A radioterapia com intensidade modulada de feixe (IMRT) possibilitou a realização de tratamentos de múltiplos alvos simultaneamente em um esquema de tratamento acelerado conhecido como SMART (Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy). Estes tratamentos requerem um rigoroso controle de qualidade (QA) que deveria ser realizado, idealmente, em três dimensões. Uma potencial ferramenta para dosimetria tridimensional (3D) é o uso de gel polimérico associado à leitura de doses com Imagens de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (IRMN). Neste trabalho, a dosimetria 3D com o gel MAGIC-f foi aplicada no CQ de 10 planejamentos radioterápicos usando a técnica SMART. Inicialmente, as distribuições de dose dos planejamentos avaliados foram recalculadas na geometria do simulador baseadas em sua tomogra_a computadorizada. Todos os planejamentos utilizados foram aprovados previamente no QA convencional pontual e planar, o que validou a distribuição de dose do sistema de planejamento (TPS) para comparação com a dosimetria gel. Os simuladores foram irradiados com os planejamentos estabelecidos e as distribuições de dose foram obtidas através da relaxometria em IRMN. A comparação das distribuições de dose calculadas pelo TPS e as medidas no gel foi feita pela análise gama (3%/3mm) e pela comparação entre os histogramas dose-volume (DVHs) calculados e medidos para dois volumes criados nas regiões equivalentes aos volumes alvo de tratamento. Esses resultados evidenciam o potencial do uso da dosimetria gel polimérica no QA 3D de planejamentos de IMRT com a técnica SMART, fornecendo informação completa 3D da dose absorvida em cada volume alvo planejado, desde que realizada seguindo os protocolos pré-estabelecidos. / Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) treatments in the radiotherapy practice made possible the simultaneously treatment of multiple targets at an accelerated treatment regimen, this scheme is known as Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy (SMART). These treatments require a strict quality control (QC) that should be done, ideally, in three dimensions. A potential tool for tridimensional dosimetry (3D) is the use of polymeric gel with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images (NMRI). In this paper, the 3D dosimetry with MAGIC-f gel was applied in 10 QC radiotherapy planning using the SMART technique. Initially, the dose distributions of assessed plans were remeasured in simulator geometry based on a CT scan. All plans used were previously approved in punctual and planar conventional CQ, which validated the dose distribution planning system (TPS) for comparison with the gel dosimetry. The simulators were irradiated with established schedules and dose distributions were obtained by relaxometry in NMRI. The comparison of dose distributions calculated by TPS and measured in the gel was made by gamma analysis (3% / 3mm) and by comparing the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) calculated and measured for two volumes created in the equivalent regions to target volumes of treatment. These results highlight the potential use of the polymer gel dosimetry in IMRT planning 3D CQ with SMART technique, providing complete 3D information of the absorbed dose in each target volume planned, if carried out following the pre-established protocols.

A montagem de um sistema que permite a detecção de modulação no coeficiente de absorção ótica, devido ao campo elétrico aplicado, foi concluída. A máxima sensibilidade atingida foi de &#916 K / K = 1,5 x 10-6 com resolução em comprimento de onda de 3 nm. O efeito Stark de 2&#170 ordem, na freqüência dupla da do campo elétrico aplicado foi medido para o centro F em KCl e KBr e comparado com provisões teóricas. Os valores obtidos para o KCl coincidem com os de Chiarotti, o que confirma o bom funcionamento do sistema, e diferem dos valores calculados teoricamente. Essa diferença é atribuída à correção do campo local. Os valores obtidos experimentalmente para a variação relativa do coeficiente de absorção foram: para KCl: &#916K / K = 2,93 x 10-5 (78&#176 K) para KBr: &#916K / K = 2,85 x 10-5 (78&#176 K) / The assembly of a system which allows the detection of modulation in the coefficient of optical absorption, due to the applied electrical field, was completed. The maximum sensitivity achieve was &#916 K / K = 1,5 x 10-6, in wave length, of 3 nm. The Stark effect of second order, in the frequency twice as that of the applied electrical field was measured for the center F in KCl and KBr and compared with theoretical previsions. The values obtained for KCl coincide with those of Chiarotti\'s, which confirms the good functioning of the system, and differ from the values calculated theoretically. This difference in ascribed to the correction of the local field. for KCl: &#916K / K = 2,93 x 10-5 (78&#176 K) for KBr: &#916K / K = 2,85 x 10-5 (78&#176 K).

