La thèse est une étude analytique de la pensée du Major-general J-F-C Fuller au travers l’ensemble de ses écrits. Elle s’articule en cinq parties principales, chacune d’entre elles étant divisée en 4 chapitres. Pour aborder l’étude Comprendre la guerre, JFC Fuller : une approche évolutionniste, il était fondamental de commencer par présenter l’homme dans toute son épaisseur et sous toutes ses facettes. Cette première partie,biographique, permet de répondre à la question : Qui est le Major-general JFC Fuller ? Elle conduit ainsi à découvrir ce que représente le cadre civilisationnel de l’homme, un citoyen qui évolue dans un jardin anglais,un ilien. Le personnage « Fuller » doit ensuite être compris dans ses trois dimensions c’est-à-dire au travers dela carrière d’un soldat de métier, un officier, puis à l’aide du prisme de ses idées politiques et enfin par les écrits d’un penseur prolixe. La seconde partie se concentre sur la matrice intellectuelle du jeune officier. Il s’agit de rechercher la filiation de la pensée et des premiers évènements qui vont profondément influencer sa vie. Sa participation à la seconde guerre des Boërs puis son affectation dans une garnison des Indesbritanniques sont deux jalons fondateurs de cette matrice. Á partir de 1907, le retour du capitaine Fuller enAngleterre marque le début de son goût pour l’écriture. La troisième partie cherche à montrer quelles sont les véritables caractéristiques d’une pensée novatrice. Confronté à l’impasse tactique des années 1915 et 1916, Fuller pose le problème- comment retrouver la mobilité opérative ?- et découvre le tank. Sa réflexion devient le germe des idées nouvelles qui permettent au chef des opérations du Tank Corps de planifier, de préparer puis de conduire le 20 novembre 1917, la bataille de Cambrai. / Each part equally divided into 4 chapters. To start with this study it was basically relevant to depict the manthroughout his different aspects. Thus the aim of the first part is to answer the question: Who is genuinely Major-generalJFC Fuller. One can discover what the British Empire framework as JFC Fuller matrix is. The man needs also to beunderstood as 3 different ways such as a British officer, his political ideas and as a prolix writer.The second part focuseson Fuller intellectual matrix. Here the goals are to find the filiations of his thoughts and his early events thatbenchmarked his life. His commitment during the Boer War and his 3 years assignment in India are 2 importantmilestones to be studied. From 1907 with his come back in England , Fuller start to write his first military essay. His firstwriting and the article Tactics of Penetration are his main stuff as Staff College Student in Camberley that are deeplyrelevant to be analysed.The third part underlines what the very true characteristics are of a new school of thought. Facingthe tactical deadlock in years 1915 and 1916, Fuller fixed the following issue: How to recover the operational mobilityback? Newly posted in the Heavy Machine Gun his discovered the tanks. His thought gradually became the core of newIdeas that allows to plan and conduct the tank attack at Cambrai on November 20th, 1917. All his studies carried on asGSO 1 of the Tank Corps lead Fuller to write the visionary Plan 1919. This paper will became the leading document forthe interwar strategical thinking for Germans and Soviets senior officers. Then The Journal of the Royal United ServiceInstitution awarded Fuller thought and wrting through The Gold Military Prize Essay for year 1919. The fourth partdepicts the never-ending ambition to implement carefully a scientific method to study War. Within the scope of his firstbook, Training Soldiers for War, one can discover the links with the French school pre-1914. An historical analysisbound to the senior officers behaviour give the floor to understand what is Generalship. An other leading subject lead tofollow Fuller evolution towards his own definition of the principles of war. Then. The Fondations of the Science of Warhis the very books to understand what is Fuller’s scientific method to analyse War.Finally, the fifth part helps to stressthe influence and relevancy of Fuller writings. British Empire crisis at the beginning of the 20’s strengthened the militaryOld school of thought that hampered the evolution pf the Army through mechanisation. Nevertheless in the USA, inFrance but mainly in Germany and in Soviet Union, Fuller name means the reception of a new way of thinking. This newthought is not opposed to Clausewitz’ one because Fuller writings are the very continuation of the former. At last, Fullerrelevancy is this of a brilliant military theorist that each officer must read. In order to summarize Fuller works and toextend his writings the author has underlined what is Military Darwinism.

