Background. As computing power has increased over the years, larger parts of the digital graphics industries are moving towards using real-time rendering for their solutions. The fast iteration and visual response help make the creative processes and communication more accessible in both the desktop and smartphone markets. One noticeably growing area using real-time rendering is the communication between people and audiences using online chat applications with virtual avatars. As humans, social interaction is essential to every aspect of our health. The requirements of remote communications to satisfy the needs of social interaction are facial expressions. Facial expressions involve motion. Thus making real-time rendering mandatory for having facial expressions in computer-generated images. This thesis shows the performance result of having real-time procedural-generated eye features. Objectives. This thesis is based on an experiment by developing a data set of duration for computing different visual aspects of anime eyes, the aim is to help inform the creation of more complete and optimized shader solutions. The objectives of this thesis are to produce a profiling application, produce a collection of eye references, produce a collection of visual eye features, produce shaders based on the collections, and measure the time performance of the shaders. Method. Doing this experiment involves producing a profiling application in the C++ programming language using the OpenGL graphics API. The profiling application can render a set of shaders and measure time metrics. The experiment is executed on two different computers with different specifications. By gathering a collection of eye references from online resources, targeting popular media in the anime style, a collection of visual eye features can be established with common and unique attributes. The collections allow for the creation of a set of shaders that replicate the collected eye features. With the profiling application and shaders, a data collection of time metrics are composed. Results. The final results of the profiling experiment have a collection of 29 shaders representing different eye features. The profiling tests gave the results of how many milliseconds it took for a set number of frames to render each produced shader. This result is shown with the help of two different graphs for each computer that executed the experiment. Deconstructing the resulting data helps to analyze and distinguish interesting aspects. Conclusions. From the result of this thesis experiment, the conclusion can be made that an eye feature by itself is a fast process for the GPU to compute on its own. Aset of eye features combined to create a final eye shader including animation and eye tracking is a valid future work section regarding this thesis experiment.

We illustrate here how a range of fluid and solid mechanics problems relevant to the human eye have been combined in a continuing PhD study. Anterior chamber flow, the solid mechanics of tonometry, the effects of scleral buckle surgery and the mechanics of retinal detachment are all discussed. Finally, a number of other aye problems that are amenable to a theoretical mechanics treatment are proposed.

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The problem of this research was to make a survey of cumulative and permanent records of the children in the Ascher Silberstein Elementary School in order to discover the eye conditions, and to determine the necessity for an expanded program of eye hygiene.

Les objectifs fisheye offrent un champ de vision plus large que les objectifs à sténopé, ce qui les rend largement utilisés dans diverses applications. Cependant, ces derniers créent des distorsions importantes dans les images, ce qui pose des défis pour les modèles de vision par ordinateur standards. Les approches actuelles conçues pour gérer la distorsion sont souvent spécifiques à un objectif et ont du mal à généraliser à différents objectifs sans ajustement. DarSwin [3], un encodeur transformer qui raisonne sur la distorsion (distortion-aware) en intégrant la courbe de projection de l'objectif, atteint des capacités de généralisation améliorées en classification. Ce mémoire étend DarSwin à l'estimation de profondeur monoculaire avec DarSwin-Unet, une nouvelle architecture encodeur-décodeur, inspirée de Swin-Unet [5], et qui s'adapte à la distorsion. L'évaluation sur le jeu de données synthétique fisheye Matterport3D démontre la robustesse de DarSwin-Unet face à toutes les distorsions par rapport aux autres approches. Le mémoire explore également l'extension de DarSwin à la détection d'objets en utilisant deux variantes de transformers de détection, DINO [71] et AdaMixer [16], sur le jeu de données Woodscape [70]. Contrairement aux modèles utilisant un backbone Swin [40], les modèles avec un backbone DarSwin ne dépendent pas de l'augmentation de données, confirmant ainsi la robustesse de DarSwin. / Fisheye lenses offer a wider field-of-view (FoV) than pinhole lenses, making them widely used in diverse applications. However, their significant distortions introduce challenges for standard computer vision models. Current approaches designed to handle distortion are often lens-specific and struggle to generalize across different lenses without fine-tuning. DarSwin [3], a distortion-aware encoder-only transformer that incorporates the lens projection curve, achieves enhanced generalization capabilities in classification. This thesis extends DarSwin to monocular depth estimation with DarSwin-Unet, a novel distortion-aware encoder-decoder architecture inspired by Swin-Unet [5]. Evaluation on the synthetic fisheye Matterport3D dataset demonstrates DarSwin-Unet's robustness across all distortions compared to other baselines. Further exploration involves extending DarSwin to object detection using two variants of detection transformers, DINO [71] and AdaMixer [16], on theWoodscape dataset [70]. Unlike models with a Swin [40] backbone, models with a DarSwin backbone show no overfitting in the absence of data augmentation, further highlighting DarSwin's robustness.