The affinity between the work of the Austrian economist Friedrich A. Hayek and the approach of Complexity Economics is widely recognized by the literature. In spite of this, there still is a lack of studies that seek to analyze in depth the relationship between Hayek and complexity. This dissertation is a contribution to the filling of this large gap in the literature. In the first part of the work, we analyze the various periods in the development of Hayek\'s vision of complexity, showing that this vision is strongly present in his works on knowledge, competition, methodology, evolution, and spontaneous order. In the second part, we explore how Hayek was influenced by two of the main precursors of modern complexity theory - cybernetics and general system theory - from the time he was working on his book on theoretical psychology, The Sensory Order (1952), until the end of his intellectual career. / A afinidade entre a obra do economista austríaco Friedrich A. Hayek e a abordagem da Economia e Complexidade é amplamente reconhecida pela literatura. Apesar disso, ainda há grande carência de estudos que busquem analisar de forma aprofundada a relação entre Hayek e a complexidade. Esta dissertação é uma contribuição para o preenchimento dessa grande lacuna na literatura. Na primeira parte do trabalho, os diversos períodos no desenvolvimento da visão de complexidade de Hayek são analisados, evidenciando-se como tal visão está fortemente presente em seus trabalhos sobre conhecimento, competição, metodologia, evolução e ordem espontânea. Na segunda parte, exploramos como Hayek foi influenciado por dois dos principais precursores da moderna teoria da complexidade - a cibernética e a teoria geral do sistema - desde o período em que estava trabalhando no seu livro sobre psicologia teórica, The Sensory Order (1952), até o final de sua carreira intelectual.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar como crianças com idade entre três e quatro anos reagem a situações cotidianas, durante o brincar, apresentando manifestações potencialmente preconceituosas. Para tanto se propôs adaptar a escala do fascismo (escala F) para situações que representam o cotidiano de forma lúdica, o que permitiu identificar elementos que denotam o preconceito já em crianças. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola da rede privada de ensino do município de São Paulo, com crianças de idades entre três e quatro anos, com as quais o pesquisador realizou um momento de observação lúdica no qual as crianças interagiram livremente com bonecos que representavam diferenças entre cor de pele e de presença ou ausência de deficiência, e um momento de aplicação de situações problema representadas de forma lúdica e que tiveram a intenção de avaliar os aspectos investigados na escala F. Os sujeitos da pesquisa também estiveram divididos em agrupamentos de crianças que estudavam com crianças com deficiência em sala de aula e agrupamentos que não estudavam, com o objetivo de identificar possíveis diferenças no padrão de respostas dada a relação com a inclusão da criança com deficiência no ambiente escolar. Os resultados avaliados a partir do referencial da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade apontaram para a uma baixa pontuação numa escala de manifestação de atitudes que denotam o preconceito em crianças com idade entre três e quatro anos e pode-se concluir que essa idade é um momento propicio para se aplicar intervenções com vistas a minimizar os efeitos do preconceito, embora indique a continuidade de pesquisas sobre a formação do preconceito que incluam o elemento lúdico em crianças desta faixa etária / This research aims at investigating how three- and four-year-old children react to everyday situations, during play time, showing potentially prejudiced behavior. We propose adapting the fascist scale (F-scale) to everyday situations represented in a ludic way, which allowed us to identify prejudiced elements in children. This research was developed in a private school in São Paulo, with three- and four-year-old children. During the study, the researcher observed the children as they played with dolls (which could have different skin tones, presence or absence of malformation) and as they were presented with problematic situations in order to be analyzed based on the F-scale. The subjects of the research were also divided into two groups those who had classmates with special needs and those who did not. Our objective was to identify possible differences in the response pattern regarding the inclusion of children with special needs in the classroom environment. The results were analyzed based on the Critical Social Theory, pointed to a low score on a manifestation scale of attitudes that denotes prejudice in three- to four-year-old children. We might conclude that, at this age, it is a favorable moment to intervene aiming at lessening prejudice effects. Moreover, it also indicates that research on prejudice formation along with ludic elements should continue to be done with children of that age