In its complexity, human existence cannot be systematised and generalised into a compact concept. Existentialists are those who devoted themselves to Human individuality and phenomena fundamentally related, such as life, death, freedom, absurdity etc. However, considering the specifics of the philosophy of existentialism, it is not possible to only consider philosophers as the only bearers of this intellectual approach, but it is necessary to include certain individuals of world literature in this movement. The concept of human existence has transformed itself in various ways in their philosophy and works. Once it was dominated by the existence of God, to whom it was necessary to set one's mind on, at other times it was thrown into the bleakness and futility of a world without hope. However, the central topic was the same in each of them, the subject that is closest to us people, however, the subject that will always be the great unknown, regardless of the genial thoughts of Sören Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, Fjodor Michajlovič Dostojevsky and Albert Camus - the topic of mankind and its place in the world.

Esta tese toma três momentos da obra de Karl Marx em que temas estéticos são aventados: a formação da sensibilidade nos Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos de 1844, a passagem sobre a épica na Contribuição à crítica da economia política Introdução, de 1857 e o debate epistolar entre Marx, Engels e Lassalle sobre a peça do último, Franz von Sickingen, de 1859. No contexto desses temas, buscamos descobrir as contribuições de Marx ao problema da mimese artística, da objetividade e especificidade da arte. São abordados a objetivação, mimese, historicidade dos gêneros, especificidade do reflexo artístico, o indivíduo e universalidade na obra artística, gênero artístico e revolução. Ao tratar desses temas, procura-se colocar Marx em diálogo com momentos da tradição estética, em particular pontos presentes em Aristóteles, Shakespeare e Schiller, Lessing, Hegel e Feuerbach. Lateralmente, algumas consequências para o marxismo contemporâneo são trazidas à tona, como a crítica de Marx à arte diretamente política. O trabalho conta com as contribuições de G. Lukács e M. Lifschitz, para quem a obra de Marx dispõe as linhas fundamentais de um pensamento estético coerente, a despeito da forma esparsa. / This thesis takes three passages of Karl Marxs work which bring out aesthetic subjects: the formation of senses in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, the famous passage on the epic in the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy - Introduction, 1857, and the epistolary debate between Marx, Engels and Lassalle on the tragedy written by the latter, Franz von Sickingen, held in 1859. In those contexts, we search for Marxs contributions to the problem of artistic mimesis, objectivity and specificity of art. Objectification, mimesis, historicity of genres, artistic reflection specificity, individual and universality in artistic work, artistic genre and revolution are points approached. In order to address these issues, we put Marx in dialogue with relevant moments in aesthetic tradition, particularly points present in Aristotle, Shakespeare and Schiller, Lessing, Hegel and Feuerbach. Laterally, some consequences for contemporary Marxism are brought to light, such as Marx\'s critique of political art. The work counts on the contributions of G. Lukács and M. Lifschitz, for whom Marx\'s work provides the main lines of a coherent aesthetic thought, despite its sparse form.

The affinity between the work of the Austrian economist Friedrich A. Hayek and the approach of Complexity Economics is widely recognized by the literature. In spite of this, there still is a lack of studies that seek to analyze in depth the relationship between Hayek and complexity. This dissertation is a contribution to the filling of this large gap in the literature. In the first part of the work, we analyze the various periods in the development of Hayek\'s vision of complexity, showing that this vision is strongly present in his works on knowledge, competition, methodology, evolution, and spontaneous order. In the second part, we explore how Hayek was influenced by two of the main precursors of modern complexity theory - cybernetics and general system theory - from the time he was working on his book on theoretical psychology, The Sensory Order (1952), until the end of his intellectual career. / A afinidade entre a obra do economista austríaco Friedrich A. Hayek e a abordagem da Economia e Complexidade é amplamente reconhecida pela literatura. Apesar disso, ainda há grande carência de estudos que busquem analisar de forma aprofundada a relação entre Hayek e a complexidade. Esta dissertação é uma contribuição para o preenchimento dessa grande lacuna na literatura. Na primeira parte do trabalho, os diversos períodos no desenvolvimento da visão de complexidade de Hayek são analisados, evidenciando-se como tal visão está fortemente presente em seus trabalhos sobre conhecimento, competição, metodologia, evolução e ordem espontânea. Na segunda parte, exploramos como Hayek foi influenciado por dois dos principais precursores da moderna teoria da complexidade - a cibernética e a teoria geral do sistema - desde o período em que estava trabalhando no seu livro sobre psicologia teórica, The Sensory Order (1952), até o final de sua carreira intelectual.

