucidando os v?rios comportamentos apresentados na literatura para esses sistemas. Al?m disso, uma vez que houve uma alta efici?ncia de extra??o, similar aos sistemas de Winsor II, o sistema trif?sico (WIII), por apresentar uma menor quantidade de tensoativo e cotensoativo, e um menor volume de fase aquosa ap?s a extra??o, levou a uma maior concentra??o do metal, representando uma vantagem econ?mica e tecnol?gica do processo. Assim, a extra??o em sistema trif?sico ? vi?vel e, apesar dos percentuais de extra??o em WII e WIII serem semelhantes, o sistema de WIII leva a uma maior concentra??o do metal na fase extrato. O presente trabalho mostrou, ainda, que a etapa de reextra??o para os sistemas em WIII ? mais eficaz pois, diferentemente da extra??o em Winsor II, ela ? realizada na fase oleosa, onde est? depositado o complexo metal/tensoativo, regenerando somente o tensoativo que complexa com o metal na fase org?nica, e n?o todo o tensoativo utilizado, como ? o caso do equil?brio em Winsor II. Este fato viabiliza a reutiliza??o da fase microemuls?o no processo de extra??o, diminuindo os custos de regenera??o do tensoativo

O Modelo Padrão (MP) da física de partículas fornece uma descrição extremamente bem sucedida de todos os dados experimentais atuais. No entanto, temos razões para esperar que ele não seja válido até escalas de energia arbitrariamente altas. No MP a massa do bóson de Higgs é quadraticamente sensível a correções radiativas, sofrendo de grandes problemas de ajuste fino. Isso gera o chamado problema da hierarquia de gauge, cuja solução natural requer nova física na escala TeV. O MP também não fornece nenhuma explicação para a grande hierarquia de massas e ângulos de mistura dos férmions. Os problemas de hierarquia podem ser resolvidos naturalmente em teorias com uma dimensão extra curva. No entanto, a sua versão mais simples viola sabor a nível árvore, em conflito com os dados. Nesta tese investigaremos modelos quadridimensionais que descrevem a física na escala TeV obtidos da discretização de teorias em cinco dimensões no espaço AdS5, segundo o procedimento de desconstrução dimensional. As hierarquias de gauge e das massas dos férmions são geradas naturalmente como no modelo extra-dimensional, satisfazendo ainda os vínculos de sabor e de precisão eletrofraca. Estudaremos também um modelo desconstruído em que o Higgs é um pseudo bóson de Nambu-Goldstone, a fim de obter um Higgs naturalmente leve e dinamicamente localizado / The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics provides an extremely successful description of all current experimental data. However, we have reasons to expect that it cannot be valid up to arbitrarily high energy scales. In the SM the Higgs boson mass is quadratically sensitive to radiative corrections and, hence, suffers from a severe fine-tunning problem. This creates the so-called gauge hierarchy problem, the natural solution of which requires new physics at the TeV scale. The SM also doesnt provide any explanation for the large hierarchy of fermion masses and mixing angles. The hierarchy problems can be naturally solved in theories with a warped extra dimension. However, their simplest version violates flavor at tree level, conflicting with experimental data. In this thesis we investigate four dimensional models that describe physics at the TeV scale obtained from a coarse discretization of five dimensional theories in AdS5 space, by the dimensional deconstruction procedure. The gauge as well as the fermion mass hierarchies are naturally generated in the same manner as in the extra-dimensional model, while also satisfying bonds from flavor physics and precision electroweak data. We also study a deconstructed model in which the Higgs is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson, with the motivation of obtaining a naturally light and localized Higgs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:43:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Felisette - EAHC2006.pdf: 3383849 bytes, checksum: 02b57c234ccdde0f00c83fa54200ef04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research proposes an investigation line concerning the emerging typographic production in the streets of the city of São Paulo in the XXI century, having as a major spotlight, the graffiti s writing. The said study suggests an amplification concerning such production, in the constitution of typographic patterns arising from the urban space and their implications both in the cultural scope of the people producing them, as well as, in their relationship with the so-called official media and the formation of their space within the dominant culture. Starting from the comparative analysis concerning the production of this typography, we will try to point out the product and the routes for this language, in the constitution of typographic parameters arising from urban popular styles and cultures, possible providers for a contemporaneousness, both the typography, as well as, the Brazilian graphical design. This way, the research object creates the possibility for crossing between the institutionalized production and the so-called unofficial writings, discussing the occupation mechanisms and reciprocal reading among cultures, within the social-cultural and urban universe that is the space-city. / A presente pesquisa propõe uma linha de investigação acerca da produção tipográfica emergente nas ruas da cidade de São Paulo no século XXI, tendo como foco maior, a escrita da pichação. O referido estudo sugestiona uma ampliação acerca de tal produção, na constituição de padrões tipográficos provenientes do espaço urbano e suas implicações tanto no âmbito cultural de quem as produz, como também, na sua relação com as chamadas mídias oficiais e a formação de seu espaço dentro da cultura dominante. A partir da análise comparativa da produção desta tipografia, procuraremos apontar o produto e os percursos desta linguagem, na constituição de parâmetros tipográficos provenientes de estilos e culturas urbanas - populares, possíveis fornecedoras de uma contemporaneidade tanto à tipografia, quanto ao design gráfico brasileiro. Deste modo, o objeto de pesquisa cria a possibilidade de cruzamento entre a produção institucionalizada e as chamadas escritas extra-oficiais, discutindo os mecanismos de ocupação e leitura recíprocas entre culturas, adentro do universo sociocultural e urbano que é o espaço-cidade.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-21T14:49:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Otavio Raymundo L?.pdf: 585290 bytes, checksum: ee9c2ebbd0832facdf245e177fef5fa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Otavio Raymundo L?.pdf: 585290 bytes, checksum: ee9c2ebbd0832facdf245e177fef5fa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Agricultural use of sewage sludge has become, increasingly, a practice adopted by sanitation companies to solve partly the problem of final disposal of waste. As the sludge to be used generally need to be dry and that the drying process can alter the distribution of metals, the general aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of drying temperature and storage time on chemical parameters and the metal availability and distribution. The specific objectives were: (i) to study how the drying temperature (air, 40?C and 65?C) sludge, associated with the storage time (zero-fresh, and one year), influenced the availability of metals and the possible chemical changes induced in the sludge, (ii) to evaluate how the high content of iron present and the microbial activity affect the availability of metals in the sludge studied, as a function of temperature of drying, and (iii) to characterize the soluble organic fraction leached by infrared absorption spectrometry in samples of dried sludge at different temperatures and stored for one year. Fresh and stored for one year sludge were dried with forced air circulation, grounded and chemical analyzed. The BCR sequential extraction was applied to assess the availability and distribution of metals. The drying of sewage sludge in the air encouraged increasing availability of metals, however, where temperature increased it diminished due to binding of metals with more stable compounds. The reduction of total organic carbon due to volatilization and biodegradation was favored by increased temperature. The decrease in the levels of iron and zinc, with increasing time and temperature drying to constant weight and pH close to neutral, favored readsorption and/or precipitation of metals to less labile forms. The wet sewage sludge, stored in refrigerated conditions (4?C), was subjected to different times and drying temperatures in the greenhouse and, after being re-moistened been and incubated (28 ? 1?C) for zero, one and three days. The methods of fumigation extraction and Mehlich3 were used to assess the microbial activity and availability of metals, respectively. Increased levels of soluble organic carbon and iron were directly related to the increase of incubation time and temperature drying. For leaching, the dried sludge?s were packed in PVC columns of 50 mm and related to the mass of wet sludge, on a dry basis. The increase in drying temperature of the sludge increased the organic carbon dissolved in the leachate extract, without, however, a corresponding increase in metal content in this extract. / A utiliza??o agr?cola de lodos de esgoto tem se tornado, cada vez mais, uma pr?tica adotada pelas companhias de saneamento, para resolver, em parte, o problema da disposi??o final do res?duo. Como o lodo para ser utilizado geralmente necessita estar seco, e que o processo de secagem pode alterar a distribui??o de metais, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura de secagem e do tempo de estocagem em par?metros qu?micos e na disponibilidade e distribui??o de metais. Os objetivos espec?ficos foram: (i) estudar em como a temperatura de secagem (ao ar, 40?C e 65?C) do lodo, associada ao tempo de estocagem (zero ? fresco, e um ano), influencia na disponibilidade de metais e quais as poss?veis altera??es qu?micas provocadas no lodo; (ii) avaliar em como os elevados teores de ferro presentes e a atividade microbiana afetam a disponibilidade de metais no lodo estudado em fun??o da varia??o da temperatura de secagem e (iii) caracterizar a fra??o org?nica sol?vel lixiviada por espectrometria de absor??o no infravermelho, nas amostras de lodo secas em diferentes temperaturas e estocadas por um ano. O lodo fresco e estocado por um ano, ap?s secagem em estufa com circula??o for?ada de ar, foi mo?do e submetido ?s an?lises qu?micas. Na avalia??o da disponibilidade e distribui??o de metais foi utilizado o m?todo de extra??o seq?encial do BCR. A secagem do lodo ao ar favoreceu o aumento da disponibilidade de metais, por?m, em temperaturas maiores esta diminuiu devido ? liga??o dos metais com compostos mais est?veis. A redu??o de carbono org?nico total devido ? volatiliza??o e biodegrada??o foi favorecida pelo aumento de temperatura. A diminui??o nos teores de ferro e zinco com o aumento do tempo e da temperatura de secagem a peso constante e o pH pr?ximo da neutralidade favorecem a readsor??o e/ou precipita??o de metais para formas menos l?beis. O lodo de esgoto ?mido, estocado em condi??es refrigeradas (4?C), foi submetido aos diferentes tempos e temperaturas de secagem na estufa e, ap?s ser re-umedecido e incubado (28 ? 1?C) por zero, um e tr?s dias. Para avalia??o da atividade microbiana e disponibilidade de metais foi utilizado o m?todo de fumiga??o extra??o e o extrator Mehlich 3, respectivamente. O aumento dos teores de carbono org?nico sol?vel e ferro foi diretamente relacionado ao aumento do tempo de incuba??o e temperatura de secagem. Para a lixivia??o, as amostras de lodos secas foram empacotadas em colunas de PVC de 50 mm e relacionados ? massa do lodo ?mido, em base seca. O aumento na temperatura de secagem do lodo causou o aumento no teor de carbono org?nico dissolvido no extrato lixiviado, n?o havendo, por?m, aumento correspondente no teor de metais nesse extrato.

Esta tese apresenta análises de dois problemas de máquina única relacionados à programação da produção com seqüência predefinida. Para ambos os problemas são sugeridas modelagens via programação matemática e algoritmos que encontram a solução ótima em tempo polinomial e pseudo-polinomial. O primeiro problema é o de inserção de espera no problema com função-objetivo que considera s soma de funções convexas do horário de término independentes para cada ordem. O segundo considera custos distintos de adiantamento e atraso para cada ordem e custos de utilização de capacidade adicional ponderados distintamente para cada período de capacidade adicional que possa ser utilizado. Sugere-se adicionalmente um procedimento onde o mesmo avalia a melhor opção entre se utilizar tempo de espera, horas-extras e criar ou eliminar turnos de trabalho. São feitas análises e algumas generalizações como a utilização de diversos intervalos de tempo com diferentes custos concatenados e uma sugestão para a utilização dos procedimentos num ambiente de múltiplas máquinas / This thesis analyses two cases of one-machine problem regarding to production scheduling with fixed sequence. In both problems, modeling with mathematical programming, and (pseudo)polynomial-time algorithms are suggested. The first problem deals with idle time insertion in the problem where the objective function (represented by a sum of costs) considers that each job has costs described as any convex function of its completion time. The second problem considers earliness and tardiness with distinct costs for each job considering the possible use of additional capacity. For the additional capacity we assume that there are distinct costs for each time period where jobs can be processed. A procedure dealing with options of either to change the number of shifts or to utilize overtime considering total costs is suggested. Analysis and generalizations based on the utilization of several contiguous time periods with distinct costs and a heuristic extension for the multiple-machine case are also presented

Depuis plusieurs années, la question de la simplification du droit est au cœur du discours juridique. La multiplication des règles de droit, de leurs sources (nationales et internationales) comme de leurs supports (lois, codes, etc.), nuit à la lisibilité du droit et donc à la sécurité juridique.Ce constat peut être fait plus particulièrement en matière de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle où l’on trouve effectivement des normes de toutes origines, de toutes natures et sur de nombreux supports. Or, ces normes connaissent des champs d’application concurrents, de sorte que plusieurs d’entre elles peuvent jouer pour le même litige. Le problème qui se pose alors est de savoir à l’avance comment trancher pareil concours.Pour parvenir à articuler les normes de la responsabilité civile, il a fallu rechercher des principes permettant de désigner la norme applicable au litige. Deux principes sont alors ressortis de cette étude. Le premier, dit principe directeur, est le principe de subsidiarité, tandis que le second, dit principe correcteur, est un principe d’intérêt, qui repose lui-même sur plusieurs outils, tels que l’option, le cumul ou la hiérarchie. Le législateur, le juge et la victime sont naturellement au cœur de ce dispositif d’articulation qui, correctement appliqué, devrait permettre de résoudre tous les concours, en désignant la norme finalement applicable. / For several years now, the issue of the simplification of the law is central in the juridicaldebate. The multiplication of rules of law, of their sources (national and international), as well astheir foundations (laws, rules, codes, etc.), is harmful to the clear understanding of the law andconsequently to the juridical safety.This statement can be made particularly in the field of extra contractual civil liability where normsfrom all origins, all natures and numerous founding bases are indeed to be found. Yet thesenorms overlap and compete in their scope of application, so that several norms may apply to thesame litigation. Therefore, the issue which arises is to ascertain beforehand option, the how toarbitrate among such competing and overlapping norms.In order to structure the norms of civil liability, it has been necessary to research and findprinciples enabling to designate the norms to be applied in the litigation. Two principles stand outfrom this research. The first one, called the guiding principle, is the principle of subsidiarity, whilethe second one, called the principle of revision, is a principle of interest, which is itself based onseveral instruments, such as: option, plurality, and hierarchy. The legislator, the judge and thevictim are obviously at the core of this system of links which, if it is correctly applied, shouldenable to solve all the competitions between norms, by designating the norm which is finallyapplicable.

Le sujet de cette thèse est « L’étude dans le canal avec deux leptons de même signe de la physique du top au-delà du Modèle Standard avec le détecteur ATLAS au LHC et l’étude du niveau de déclenchement L1 du calorimètre ». Cette thèse porte sur la recherche de processus de nouvelle physique au LHC faisant jouer au quark top un rôle particulier. Le LHC est un collisionneur de protons, conçu pour un fonctionnement nominal avec une énergie dans le centre de masse de 14 TeV. Jusqu’à fin 2011 il a fonctionné avec une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse. Les premières données recueillies (5 fb−1 à 7 TeV) nous ont permis de contraindre certains paramètres de la nouvelle physique recherchée. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit cette thèse. Celle-ci est divisée en trois parties. La première décrit rapidement l’accélérateur avant de s’intéresser à l’expérience ATLAS et au fonctionnement de son détecteur. Le bon fonctionnement des cartes de sommation du signal du calorimètre électromagnétique pour le premier niveau de déclenchement des événements a été tout particulièrement étudié. La deuxième partie est une analyse phénoménologique de la physique au-delà du Modèle Standard avec quatre quarks top dans l’état final pour plusieurs modèles théoriques. Cette étude a été effectuée principalement au niveau générateur pour 14 TeV dans le centre de masse mais nous commentons également les perspectives à 7 TeV. Elle peut être appliquée à l’expérience ATLAS comme à l’expérience CMS. La troisième partie est une étude expérimentale, réalisée avec le détecteur ATLAS, recherchant des manifestations d’un modèle de Higgs composite prédisant l’existence de partenaires exotiques au quark top (T5/3) et d’un modèle de théorie effective de production des 4 tops. Une limite sur la masse du partenaire exotique a été obtenue ainsi qu’une limite sur la section efficace des événements exotiques à quatre tops. / The subject of this thesis is the « Study in the two same sign leptons channel of top Beyond Standard Model Physics with the ATLAS detector at the LHC and the study of the L1 Calo Trigger ». The central subject of this thesis is the search for new physics in which the top quark plays a crucial role. The LHC is a proton collider, designed for a nominal operation with 14TeV. in the center of mass. Until december 2011 it worked with an energy of 7 TeV in the center of mass. The first 5 fb−1 of collected data allowed us to constrain some parameters of the new physics processes presented in this thesis. The document is divided into three parts : the first one describes briefly the LHC accelerator before presenting the ATLAS experiment and operation of the detector. The Tower Builder Boards for the electromagnetic level one trigger are especially studied. The second part is a phenomenological analysis of physics beyond the Standard Model with four top quarks in the final state. This analysis is presented for several theoretical models. This study was performed mainly at the generator level for 14 TeV in the center of mass but we also comments on prospects at 7 TeV. It can be applied to both ATLAS and CMS experiments. The third part is an experimental study, performed with the ATLAS detector, searching for two exotic processes with two same signe leptons in the final state (T5/3 and four tops production). A limit on the mass of the top partner T5/3 has been obtained as well as a limit on the cross section of exotic events with four tops.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Bioengenharia. Área de Especialização de Engenharia Biomédica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012