Le VIH-1, via sa protéine Vif, contrecarre l’activité des facteurs de restriction A3G et A3F de plusieurs manières dont l’inhibition traductionnelle. Nous avons démontré que cette répression traductionnelle d’A3G par Vif est spécifique de la région 5’UTR. De plus, une séquence uORF contenue dans cette région est essentielle pour la régulation de la traduction ainsi que pour la répression par Vif. Nous avons montré qu’A3G et A3F sont traduits par leaky-scanning et ré-initiation et que la distance entre l’uORF et l’ORF principal est importante pour l’inhibition traductionnelle d’A3G et d’A3F. Ensuite, nous avons montré que ce mécanisme est très conservé à travers différents sous-types de Vif et que les acides aminés de Vif en position 39, 48 et 127 sont impliqués dans cette répression. Enfin, nous avons observé que l’interaction entre Vif et A3G est nécessaire pour la régulation traductionnelle. Des expériences de transfections des différents mutants d’A3G et d’A3F dans un système infectieux tel que le clone pNL4.3 sont envisagées. Celles-ci permettront de voir l’effet de l’uORF sur l’infectivité virale mais aussi sur l’assemblage, la maturation et la libération des nouvelles particules virales. / The HIV-1, through its Vif protein, counteracts the restriction factors A3G and A3F activity in several ways including translational inhibition. We demonstrated that this translational repression of A3G by Vif is specific of the 5’UTR. Moreover, an uORF sequence contained in this region is essential for both the translational regulation and the repression by Vif. We showed that A3G and A3F are translated by leaky-scanning and re-initiation mechanisms and that the distance between the two ORFs is important for the translational inhibition. Then, we showed that this mechanism is conserved among several Vif subtypes and that the Vif amino acids 39, 48 and 127 are implicated in this repression. Finally, we observed that the Vif-A3G interaction is necessary for the translational inhibition. A3G and A3F mutants transfections experiments into an infectious system like the pNL4.3 clone are considered. It will permit to observe the uORF effect on the viral infectivity but also on the assembly, the maturation and the release of the viral particles.

Francisella tularensis, l’agent étiologique de la tularémie, est une bactérie à multiplication intracellulaire facultative capable d’infecter de nombreux types cellulaires avec un tropisme particulier pour les macrophages. Cette bactérie est responsable d’infections graves chez de nombreuses espèces animales mais aussi chez l'homme. En particulier, la sous-espèce F. tularensis ssp tularensis a été classée comme agent de bioterrorisme de type A du fait de son pouvoir pathogène extrêmement élevé avec une faible dose infectieuse. Des approches de mutagénèse aléatoire et de criblage de banques de mutants ont suggéré l’importance des gènes impliqués dans les fonctions métaboliques et nutritionnelles dans le cycle intracellulaire de Francisella. Parmi ces gènes, on retrouve de très nombreux systèmes de transport d’acides aminés dont la sous-famille de transporteurs amino-polyamine-organocation (APC). Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à un transporteur APC codé par le gène FTN_0571, que nous avons appelé GadC. Pour comprendre l’importance de GadC dans la virulence de F. tularensis, nous avons réalisé un mutant chromosomique, délété du gène gadC, chez la sous-espèce novicida. Nous avons démontré que GadC est un importeur de glutamate et qu’il est nécessaire à la multiplication intracellulaire et à la virulence de Francisella, en assurant une sortie normale de la bactérie du phagosome. Ce phénomène s’explique par l’implication de GadC dans la résistance au stress oxydant généré dans le phagosome. De façon remarquable, la multiplication du mutant gadC est restaurée dans un contexte gp91phox-/-, incapable de générer des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, aussi bien in vitro qu’in vivo. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’activité de GadC modifie la production de certains intermédiaires du cycle de Krebs, et la transcription de l’enzyme qui leur est associée, démontrant un lien étroit entre la résistance au stress oxydant, le métabolisme du glutamate et la virulence de F. tularensis. Ces résultats nous ont conduits à nous intéresser à un autre transporteur appartenant à la sous-famille APC, présentant une homologie de 33% avec GadC, et que nous avons nommé ArgP. Nous montrons qu’un mutant argP présente un défaut de multiplication intracellulaire et de virulence résultant d’un retard sévère de sortie du phagosome. Ce phénotype s’explique par un défaut d’import d’arginine. L’inactivation du gène argP dans la sous-espèce holarctica LVS provoque des défauts de multiplication intracellulaire similaires à ceux observés dans la sous-espèce novicida, suggérant un rôle conservé du transporteur ArgP dans les différentes sous-espèces de F. tularensis. Comme l’arginine constitue un acide aminé essentiel pour la bactérie, nous nous sommes posés la question de l’importance de cet acide aminé durant la phase phagosomale. Une analyse du protéome bactérien du mutant argP de F. novicida, dans des conditions mimant les conditions nutritionnelles phagosomales, révèle