Radioterapia com feixe de elétrons tem sido empregada, frequentemente, para tratamentos de neoplasias superficiais, devido às características de alcance bem definido e alto gradiente de dose em pouca profundidade. Para que as novas técnicas radioterápicas com esse tipo de feixe possam ser implementadas com segurança é necessária a realização de um controle da qualidade rigoroso. Protocolos recomendam que o controle da qualidade para esse tipo de feixe seja realizado com câmara de ionização, porém dosímetros termoluminescentes, diodos e filmes também são empregados com essa finalidade. Entretanto, esses dosímetros não possuem simultaneamente um conjunto de características essenciais para realização do controle da qualidade, como alta resolução espacial, baixa dependência energética, possibilidade de uso em altos gradientes de dose e distribuição tridimensional de dose. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se a utilização do dosímetro polimérico MAGIC-f gel em aplicações em controle da qualidade em Radioterapia com feixes de elétrons. As leituras das amostras de gel foram realizas por ressonância magnética e simulação Monte Carlo foi utilizada para comparação dos resultados. Como parte de um controle da qualidade para feixe de elétrons, foram determinados parâmetros dosimétricos, como perfil de dose e porcentagem de dose em profundidade, e fatores de qualidade do feixe, como R50, em condições de referência e para campos pequenos. Da comparação entre os dados clínicos e MAGIC-f as diferenças máximas encontradas foram de 4%. Além disso, distribuições de dose de aplicações clínicas com feixes de elétrons foram avaliadas pelo método de comparação do índice gama. Considerando os critérios de 3% e 3 mm, os resultados obtidos para o índice gama mostraram concordâncias acima de 94% para os métodos dosimétricos utilizados. Dessa forma, de acordo com as medidas dosimétricas realizadas com o dosímetro MAGIC-f gel conclui- se que a dosimetria polimérica gel pode ser empregada como uma ferramenta auxiliar em procedimentos de controle da qualidade em Radioterapia com feixes de elétrons, assim como uma ferramenta na determinação das distribuições tridimensionais de dose para feixe de elétrons. / Electron beam radiotherapy has been used frequently for treatments of superficial tumors, due its characteristics of well-defined range and high dose gradient at low depth. For new radiotherapy techniques with this type of beam, a strict quality control is necessary for a safe implementation. Protocols recommend that the quality control for electron beams must be performed with an ionization chamber. However, thermoluminescent dosimeters, films and diodes are also used for this purpose. Although, these dosimeters do not have a set of essential characteristics for performing quality control, like high spatial resolution, low energy dependence, possibility of use in high dose gradients and three dimensional dose distribution acquisition. The present work evaluated the use of MAGIC-f gel dosimeter for the quality control in radiotherapy with electron beams. The readings of the gel samples were made by magnetic resonance imaging and Monte Carlo simulation was used to compare the obtained results. As part of a quality control for the electron beam parameters as percentage depth dose and beam profile were determined. Also beam quality factors, such as R50, were calculated in reference conditions and for small fields. The obtained results were compared with clinical data and MAGIC-f the maximum obtained difference was 4%. In addition, dose distributions from clinical applications with electron beams were evaluated by the gamma index. Considering the criteria of 3% DD and 3 mm DTA, the results showed concordance greater than 94% for all dosimetric methods. Thus, according to the dosimetric measurements through MAGIC-f gel dosimeter it can be inferred that the gel dosimeter can be used as auxiliary tool in the quality control procedures in radiotherapy to electron beam. Also, MAGIC-f is a useful a tool to determine tridimensional dose distributions of electron beam.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar como crianças com idade entre três e quatro anos reagem a situações cotidianas, durante o brincar, apresentando manifestações potencialmente preconceituosas. Para tanto se propôs adaptar a escala do fascismo (escala F) para situações que representam o cotidiano de forma lúdica, o que permitiu identificar elementos que denotam o preconceito já em crianças. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola da rede privada de ensino do município de São Paulo, com crianças de idades entre três e quatro anos, com as quais o pesquisador realizou um momento de observação lúdica no qual as crianças interagiram livremente com bonecos que representavam diferenças entre cor de pele e de presença ou ausência de deficiência, e um momento de aplicação de situações problema representadas de forma lúdica e que tiveram a intenção de avaliar os aspectos investigados na escala F. Os sujeitos da pesquisa também estiveram divididos em agrupamentos de crianças que estudavam com crianças com deficiência em sala de aula e agrupamentos que não estudavam, com o objetivo de identificar possíveis diferenças no padrão de respostas dada a relação com a inclusão da criança com deficiência no ambiente escolar. Os resultados avaliados a partir do referencial da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade apontaram para a uma baixa pontuação numa escala de manifestação de atitudes que denotam o preconceito em crianças com idade entre três e quatro anos e pode-se concluir que essa idade é um momento propicio para se aplicar intervenções com vistas a minimizar os efeitos do preconceito, embora indique a continuidade de pesquisas sobre a formação do preconceito que incluam o elemento lúdico em crianças desta faixa etária / This research aims at investigating how three- and four-year-old children react to everyday situations, during play time, showing potentially prejudiced behavior. We propose adapting the fascist scale (F-scale) to everyday situations represented in a ludic way, which allowed us to identify prejudiced elements in children. This research was developed in a private school in São Paulo, with three- and four-year-old children. During the study, the researcher observed the children as they played with dolls (which could have different skin tones, presence or absence of malformation) and as they were presented with problematic situations in order to be analyzed based on the F-scale. The subjects of the research were also divided into two groups those who had classmates with special needs and those who did not. Our objective was to identify possible differences in the response pattern regarding the inclusion of children with special needs in the classroom environment. The results were analyzed based on the Critical Social Theory, pointed to a low score on a manifestation scale of attitudes that denotes prejudice in three- to four-year-old children. We might conclude that, at this age, it is a favorable moment to intervene aiming at lessening prejudice effects. Moreover, it also indicates that research on prejudice formation along with ludic elements should continue to be done with children of that age

A radioterapia com intensidade modulada de feixe (IMRT) possibilitou a realização de tratamentos de múltiplos alvos simultaneamente em um esquema de tratamento acelerado conhecido como SMART (Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy). Estes tratamentos requerem um rigoroso controle de qualidade (QA) que deveria ser realizado, idealmente, em três dimensões. Uma potencial ferramenta para dosimetria tridimensional (3D) é o uso de gel polimérico associado à leitura de doses com Imagens de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (IRMN). Neste trabalho, a dosimetria 3D com o gel MAGIC-f foi aplicada no CQ de 10 planejamentos radioterápicos usando a técnica SMART. Inicialmente, as distribuições de dose dos planejamentos avaliados foram recalculadas na geometria do simulador baseadas em sua tomogra_a computadorizada. Todos os planejamentos utilizados foram aprovados previamente no QA convencional pontual e planar, o que validou a distribuição de dose do sistema de planejamento (TPS) para comparação com a dosimetria gel. Os simuladores foram irradiados com os planejamentos estabelecidos e as distribuições de dose foram obtidas através da relaxometria em IRMN. A comparação das distribuições de dose calculadas pelo TPS e as medidas no gel foi feita pela análise gama (3%/3mm) e pela comparação entre os histogramas dose-volume (DVHs) calculados e medidos para dois volumes criados nas regiões equivalentes