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Η επιπεφυκίτιδα (φλεγμονή του επιπεφυκότα) είναι η πιο συχνή ασθένεια των οφθαλμών, η οποία εκδηλώνεται σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα με τη μορφή σποραδικών κρουσμάτων ή επιδημίας. Μπορεί να είναι λοιμώδους (βακτήρια, ιοί, παράσιτα) ή μη λοιμώδους αιτιολογίας. Η κύρια αιτία της οξείας ιογενούς αιτιολογίας επιπεφυκίτιδας είναι οι αδενοϊοί. Περίπου το 15- 70% του συνόλου των κρουσμάτων της επιπεφυκίτιδας οφείλονται στους αδενοϊούς. Σκοπός της μελέτης είναι η χρήση επιδημιολογικών δεδομένων προκειμένου να πραγματοποιηθεί επιδημιολογική παρακολούθηση των κρουσμάτων επιπεφυκίτιδας στο Πανεπιστημιακό Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Πατρών (ΠΓΝΠ) από ασθενείς οι οποίοι επισκέφθηκαν την οφθαλμιατρική κλινική και τα εξωτερικά ιατρεία του νοσοκομείου τη χρονική περίοδο 2 Ιανουαρίου – 29 Ιουλίου 2012 (εβδομάδες 1- 30), ο καθορισμός της συχνότητας της ιογενούς αιτιολογίας επιπεφυκίτιδας και ο εντοπισμός πιθανής ύπαρξης επιδημίας. Ταυτόχρονα, πραγματοποιήθηκε μοριακή ανίχνευση και τυποποίηση αδενοϊών από ασθενείς με κλινική εικόνα ιογενούς επιπεφυκίτιδας το χρονικό διάστημα μεταξύ 27 Φεβρουαρίου και 17 Ιουνίου. Όλα τα κρούσματα καταγράφηκαν από τα ιατρικά αρχεία του ΠΓΝΠ για το χρονικό διάστημα Ιανουαρίου- Ιουλίου του 2012 και για το ίδιο χρονικό διάστημα το προηγούμενο έτος (2011). Καταγράφηκαν 231 κρούσματα επιπεφυκίτιδας (47,1% άνδρες και 52,8% γυναίκες), από τα οποία τα 205 ήταν ιογενούς αιτιολογίας, τα 4 βακτηριογενούς αιτιολογίας και 22 ήταν απροσδιόριστης αιτιολογίας από τους ιατρούς. Για την ίδια χρονική περίοδο το προηγούμενο έτος (2011), σύμφωνα με τα αρχεία του ΠΓΝΠ καταγράφηκε ένα σύνολο από 156 κρούσματα επιπεφυκίδας (38,5% άνδρες και 61,5% γυναίκες), από τα οποία τα 135 ήταν ιογενούς αιτιολογίας, τα 3 βακτηριογενούς αιτιολογίας και 18 ήταν απροσδιόριστης αιτιολογίας. Ο αριθμός κρουσμάτων επιπεφυκίτιδας τους δυο πρώτους μήνες καθώς και τον Ιούλιο του 2012 ήταν στα ίδια επίπεδα με τους αντίστοιχους μήνες το 2011 και παρατηρείται επιδημία που πραγματοποιήθηκε μεταξύ Μαρτίου- Ιουνίου 2012. Οι ασθενείς κατανέμονταν σε όλες τις ηλικίες και στα δυο φύλα. Το χρονικό διάστημα μεταξύ 27 Φλεβάρη- 17 Ιουνίου του 2012 (εβδομάδες 9- 24), 48 επιχρίσματα επιπεφυκότα ασθενών με κλινική εικόνα αδενικής επιπεφυκίτιδας συλλέχθηκαν από τους ιατρούς του ΠΓΠΝ και μεταφέρθηκαν υπό κατάλληλες συνθήκες στο εργαστήριο Υγιεινής της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Ταυτόχρονα συμπληρώθηκε από τους ιδίους ερωτηματολόγιο με δημογραφικά και κλινικά στοιχεία. Το DNA του ιού απομονώθηκε με Qiagen και ενισχύθηκε με nested PCR. Τα θετικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώθηκαν με αλληλούχιση του PCR προϊόντος. Για τον προσδιορισμό της συγγένειας μεταξύ των διαφόρων απομονωμένων αλληλουχιών του DNA, φυλογενετική ανάλυση πραγματοποιήθηκε. Από το σύνολο των δειγμάτων που αναλύθηκαν με μοριακές τεχνικές, DNA αδενοϊού ανιχνεύθηκε σε 40 δείγματα (83%). Στα σαράντα θετικά δείγματα καθορίστηκε η αλληλουχία του DNA τους, από τα οποία τα 29 (72,5%) προσδιορίστηκαν ως τύπος HAdV17 και τα 5 (12,5%) ως τύπος HAdV-54. Σε 6 θετικά δείγματα (15%) ο τύπος του ιού δεν προσδιορίστηκε. Τέλος, με τη βοήθεια των μοριακών τεχνικών προκύπτει το συμπέρασμα ότι το στέλεχος αδενοϊού 17 (Αd 17) είναι η αιτία της εμφάνισης επιδημίας μεταξύ Μαρτίου- Ιουνίου 2012. Η έρευνα αυτή είναι από τις λίγες πιυ έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί στον Ελλαδικό χώρο σε κρούσματα επιπεφυκίτιδας με αποτέλεσμα να εμπλουτίζει τα φτωχά επιδημιολογικά και μοριακά δεδομένα για την συγκεκριμένη ασθένεια και το συγκεκριμένο τύπο ιών. Παράλληλα μέσω της έρευνας υπογραμμίζεται η ανάγκη για εθνικό σύστημα επιτήρησης της επιπεφυκίτιδας. / Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) is the most common eye disease that occurs worldwide in both sporadic and epidemic form. There are infectious conjunctivitis, which is caused by a variety of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses and parasites) and noninfectious conjunctivitis, which is caused by an allergic reaction. The leading cause of acute viral conjunctivitis in clinical practice includes human adenoviruses (HAdVs). About 15- 70% of all conjunctivitis cases worldwide are associated with AdVs. The aim of the study is the performance of epidemiological surveillance of cases of conjunctivitis using epidemiological data from patients who visited the ophthalmic clinic and the outpatient ophthalmic department of the University General Hospital of Patras (UGHP) in the period from January 2nd to July 29th in 2011 and 2012 (weeks 1st-30th), in order to determine the frequency of viral conjunctivitis and to determine a potential epidemic. An additional task of the study is the molecular detection and typing of adenoviruses for cases of patients with clinical viral conjunctivitis in the period from February 27th to June 17th 2012. All conjunctivitis cases referred to UGHP in the period between January and July 2012 as well as between January and July 2011 were ascertained using medical records. 231 conjunctivitis cases were reported (47.1% male and 52.8% female), in which 205 were virological conjunctivitis, 4 bacteriological conjunctivitis and 22 were undefined conjunctivitis. For the same period the previous year (2011), according to the records of UGHP recorded a total of 156 conjunctivitis cases (38.5% male and 61.5% female), of which 135 were of viral origin, 3 bacteriogenic orogin and 18 were undetermined etiology. The number of conjunctivitis cases in the first two months and in July 2012 was at the same level as the corresponding period in 2011 and there is an epidemic that took place between March and June 2012. Patients were allocated to all age groups and both sexes. In the period from February 27th ,2012 to June 17th , 2012 (weeks 9th – 24th), 48 conjunctival swabs were collected from cases which were clinically suspected of having adenoviral conjunctivitis and transported under appropriate conditions to the laboratory of Hygiene, Medical School, University of Patras. At the same time, the patients were asked to answer a structured questionnaire with demographic and clinical data. The viral DNA was isolated with Qiagen and amplified by nested PCR. The positive results were confirmed by sequencing the PCR product. To determine the relatedness between the different isolated sequences, a phylogenetic analysis was constructed. Of the total samples, which were analyzed with molecular techniques, adenovirus DNA was detected in 40 samples (83%). Of the positive samples which were confirmed by sequencing, 29 samples (72.5%) were typed as AdV17 and 5 samples (12.5%) as AdV54. For 6 positive samples (15%) the serotype was not determined. Finally, it was concluded that the strain Adenovirus 17 (Ad 17) was the cause of the epidemic between March and June 2012. There are poor epidemiological and molecular data for this particular disease in Greece. This study is one of the very few on conjunctivitis determination in Greece. This research underscores the need for a national surveillance system for conjunctivis outbreaks.

This thesis presents a series of studies to explore and understand the design of eyes-free interfaces for mobile devices. The motivation is to devise a holistic design concept that is based on the WIMP paradigm and is adapted to the requirements of mobile user interaction. It is proposed that audio is a very efficient and effective modality for use in an eyes-free mobile interface. Methods to transfer the WIMP paradigm to eyes-free interfaces are proposed and evaluated. Guidelines for the implementation of the paradigm are given and – by means of an example – a holistic design concept is proposed. This thesis begins with an introduction to and critical reflection of re- currently important themes and research methods from the disciplines of psychoacoustics, psychology, and presence research. An overview of related work is given, paying particular attention to the use of interface metaphors in mobile eyes-free interfaces. The notion of distance is discussed as a method to prioritise, structure, and manage attention in eyes-free interfaces. Practical issues arising from sources becoming inaudible with increasing distance can be addressed by proposing a method modeled on echo location. This method was compared to verbally coded distance information and proved useful for identifying the closest of several objects, while verbally coded distance infor- mation was found to be more efficient for identifying the precise distance of an object. The knowledge gained from the study can contribute to improv- ing other applications, such as GPS based navigation. Furthermore, the issue of gaining an overview of accessible objects by means of sound was exam- ined. The results showed that a minimum of 200 ms between adjacent sound samples should be adhered to. Based on these findings, both earcons and synthesized speech are recommendable, although speech has the advantage of being more flexible and easier to learn. Monophonic reproduction yields comparable results to spatial reproduction. However, spatial reproduction has the additional benefit of indicating an item’s position. These results are transferable and generally relevant for the use of audio in HCI. Tactile interaction techniques were explored as a means to interact with an auditory interface and were found to be both effective and enjoyable. One of the more general observations was that 2D and 3D gestures were intuitively used by participants, who transferred their knowledge of established gestures to auditory interfaces. It was also found that participants often used 2D ges- tures to select an item and proceeded to manipulate it with a 3D gesture. The results suggest the use of a small gesture set with reversible gestures for do/undo-type actions, which was further explored in a follow up study. It could be shown that simple 3D gestures are a viable way of manipulating spatialized sound sources in a complex 3D auditory display. While the main contribution of this thesis lies in the area of HCI, pre- viously unresearched issues from adjacent disciplines that impact the user experience of auditory interfaces have been addressed. It was found that regular, predictable movement patterns in 3D audio spaces cause symptoms of simulator sickness. However, these were found to be minor and only oc- curred under extreme conditions. Additionally, the influence of the audio reproduction method on the perception of presence, social presence, and realism was examined. It was found that both stereophonic and binaural reproduction have advantages over monophonic sound reproduction: stereo- phonic sound increases the perception of social presence while binaural sound increases the feeling of being present in a virtual environment. The results are important contributions insofar as one of the main applications of mobile devices is voice based communication; it is reasonable to assume that there will be an increase in real-time voice based social and cooperative networking applications. This thesis concludes with a conceptual design of a system called “Foogue”, which uses the results of the previous experiments as the basis of an eyes-free interface that utilizes spatial audio and gesture input.

I am the one my friends call the creepy one. My art is not pretty or happy. It is an expression of my inner feelings and thoughts. I don't make pretty pictures because I find them void of true emotional substance. I developed my point of view when I photographed my eyes, which have become a consistent theme in my work. Eyes are the window to the soul and the key to my inner emotions. I have since expanded my work to include other images. I continue to seek ways to help my viewers experience my work both emotionally and visually. I want them to see the world through my eyes.