que l’arginine joue un rôle prépondérant dans la traduction des protéines en affectant la synthèse des protéines ribosomales. L’ensemble des travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse constitue la première démonstration de l’importance de l’acquisition d’acides aminés durant la phase phagosomale du cycle intracellulaire de F. tularensis. / Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia, is a facultative intracellular bacterium which can infect multiple cell types with specific tropism for macrophages. This bacterium is responsible for severe infections in numerous animal species and in humans. Of note, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis has been classified as a type A bioterrorism agent because of its high infectivity and very low infectious dose. Genome sequence analyses and genome-scale genetic studies have revealed the importance of genes involved in metabolic functions throughout the bacterial intracellular cycle. Among these genes, several amino acid transporter where found to belong to the amino-acid-polyamine organocation subfamily (APC), prompting us to address the role of these transporters in bacterial virulence. We first focused on the APC transporter encoded by gene FTN_0571 in F. tularensis subsp. novicida and named GadC. We showed that GadC was a genuine glutamate importer, necessary for Francisella intracellular multiplication and virulence. gadC inactivation completely blocked bacterial phagosomal escape. Remarkably, multiplication of a gadC mutant was restored in gp91phox-/- macrophages that are unable to generate reactive oxygen species. Altogether, our study revealed that glutamate uptake was critical in bacterial oxidative stress resistance in the phagosomal compartment and highlighted possible links between glutamate utilization and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. These results prompted us to address the role of a second APC transporter sharing 33 % amino acid identity with GadC and named ArgP. argP inactivation severely delayed bacterial phagosomal escape, thus impairing intracellular multiplication and virulence. We demonstrated that ArgP was a high affinity arginine transporter, suggesting that impaired phagosomal escape might be directly linked to an arginine import defect. argP inactivation in the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica Live vaccine strain also leads to a severe intracellular multiplication defect, consistent with a conserved role among all F. tularensis subspecies. Arginine is an essential amino acid for F. tularensis. To understand the importance of this amino acid during the phagosomal phase of the Francisella intracellular life cycle, a proteomic analysis of the bacteria, in conditions of arginine limitation, was carried out. This analysis revealed that arginine limitation affected in the argP mutant the expression of a series of proteins and in particular of all the ribosomal proteins. One may imagine that intracellular bacteria could also sense nutrient limitations in the phagosome as a subcellular localization signal. Altogether, these studies constitute the first demonstration of the importance of amino acid acquisition during F. tularensis phagosomal escape.

La dystrophine est une très grande protéine codée le gène DMD et située sous la membrane plasmique des fibres musculaires. Elle joue un rôle essentiel dans le maintien de l’intégrité de la cellule musculaire lors des cycles de contraction/relaxation. Cette protéine filamenteuse est composée de quatre domaines structuraux dont le domaine central composé de 24 répétitions homologues à la spectrine. Chaque répétition est organisée en faisceau de trois α-hélices appelé « coiled-coil ». Des mutations du gène DMD sont à l’origine des myopathies de Duchenne (DMD) et de Becker (BMD) qui s’accompagnent d’un déficit total ou d’une dystrophine mutée et induisent de ruptures fréquentes de la membrane des cellules musculaires. La connaissance de la structure de la dystrophine est nécessaire au développement de thérapies à ce jour inexistantes pour les myopathies. Au laboratoire, des données structurales du domaine central de la dystrophine ont été acquises par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS, Small Angles X-ray Scattering). Cette thèse présente le développement d’une approche multi-échelle combinant des données expérimentales SAXS et des données in silico pour la reconstruction de modèles haute-résolution des fragments du domaine central de la dystrophine et d’un fragment muté observé dans une mutation BMD fréquente. Nous avons également cartographié l’interaction de ce domaine central avec deux de ses partenaires fonctionnels importants, l’actine filamenteuse et avec la nitroxyde synthase neuronale (nNOS) et proposé les premiers modèles atomiques des complexes macromoléculaires correspondants. L’ensemble de ces résultats permettra à terme l’optimisation de thérapies pour le traitement des dystrophies musculaires. / Dystrophin is a large protein encoded by DMD gene and located under the plasma membrane of muscle fibers. It plays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of muscle cells during