aos volumes alvo de tratamento. Esses resultados evidenciam o potencial do uso da dosimetria gel polimérica no QA 3D de planejamentos de IMRT com a técnica SMART, fornecendo informação completa 3D da dose absorvida em cada volume alvo planejado, desde que realizada seguindo os protocolos pré-estabelecidos. / Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) treatments in the radiotherapy practice made possible the simultaneously treatment of multiple targets at an accelerated treatment regimen, this scheme is known as Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy (SMART). These treatments require a strict quality control (QC) that should be done, ideally, in three dimensions. A potential tool for tridimensional dosimetry (3D) is the use of polymeric gel with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images (NMRI). In this paper, the 3D dosimetry with MAGIC-f gel was applied in 10 QC radiotherapy planning using the SMART technique. Initially, the dose distributions of assessed plans were remeasured in simulator geometry based on a CT scan. All plans used were previously approved in punctual and planar conventional CQ, which validated the dose distribution planning system (TPS) for comparison with the gel dosimetry. The simulators were irradiated with established schedules and dose distributions were obtained by relaxometry in NMRI. The comparison of dose distributions calculated by TPS and measured in the gel was made by gamma analysis (3% / 3mm) and by comparing the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) calculated and measured for two volumes created in the equivalent regions to target volumes of treatment. These results highlight the potential use of the polymer gel dosimetry in IMRT planning 3D CQ with SMART technique, providing complete 3D information of the absorbed dose in each target volume planned, if carried out following the pre-established protocols.

A cultura do maracujazeiro é afetada pela virose causada pelo Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), provocando a redução da qualidade e produtividade dos frutos e, em alguns casos, pode inviabilizar o cultivo comercial desta espécie. Uma alternativa para o controle de doenças viróticas é o desenvolvimento de plantas resistentes pela transformação genética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de plantas transgênicas de maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), utilizando 2 construções gênicas contendo a região codificadora do gene da proteína capsidial do CABMV. A construção pCABMV-asCP, que contém um fragmento na orientação antisenso e a construção pCABMV-dsCP, que contém fragmentos senso e antisenso do gene da proteína capsidial, separados por um íntron, uma construção hairpin. Para os experimentos de transformação genética, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, foram utilizados os explantes de segmentos de hipocótilo e discos de folhas jovens das variedades FB-100, IAC-275 e IAC-277. Após 2 - 3 dias de co-cultivo em meio de cultura MS (MURASHIGE; SKOOG, 1962) contendo acetosseringona (100 mM), os explantes foram transferidos para meio de cultura de seleção e regeneração constituído de sais minerais e vitaminas de MS, suplementado com canamicina (100 mg/L) + cefotaxima (500 mg/L) + nitrato de prata (4,0 mg/L), pH 5,8 e os reguladores BAP, TDZ e combinação de BAP e TDZ. Após 4 - 6 semanas, as gemas adventícias desenvolvidas foram transferidas para meio de cultura de alongamento MSM + GA3 (1,0 mg/L) + cefotaxima (500 mg/L) + nitrato de prata (4,0 mg/L). As plantas desenvolvidas foram aclimatizadas e analisadas por PCR, utilizando-se primers específicos para a detecção dos transgenes. Foram identificadas 30 plantas transgênicas PCR positivas para do gene nptII, sendo 11 positivas para o fragmento antisenso da proteína capsidial do CABMV e 2 positivas para o fragmento da construção gênica hairpin. Até o momento, a integração dos transgenes foi confirmada por Southern blot em 4 plantas. Paralelo aos experimentos de transformação genética, foram avaliadas plantas de maracujazeiro das variedades IAC-275 e IAC-277, obtidas em experimentos anteriores, com a construção gênica pCABMV-CP, que contém o gene da proteína capsidial do CABMV. A análise de Southern blot de 14 plantas destes experimentos, confirmou a integração do transgene em 13 plantas, as quais