contraction/relaxation cycles. This filamentous protein is composed of four structural domains including the central domain consisting of 24 spectrin-like repeats and four hinges. Each repetition is folded in three α-helices in a ‘coiled-coil’ assembly. Mutations in the DMD gene leads to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker (MDBs), which are accompanied by frequent plasma membrane ruptures, due to the loss or modification of dystrophin protein. There are very few structural data available concerning the central domain of dystrophin, which is subject to many mutations involved in DMD and BMD diseases. However, the description and the understanding to an atomic level of dystrophin structure and its interaction is essential for optimization of therapies. Given the impossibility to solve its structure by X-ray crystallography or NMR, structural data of the dystrophin central domain were acquired by small angles X-rays scattering (SAXS, Small Angles X-ray Scattering). This thesis presents the development of an innovative multi-scale approach combining experimental SAXS and in silico derived data, allowing the reconstruction of high-resolution models of dystrophin central domain fragments. Structural data were also obtained on a mutated dystrophin frequently observed in BMDs. Furthermore, we also mapped the interactions of the central domain with two of its majors functional partners, Filamentous actin and neuronal nitroxyde synthase (nNOS) and proposed models of the related macromolecular complexes. At long-term, all of these results will allow optimization of therapies for the treatment of muscular dystrophies.

Les travaux de la thèse ont porté sur l'étude, la réalisation, la caractérisation et la modélisation de films 2D à base de nanotubes de carbone. Dans le premier chapitre nous avons présenté des généralités sur les nanotubes de carbone. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés aux jonctions nanotube-nanotube et plus particulièrement à la modélisation du transport dans les différents types de jonction (M/M), (M/SC) et (SC/SC). Avec le deuxième chapitre nous avons entamé l'étude des films 2D à base de nanotubes de carbone. Dans un premier temps nous nous sommes intéressés au transport électrique dans ces structures fortement inhomogènes, en particulier en décrivant les modèles analytiques rendant compte du phénomène de percolation tant au niveau de la conductance que du bruit en 1/f. La seconde partie du chapitre est entièrement consacrée à la fabrication et la caractérisation physico-chimique des films 2D L'objectif principal du troisième chapitre est la modélisation des films 2D de nanotubes de carbone. Par rapport aux autres modèles utilisés dans la littérature, le modèle développé dans cette partie est le seul à prendre en compte la nature physique de chaque jonction tube-tube : (M/M) ou (M/SC) ou (SC/SC). Notre modèle prend ainsi en compte les non linéarités des jonctions. La résolution numérique de ce système est optimisée : i) en utilisant la technique MNA, technique dont le principe consiste à linéariser chaque dipôle du circuit. ii) en parallélisant les calculs sur un cluster informatique d'une centaine de cœurs. Pour le calcul du bruit la même technique est utilisée mais avec, dans ce cas, l'utilisation de la méthode du réseau adjoint. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous avons, dans un premier temps, présentés et analysés nos résultats expérimentaux concernant la mesure de la conductance et du bruit en 1/f. Quelles que soient les conditions de dépôt nous avons toujours observé un comportement de type percolation au niveau des grandeurs mesurées, conductance et niveau de bruit en 1/f. Nous avons utilisé les paramètres d'ajustement des lois de percolation pour comparer et analyser nos résultats. Il en ressort que l'impact du surfactant sur l'homogénéité de la solution, se retrouve au niveau des résultats électriques des couches déposées, montrant l'avantage d'utiliser du sel biliaire. Quant à l'influence de la densité des tubes, comme attendu, la conductance augmente avec celle-ci. Par contre nous avons remarqué que le bruit en 1/f était beaucoup plus sensible à ce paramètre, avec en particulier un changement significatif au niveau des paramètres de percolation en bruit mis en évidence à forte densité de nanotubes. La deuxième partie de ce chapitre est dédiée à la simulation des paramètres électriques de nos structures expérimentales. Nous avons paramétré l'énergie et la largeur des barrières de potentiel entre chaque jonction. Ces paramètres sont ajustés à partir des résultats expérimentaux et sont fonction de la nature du surfactant. Les résultats de ces simulations concernant la conductance et le niveau de bruit en 1/f s'accordent avec les mesures et dans tous les cas les lois de percolation macroscopique sont respectées, ce qui valide nos modèles ainsi que la possibilité d'intégrer de façon réaliste la différence structurale des surfactants. Pour rendre compte de la déviation de la loi macroscopique de percolation du bruit en 1/f, observée sur les films déposés à partir de solution à forte densité de surfactant, nous avons au niveau des simulations introduit et modulé le nombre d'amas (clusters) de nanotubes en fonction de la densité des couches. Là encore le bon accord observé avec les résultats expérimentaux nous permet de valider la présence d'inhomogénéités dues aux clusters de nanotubes dans nos dépôts. / In this thesis we have focused on the fabrication, the characterization, and the modeling of 2D films based on carbon nanotubes.In the first chapter, we have presented general informations on carbon nanotubes. Then we are interested in the nanotube-nanotube junctions and particularly the modeling of transport in different types of junction (M/M), (M/SC) and (SC/SC).In the second chapter we have presented a study of 2D films based on carbon nanotubes. At first we present the electrical transport in these structures strongly inhomogeneous, especially in describing the analytical models accounting for the percolation phenomenon both in the conductance and 1/f noise. The second part of the chapter is devoted entirely to the manufacture and physico-chemical characterization of 2D films.The main objective of the third chapter is the modeling of 2D films of carbon nanotubes. Compared to other models described in the literature, the model developed in this section is the only one that take into account the physical nature of each tube-tube junction (M/M) or (M/SC) or (SC/SC). Our model takes into account the junction nonlinearity. The numerical solution of the system is optimized: i) using the MNA technique whose principle is to linearize each dipole in the circuit. ii) parallelizing computations on a computer cluster of a hundred core. For the noise simulation, the same technique is used but in this case, we have used the adjoint network method. In the fourth chapter, we have, at first, presented and analyzed our experimental results for conductance and 1/f noise. Whatever the deposition conditions we always observed a percolation-like behavior of our results. We used the fitting parameters of the percolation laws to compare and analyze our results. It appears that the impact of the surfactant on the homogeneity of the solution is found in the electrical measurement results of deposited films. As for the influence of the density of the tubes, as expected, the conductance increases with the increase of nanotubes density. We noticed that the 1/f noise was much more sensitive to this parameter, with in particular a significant change in the noise percolation parameters revealed at high density of nanotubes. The second part of this chapter is dedicated to the simulation of the electrical parameters of our experimental structures. These parameters are adjusted on the basis of experimental results and are based on the nature of the surfactant. The results of these simulations for the conductance and 1/f noise agree with measurements and in all cases the macroscopic percolation laws are respected, which validate our models. To bring to the fore the deviation from the noise percolation law observed in films deposited from solution with a high density of surfactant, we have introduced in our simulated structures a number of clusters of nanotubes according to the density of the deposited layers. Once again we observed a good agreement with the experimental results allowing us to validate the presence of clusters of nanotubes in our deposited films.

The goal of this thesis is to design a scanning system for method of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. The thesis contains research about laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, scanning system including all used components and chemical mapping of sample´s surface. In this thesis, the scanning system is combined with F-theta lens. The construction and optical design of the scanning system, evaluation of measured results and comparison with original motorized positioning is included.

The present dissertation deals with the topic of the relationship between political and moral philosophy and the epistemological and methodological arguments of Friedrich August von Hayek. The aim of the dissertation is to defend in general the assertion that Hayek's philosophy is the application of epistemological and methodological positions to moral and political philosophy and that this application is implemented through the continuous process of defining the basic theoretical positions towards philosophical tradition. This general statement is elaborated on in several perspectives. The first perspective puts the concept of knowledge in the forefront, both in the sense of a certain concept of rationality, i.e. the nature of reason and human thinking, and also in the sense of defining the nature and limits of scientific inquiry. The latter follows the development of Hayek's thinking, pointing out the aspects of his philosophy, which are the elaboration of the theories of his predecessors in thought within the Austrian economic school or classical sociology. This perspective also shows that, at a certain stage of his thinking, Hayek considerably moves away from these predecessors, particularly in the context of grasping individualism. The third perspective shows the deeper roots of some of...