foram propagadas e inoculadas mecanicamente com 3 isolados do CABMV (SP, RJ, CE). A linhagem T16 foi resistente as 3 inoculações, com os 3 isolados testados. Clones desta linhagem foram analisados por RT-PCR, comprovando a transcrição do transgene / The yellow passionfruit is affected by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), which causes a decrease in fruit quality and productivity and in some cases making it unpractical for commercial cultivation of this species. Ann alternative for the control of virus diseases is the development of resistant plants through genetic transformation techniques. The objective of this work was to obtain passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) transgenic plants with two different gene constructs derived from the CABMV coat protein coding region. pCABMV-asCP contains the gene fragment in an antisense direction and pCABMV-dsCP contains a sense and antisense coat protein gene fragments, separated by intron, a hairpin construct. The genetic transformation experiments with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were done in hypocotyl segments and young leaf disks explants from varieties FB-100, IAC-275 and IAC-277. After two to three days in co-culture in MS culture medium (MURASHIGE; SKOOG, 1962) supplemented with acetoseringone (100 mM) the explants were subcultured to medium for selection and regeneration, composed of MS minerals and vitamins, supplemented with kanamycin (100 mg/L), cefotaxime (500 mg/L) and silver nitrate (4.0 mg/L), at pH 5.8, and the growth regulators BAP, TDZ and combination of BAP and TDZ. After four to six weeks, the adventitious buds developed were transferred to an elongating medium composed of MSM salts supplemented with GA3 (1.0 mg/L), cefotaxime (500 mg/L) and silver nitrate (4.0 mg/L). Plants were acclimatized and analyzed by PCR, with specific primers for the transgenes detection. Thirty transgenic plants were identified as PCR positive for the nptII gene, with 11 being positive for the antisense fragment of the CABMV coat protein gene and two positive for the hairpin gene construct fragment. Currently, the transgene integration was confirmed by Southern blot analysis in four plants. Simultaneously to the genetic transformation experiments, passionfruit plants, varieties IAC-275 e IAC-277, obtained from previous experiments with pCABMV-CP, which contains CABMV coat protein gene, were analized. The Southern blot analysis of 14 plants from these experiments confirmed the transgene integration in 13 plants, which were propagated and mecanically inoculated with three CABMV isolates (SP, RJ, CE). Line T16 was resistant to three inoculations with all three isolates tested. Clones from this line were analyzed by RT-PCR which confirmed the transgene transcription

A montagem de um sistema que permite a detecção de modulação no coeficiente de absorção ótica, devido ao campo elétrico aplicado, foi concluída. A máxima sensibilidade atingida foi de &#916 K / K = 1,5 x 10-6 com resolução em comprimento de onda de 3 nm. O efeito Stark de 2&#170 ordem, na freqüência dupla da do campo elétrico aplicado foi medido para o centro F em KCl e KBr e comparado com provisões teóricas. Os valores obtidos para o KCl coincidem com os de Chiarotti, o que confirma o bom funcionamento do sistema, e diferem dos valores calculados teoricamente. Essa diferença é atribuída à correção do campo local. Os valores obtidos experimentalmente para a variação relativa do coeficiente de absorção foram: para KCl: &#916K / K = 2,93 x 10-5 (78&#176 K) para KBr: &#916K / K = 2,85 x 10-5 (78&#176 K) / The assembly of a system which allows the detection of modulation in the coefficient of optical absorption, due to the applied electrical field, was completed. The maximum sensitivity achieve was &#916 K / K = 1,5 x 10-6, in wave length, of 3 nm. The Stark effect of second order, in the frequency twice as that of the applied electrical field was measured for the center F in KCl and KBr and compared with theoretical previsions. The values obtained for KCl coincide with those of Chiarotti\'s, which confirms the good functioning of the system, and differ from the values calculated theoretically. This difference in ascribed to the correction of the local field. for KCl: &#916K / K = 2,93 x 10-5 (78&#176 K) for KBr: &#916K / K = 2,85 x 10-5 (78&#176 K).

Ce travail de thèse examine une nouvelle méthode prometteuse pour la dépollution efficace des eaux contaminées par des polluants organiques insolubles de type toluène, 1-méthylnaphtalène, nitrobenzène,…. Cette méthode d’oxydation avancée repose sur la photocatalyse hétérogène dans des émulsions de Pickering. Dans ce type d’émulsions, les tensioactifs stabilisants des gouttelettes huileuses sont remplacés par des nanoparticules solides à propriétés photocatalytiques élevées. Par ailleurs, ces nanoparticules solides doivent remplir les conditions de mouillabilité partielle dans les deux phases aqueuse et huileuse grâce à un équilibre hydrophile-hydrophobe à leur surface. Pour cette raison, le dioxyde de titane (TiO2) anatase a été préparé par la méthode sol-gel puis modifié par fluoration pour obtenir le catalyseur TiO2-F. L’objectif est de formuler des émulsions de Pickering de type huile dans l’eau (H/E) à partir de polluants organiques de faible solubilité dans l’eau. Les catalyseurs synthétisés ont été caractérisés par XRD, BET, SEM, DRS, XPS, et TG-TD-MS. Il a été montré que la fluoration apporte des changements importants dans les propriétés optiques du TiO2 et a amélioré l’équilibre hydrophile/hydrophobe à sa surface de façon significative. Par ailleurs, les résultats obtenus indiquent que des émulsions de Pickering stables peuvent être formulées en utilisant des particules de TiO2 ou TiO2-F de taille nanométrique. Le type et la stabilité des émulsions dépendent de la mouillabilité des nanoparticules stabilisantes évaluées par des mesures d'angle de contact. La mouillabilité des nanoparticules a été trouvée fortement dépendante du type d’huile en raison des contributions de la polarité et des interactions spécifiques avec les polluants. L'étude des émulsions de Pickering par conductivité électrique, microscopie optique et diffusion de la lumière a montré qu'une stabilité élevée a été obtenue dans des conditions de mouillage partiel : angle de contact dans l'eau compris entre 70 et 110°. L’évolution de la taille des gouttelettes d'huiles avec le rapport de masse huile/photocatalyseur a confirmé une forte adsorption des nanoparticules de catalyseur sur les gouttelettes d'huiles. Finalement, les émulsions jugées stables ont été photodégradées sous rayonnement UV. La cinétique de photodégradation des polluants organiques mesurée par HPLC a montré que la dégradation a été intensifiée en utilisant les émulsions de Pickering par rapport aux systèmes non émulsionnés. Ces résultats ont prouvé que l’utilisation des émulsions de Pickering stabilisées par des nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane constituait un moyen efficace et innovateur pour intensifier la dégradation photocatalytique des polluants organiques / This thesis examines a promising new method for the effective depollution of water contaminated by insoluble organic pollutants such as toluene, 1-methylnaphthalene, nitrobenzene, etc. This advanced oxidation method is based on heterogeneous photocatalysis in Pickering emulsions. In this type of emulsion, the stabilizing surfactants of the oily droplets are replaced by solid nanoparticles having high photocatalytic properties. Moreover, these solid nanoparticles must fulfill the conditions of partial wettability in both aqueous and oily phases thanks to a hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance on their surface. For this reason, the titanium dioxide (TiO2) anatase was prepared by the sol-gel method and then modified by fluorination to obtain the TiO2-F catalyst. The objective is to formulate Pickering oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions from organic pollutants of low water solubility. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, DRS, XPS, and TG-TD-MS. It has been shown that fluorination brings about important changes in the optical properties of TiO2 (change in band gap) and improves the hydrophilic / hydrophobic balance at its surface significantly. Moreover, the obtained results indicate that stable Pickering emulsions can be formulated using TiO2 or TiO2-F nanoparticles. The type and stability of the emulsions depend on the wettability of the stabilizing nanoparticles evaluated by contact angle measurements. The wettability of the nanoparticles has been found to be highly dependent on the type of oil due to the contributions of polarity and specific interactions with pollutants. The study of Pickering emulsions by electrical conductivity, optical microscopy and light scattering showed that high stability was obtained under partial wetting conditions: contact angle in water between 70 and 110°. The change in the size of the oil droplets with the oil/photocatalyst mass ratio confirmed a strong adsorption of the catalyst nanoparticles on the oil droplets. Finally, the judged stable emulsions were photodegraded under UV radiation. The photodegradation kinetics of organic pollutants measured by HPLC showed that degradation was intensified using Pickering emulsions compared to non-emulsified systems. These results have shown that the use of Pickering emulsions stabilized by titanium dioxide nanoparticles is an effective and innovative way to intensify the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants