Em fases transformadoras como a que se vive na atualidade com as tecnologias que impactam os processos produtivos de moda, os papéis desempenhados pelos designers se alteram. Neste contexto, o designer de moda parece se deparar entre as narrativas da cultura maker (influenciados por movimentos de contra-cultura, ao clamar por autonomia como o Arts & Crafts, DIY, movimento do software livre e open-source) e, por outro, os direcionamentos tomados pela indústria 4.0. (produção em escala, ultra-personalizadas, distribuída e com uso de dados). Estes dois âmbitos têm em comum interesse o uso de ferramentas de fabricação digital, por isso, os conhecimentos necessários para projetos desenvolvidos nestes espaços se difundem rapidamente. Contudo, ímpetos, narrativas, valores iniciais e interesses de diversas origens se mesclam de um modo difícil de distinguir (NASCIMENTO, S.; PÓLVORA, A.; 2016), mas que continuam a gerar agenciamentos. Esta investigação tem como objetivo apresentar um panorama dos percursos do designer de moda em meio ao contexto cultural e operacional da fabricação digital afim de destacar pontos de tensão e de disparidades sociais que passam pelo campo produtivo, afim de encontrar quais os próximos e melhores passos a serem dados. Deste modo, busca-se utilizar ferramentas digitais como impressoras 3D, escaners 3D e máquinas de corte a laser na com a intenção de trazer mais autonomia, acessibilidade, igualdade nas relações para designers de moda no Brasil. / In a phase of deep transformations with new technologies that impact the productive processes in the fashion field. In this context, the fashion designer finds himself between narratives devired from the the maker culture (following counter-culture movements, claiming for autonomy with the Arts & Crafts movement, DIY, later the free software movement, open-source) and the 4.0 industry (scale, ultrapersonalized, distributed production based on data). Both areas have the interest on digital fabrication in common, therefore, the required knowledge for projects developed in these spaces spreads rapidly. Yet, impulses, narratives and initial values cultuated by the maker movement seems to be mixed and dispersed (NASCIMENTO, S.; PÓLVORA, A.; 2016) while agency keep happening. The present investigation\'s aim is to present the paths followed by the fashion designer immersed in a cultural context and in the operational digital fabrication\'s context in order to find which are the best actions to be taken. In this sense, digital fabrication tools such as 3D printers, 3D scanners, laser cutter machines can be used to bring more autonomy, accessibility, equality in the relations and in the ways of producing for fashion designers in Brasil.

Até recentemente as novas tecnologias de fabricação digital só eram encontradas na indústria e em algumas universidades. Hoje essas tecnologias estão cada vez mais acessíveis e baratas e têm se consolidado como grandes aliadas no processo de projeto em áreas como Arquitetura, Design e Engenharia. Ambientes como os Fab Labs têm auxiliado o processo de desenvolvimento de produto e a realização de experimentações através da prototipagem rápida e da fabricação digital, oferecendo de forma aberta, suporte na utilização de um conjunto de ferramentas digitais. Dessa forma, buscou-se, como objetivo geral neste trabalho, evidenciar o potencial dos Fab Labs como ambientes para o uso da fabricação digital e da prototipagem rápida no processo de projeto. Como forma de atingir esse objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, através de estudo de caso e por meio de entrevista com gestores de três Fab Labs situados no Brasil. Inicialmente, foi feita uma abordagem sobre temas como prototipagem rápida e fabricação digital, buscando o esclarecimento do tema e a formação do corpo teórico. A pesquisa bibliográfica abordou temas como tipos de protótipos e a importância do ato de prototipar. Os resultados obtidos por intermédio das entrevistas e das observações, apresenta considerações importantes em relação ao conceito Fab Lab enquanto potencializador no desenvolvimento de projetos. / Until recently the new digital manufacturing technologies were only found in the industry and some universities. Today these technologies are increasingly affordable and cheap and have been established as major allies in the design process in areas such as Architecture, Design and Engineering. Environments such as Fab Labs have aided the product development process and performing trials through rapid prototyping and digital fabrication, providing an open, support the use of a set of digital tools. Thus, it sought to, the general objective of this study was to highlight the potential of Fab Labs as environments for the use of digital manufacturing and rapid prototyping in the design process. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative survey was conducted through case study and through interviews with managers of three Fab Labs located in Brazil. Initially, an approach on issues such as rapid prototyping and digital manufacturing was made, seeking the theme of enlightenment and the formation of the theoretical body. The literature has addressed such topics as types of prototypes and the importance of prototyping act. The results obtained through the interviews and observations, presents important considerations regarding the concept Fab Lab while potentiating the development projects.

Cette thèse présente une étude historique : l’apparition du papier au Moyen Orient. L’identification des centres de fabrication papetières de cette région, les différentes méthodologies constatées, puisées dans des sources arabes anciennes. Une étude analytique : analyses des sujets présents dans les firmans d’Alep qui contiennent plusieurs sujets traitant de la vie politique, économique, religieuse, militaire et sociale de cette ville. Ces sujets nous donnent une idée plus claire et réelle de ce qui s’est passé dans cette région et d’une manière plus large dans l’empire ottoman. Une étude technique des papiers filigranés des collections ottomanes conservées au centre des archives de Damas : de manière à peu près constante, les papetiers d’Occident se sont appliqués à signer leur production en utilisant une marque inscrite en filigrane dans la feuille à sa fabrication. Cette marque qui s’exprime par le dessin d’une figure ou des lettres, constitue en quelque sorte l’enseigne du papetier. Des solutions de conservation préventive par la surveillance climatique et la sensibilisation des différents acteurs : chercheurs, responsables et lecteurs sur les bonnes pratiques de consultation. Des solutions de conservation curatives sont proposées par l’utilisation de méthodes de restaurations reconnues au niveau international et par la création d’un type de reliure de conservation économiquement et techniquement transposable en Syrie pays où cet artisanat est absent. / This thesis presents a historical study: the appearance of the paper in the Middle East. Identification of paper mills manufacturing centers of this region, the different methodologies identified, drawn from ancient Arabic sources. An analytical study: analysis of subjects in the firmans Aleppo containing several topics dealing with political, economic, religious, military and social life of the city. These subjects give us a clearer and real idea of what happened in this region and more broadly in the Ottoman Empire. A technical study paper watermarks Ottoman collections housed at the center of Damascus archives: in order almost constant, papermakers west have applied to sign their production using a registered trademark implicit in the sheet manufacture. This brand is expressed through drawing of a figure or letters, is something of the sign in the paper. Preventive conservation solutions for climate monitoring and awareness of various stakeholders: researchers, managers and players on good consultation practices. Curative conservation solutions are offered by the use of methods restorations internationally recognized and the creation of a type of conservation economically and technically binding transposable Syria country where the craft is away.

O desenvolvimento da fotônica integrada vem recebendo muita atenção nos últimos anos. Sua alta funcionalidade e velocidade de transmissão de sinais possibilitam a aplicação em diversas áreas, que vão desde comunicações até biologia. O uso de polímeros em circuitos fotônicos integrados tem se mostrado interessante, pois compostos orgânicos podem ser facilmente incorporados a matrizes poliméricas. Isso faz com que as propriedades físicas do polímero possam ser modificadas de acordo com os materiais incorporados. Além disso, a técnica da fotopolimerização por absorção de dois fótons torna possível a produção de microestruturas poliméricas tridimensionais com alta resolução. A incorporação dessas microestruturas a circuitos fotônicos pode trazer um novo ramo de funcionalidades devido à facilidade de modificação das propriedades dos polímeros. Além disso, a tridimensionalidade das estruturas permite a realização de conexões ópticas em três dimensões, o que colabora para o aumento da compacticidade dos dispositivos fotônicos. No entanto, para que estas microestruturas possam ser efetivamente incorporadas aos circuitos fotônicos é necessário desenvolver formas de conectá-las a fontes externas de excitação, bem como a instrumentos de análise de sinais. Os tapers de fibras ópticas, também conhecidos como microfibras ou nanofibras, são bons candidatos para realizar essa tarefa devido a suas dimensões reduzidas, as quais são compatíveis com o tamanho das microestruturas. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos métodos para realizar a conexão óptica entre microestruturas poliméricas e tapers de fibras ópticas. As microestruturas foram produzidas através da técnica de fotopolimerização por absorção de dois fótons e corantes orgânicos foram incorporados à matriz polimérica para conferir propriedades fluorescentes às estruturas. Os tapers foram produzidos a partir de fibras ópticas convencionais por uma técnica de aquecimento e estiramento. Para realizar a conexão óptica, dois métodos foram desenvolvidos. No primeiro deles as microestruturas foram excitadas através de uma lente objetiva e sua emisão foi coletada por um taper. No segundo método, tanto a excitação quanto a coleta foram realizadas por tapers de fibras ópticas. Em ambos os casos as fibras foram posicionadas através de micromanipuladores. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os tapers são ferramentas adequadas para realizar tanto a excitação quando a coleta da emissão de microestruturas, pois permitem excitação individual e coleta localizada. Produzimos microestruturas com múltiplas dopagens e pudemos concluir que a excitação localizada de diferentes partes da estrutura, bem como a correta escolha do comprimento de onda de excitação, são mecanismos que levam a alterações no espectro de emissão, o que torna estas estruturas candidatas a fontes de luz sintonizáveis que podem ser incorporadas a dispositivos on-chip. Por fim, desenvolvemos um método de produção de microestruturas conectadas a tapers. Este trabalho abre caminho para a incorporação de microestruturas poliméricas a circuitos fotônicos e demonstra que tapers de fibras ópticas são ferramentas eficientes para a realização de microconexões ópticas. / The development of integrated photonics has received a great deal of attention in the last few years. Its high functionality and signal transmission speed allow applications in several fields, from telecommunications to biology. The use of polymeric platforms in integrated photonic circuits is interesting because organic compounds can be easily incorporated to polymeric matrixes, which makes it easy to change the physical properties of the polymer according to the embed materials. Furthermore, the two-photon polymerization technique allows the production of three-dimensional polymeric microstructures with high resolution. The incorporation of these microstructures to photonic circuits paves the way for a new field of funcionalities due to the ease of modification of the polymers properties. Besides that, the structures three-dimensionality allows the performance of optical connections in three dimensions, which can improve the compacticity of the photonic devices. However, for the effective incorporation of these microstructures to photonic circuits, it is necessary to develop ways to connect them to external excitation sources, as well as analysis instruments. Optical fiber tapers, also known as microfibers or nanofibers, are good candidates for this task due to their reduced dimensions that are compatible with the size of the microstructures. In this work we developed methods for the performance of optical connections of polymeric microstructures through fiber tapers. The microstrutures were produced through the two-photon polymerization technique and organic dyes were incorporated to the polymeric matrix in order to introduce fluorescent properties. The fiber tapers were produced from conventional optical fibers through a heat-and-draw approach. To perform the optical connections, two methods were developed. In the first one, the microestructures were excited through a microscope objective and emission collection was performed by a fiber taper. In the second approach, excitation and collection were performed by fiber tapers. In both methods, the tapers were set up by micromanipulators. The obtained results indicate that tapers are a suitable tool to perform optical excitation and emission collection in microstructures, as they allow individual excitation and localized collection. Multiple doped microstructures were produced and we could imply that the localized excitation of different parts of the structures, as well as the correct choice of the excitation wavelength, are tools that lead to changes in the emission spectrum, which makes these structures candidates to tunable light sources that can be incorporated to on-chip devices. At last, we developed a method for the production of microstructures connected to fiber tapers. This work paves the way for the incorporation of polymeric microstructures to photonics circuits and demonstrates that fiber tapers are efficient tools to perform optical microconnections.

Neste trabalho os parâmetros de fabricação de alvos de dispersão UAlx-Al foram definidos aplicando-se a tecnologia de montagem e laminação de um conjunto núcleo-moldura-revestimentos tradicionalmente adotada na fabricação de placas combustíveis usadas em reatores de pesquisa. O uso das técnicas de dilatometria e difração de raios-x com refinamento de Rietveld contribuíram para desenvolver um processamento termomecânico para controle das fases presentes no núcleo do alvo. Um método inovador que permitiu o aumento da produtividade desse tipo de alvo também foi desenvolvido com base na laminação de múltiplos núcleos. O processo de fabricação mostrou-se adequado para produção de alvos com a especificação para produção de Mo-99 no Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB). / At this work, the manufacturing parameters of uranium aluminide dispersion targets (UAlx-Al) were defined applying the picture-frame technique, traditionally adopted to manufacture fuel plates used in research reactors. The use of dilatometric and X-ray analysis supported the development of a thermomechanical processing to control the phases present in the target meat. It was also developed a method to quantify uranium aluminides phases. An innovative method that allowed to increase the productivity of this type of target was also developed based on multicore rolling. The manufacturing process proved to be suitable for the production of targets fulfilling the specification to produce Mo-99 in the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor.

Le concept de Laboratoire de Fabrication Digitale (Fablabs) est au départ, une plateforme de prototypage industriel pour les entrepreneurs locaux. Elle est introduit rapidement dans le domaine de l'éducation et sert de plus en plus souvent de plate-forme pour l'apprentissage et l'innovation.Avec l'impact actuel des technologies numériques au sein des sociétés, des organisations telles que le Conseil national de recherches (CNR) appellent le secteur de l'éducation à se tourner vers les compétences du 21ème siècle, tandis que le secteur industriel repense la conception et la production afin d’assurer la durabilité (y compris l'éco-conception et l'économie circulaire) et adopter les dernières technologies intégrées dans l’entreprise 4.0.Les plateformes « Fablab » implantées dans les universités (Ub-Fablabs) pourraient donc jouer un rôle essentiel en tant que «plateforme de support» pour répondre à ces demandes.Etant donné qu’il y a eu très peu ou pas de recherche sur les capacités de Ub-Fablabs pour répondre à ces demandes, cette recherche a adopté une double approche :1) étudier et aligner les compétences cognitives, affectives et psychomotrices y compris les compétences opérationnelles (en matière de logiciels, de notion de mécanique, d’électricité et de systèmes embarqués, …) intégrées dans le processus de conception d'Ub-Fablabs.2) Évaluer la capacité d'Ub-Fablabs à préparer les citoyens aux futures évolutions dans la conception et la production.Dans la partie 1 de la recherche, le chercheur a observé de près la conception et la production d'une machine servant à écraser des roches (RMM) pour laquelle l'utilisation d'une gamme de technologies (bois, pierre et matériaux synthétiques) ont été requises.Les activités de conception et de production ont été enregistrées à l'aide de notes de terrain, d'enregistrements vidéo et de photographies. Pour garder la trace des activités de conception et de production, un modèle de processus de conception itératif, le «modèle de conception de Nawita» (NDPM) a été développé et utilisé.Les données ont été analysées à l'aide d'une analyse de protocole adaptée et les résultats ont été représentés graphiquement.Les résultats ont montré que matérialiser les idées créatives incubées dans la phase 1 du NDPM a déclenché un pic étonnant de compétences cognitives, affectives et psychomotrices dans les étapes 2, 3 et 4 du NDPM. Ces processus et compétences ont sans aucun doute constitués des compétences requises au 21ème siècle.Dans la partie 2 de la recherche, une analyse adaptée des contenus en ligne a été utilisée pour collecter des données provenant de 90% des Ub-Fablabs dans le monde.Une échelle d'indicateurs de capacité Ub-Fablab (Ub-Fablab CIS) a été développée et utilisée pour évaluer quatre aspects potentiels d'Ub-Fablab. Cette échelle est une aide à la compréhension du processus de création. La plate-forme support incite les esprits proactifs à une meilleure intégration des processus de conception et de production.Ces composants sont: i) Infrastructure technologique; ii) Approche pédagogique constructiviste; iii) Collaboration à travers le réseautage numérique et iv) durabilité (y compris l'éco-conception et l'économie circulaire).Les résultats ont révélé que tous les Ub-Fablabs ont une position forte dans la fourniture d'infrastructures technologiques et une forte approche pédagogique constructiviste, mais peuvent avoir besoin d'améliorer leur capacité de collaboration à travers le réseautage et la restauration de la durabilité.Les résultats de cette recherche fournissent une solide réputation pour les Ub-Fablabs à être utilisés pour augmenter les efforts afin d’équiper les citoyens avec des compétences du 21ème siècle et inciter les esprits proactifs à une meilleure intégration et employabilité. / The concept of Digital Fabrication Laboratories (Fablabs), initially an industrial prototyping platform for local entrepreneurships is rapidly finding its way into the education arena and used as a platform for learning and innovation. With the current impact of digital technology on the societies, there are calls from organizations like the National Research Council (NRC) for the education sector to cater for the so-called 21st Century Skills, while the industrial sector to rethink design and production in order to cater for sustainability (inclusive of eco-design and circular economy) and to embrace the latest technologies in preparation for the Industries 4.0. Fablab platforms established in universities (Ub-Fablabs) could therefore play a vital role as a ‘support platform’ to meet these demands.Since there has been very little or no research into the capacities of Ub-Fablabs to meet these demands, this research took a two-fold approach toi) investigate and align cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills (inclusive of mechanical, electrical and embedded software operational skills) embedded in the design process in Ub-Fablabs.ii) assess the capacity of Ub-Fablabs to prepare citizens for the future design and production industries.In part 1 of the research, the researcher closely observed the design and production of a rock milling machine (RMM) where utilisation of a range of wood, stone and synthetic materials technologies were displayed. The design and production activities were recorded using field notes, video-recording and still photography. To keep trace of the design and production activities, an iterative design process model, the ‘Nawita Design Process Model (NDPM) was developed and utilised. Data was analysed using an adapted protocol analysis and results were graphed using pie and bubble-chart graphing. Results showed that materialising the creative ideas incubated in stage 1 of the NDPM unleashed a stunning peak of cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills in stages 2, 3 and 4 of NDPM. These processes and skills are undoubtedly constituted of the 21st Century Skills.In part 2 of the research, an adapted online content analysis was used to collect data from 90% of the Ub-Fablabs worldwide. An Ub-Fablab Capacity Indicator Scale (Ub-Fablab CIS) was developed and used to score on four potential aspects of Ub-Fablab if it has to be used as a support platform to incubate proactive minds for the future integration of design and production industries. These components are i) Technological infrastructure; ii) Constructionist pedagogical approach; iii) Collaboration through digital networking and iv) sustainability (inclusive of eco-design and circular economy). Results revealed that all Ub-Fablabs have a strong stand in providing technological infrastructures and a strong constructionist pedagogical approach, but may need to improve on its capacity for collaboration through networking and catering for sustainability.The findings of this research provides a strong standing for Ub-Fablabs to be utilised to augment efforts to equip citizens with 21st Century skills and incubate proactive minds for the future integration of design and production industries

Electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3) is a rapid metal deposition process that works efficiently with the wieldable alloy Inconel 718 (IN 718). EBF3 is a developing additive manufacturing (AM) process that can manufacture IN 718 parts directly from computer aided design (CAD) data. EBF3 can produce parts significantly faster and more energy efficient than competing IN 718 AM technologies. The EBF3 process utilizes metal wire feedstock which is induced into a molten pool using a focused electron beam in a vacuum environment. This allows parts to be built layer by layer, creating intricate shapes that can be produced cheaper and faster than traditionally manufactured IN 718 parts. Furthermore, it allows traditionally manufactured parts to be modified as additional form is added to them using EBF3. Multiple industries rely on IN 718 parts and can utilize this technology including aerospace engineering, oil refinery, nuclear power generation, and food processing.A main drawback of EBF3 is the lack of knowledge of the effect different EBF3 build techniques will have on the properties of the deposited materials. Most of the reliable data on the mechanical properties relate to a linear build-up strategy and focus on the mechanical properties in the deposition direction (DD). There is no data related to other build-up techniques such as rotation build-up or transitional builds from forged material to EBF3 material. Reliable data on the behavior and microstructure of EBF3 material in a direction other than the DD is also difficult to find. Previous studies showed build-up height influenced mechanical properties but its role is not fully understood yet. This paper presents the mechanical properties and microstructure of an IN 718 plate built using a EBF3 rotational build-up strategy through utilizing a forged plug in the center. The tensile properties of samples at the transition from forged to EBF3 material showed higher ductility and reduced strength than pure EBF3 material. This is likely due the influence of the forge material in one half of the specimen. Samples taken at approximately 15 degree increments from 0 to 90 degrees rotation to the DD in the additive portion of the plate were subjected to tensile testing. Along the build height, or the transverse direction (TD), the lowest strength was demonstrated and the TD aligned strongly to a <001> texture. Samples 45 degrees to the DD showed the greatest strength due to their preference for aligning to a <111> texture. Samples low on the build height demonstrated a higher strength than those on the top and displayed grain structures along the TD which were long, linear, and narrow across multiple deposition layers.

We have fabricated nanofuses from thin-film, arc-evaporation carbon for use in permanent data storage. Thin film carbon fuses have fewer fabrication barriers and retain the required resistivity and structural stability to work as a data storage medium. Carbon thin films were characterized for their electrical, microstructural, and chemical bonding properties. Annealing the thin-film carbon in an argon environment at 400°C reduced the resistivity from about 4*10-2 Ω cm as deposited down to about 5*10-4 Ω cm, allowing a lower blowing voltage. Nanofuses with widths ranging from 200 nm down to 60 nm were fabricated and tested. They blow with voltages between 2 V and 5.5 V, and the nanofuses remain stable in both a "1" and a "0" state under a constantly applied read voltage of 1 volt for over 90 hours, corresponding to a cumulative time of >1012 reads.

Cette recherche vise à proposer une approche intégrée permettant la prise en compte simultanée des paramètres Produits / process dans le cadre d’une fabrication par ajout de matière. Le développement produit est en profonde mutation, prenant en compte les contraintes de personnalisation, de temps de mise sur le marché de plus en plus court, la volonté d’une approche eco-responsable etc. Ce changement de paradigme conduit à s’intéresser au choix du couple matériau /process dès la phase de conception afin de prendre en compte les contraintes liées au procédé identifié. Cette approche multi critère s’intéresse à la fois au couple matériau procédé mais prend en compte les aspect fonctionnels de la pièce. Ainsi ce travail de thèse présente une méthodologie de décision générique, basée sur des outils de prise de décision multicritères, qui peut non seulement proposer une solution satisfaisant les contraintes liées aux matériaux, processus et processus par addition de matière, mais propose également de servir de guide aux concepteurs permettant un choix raisonné basé sur des combinaisons matériau-machine orientées conception et obtenu à partir d’une base de données de 38 fournisseurs internationaux de machine de fabrication par ajout de matière. / The doctoral research focuses to build an integrated approach that can simultaneously handle the product and process parameters related to additive manufacturing (AM). Since, market dynamics of today are constantly evolving, drivers such as mass customization strategies, shorter product development cycles, a large pool of materials to choose from, abundant manufacturing processes, etc., have made it essential to choose the right compromise of materials, manufacturing processes and associated machines in early stages of design considering the Design for AM guidelines. As several criteria, material attributes and process functionality requirements are involved for decision making in the industries, the thesis introduces a generic decision methodology, based on multi-criteria decision-making tools, that can not only provide a set of compromised AM materials, processes and machines but will also act as a guideline for designers to achieve a strong foothold in the AM industry by providing practical solutions containing design oriented and feasible material-machine combinations from a database of 38 renowned AM vendors in the world today.

La fusion laser sélective d’un lit de poudres (Selective Laser Melting – SLM) connait un véritable essor depuis quelques années,notamment en ce qui concerne la production de pièces métalliques. La faible densité des alliages d’aluminium, conjuguée à l’optimisation de conception rendue possible grâce aux procédés de fabrication additive, assure un gain de masse des structures conséquent, ce qui intéresse fortement les industriels des domaines automobile et aéronautique. Cependant, les propriétés finales des pièces aluminium fabriquées par SLM dépendent des nombreux défauts sont générés lors de la fabrication (porosités, fissuration à chaud, état de surface, …). Cette thèse s’intéresse aux moyens de mieux maîtriser ces problèmes en explorant trois axes : Une identification et sélection des méthodes de caractérisations adaptées aux spécificités des matériaux métalliques élaborés par les procédés de fabrication additive « lit de poudre » a été mise en place. Par exemple, la comparaison de différentes méthodes de détermination de la densité relative de pièces nous a permis de montrer les avantages et inconvénients de chacune des techniques employées ; Une étude du moyen de fabrication SLM a mis en évidence l’influence de différents facteurs (flux de gaz, position des éprouvettes sur le plateau de construction, méthodes de dépôt de la poudre) sur les propriétés finales des pièces produites.Ces éléments ont un impact sur la densité des pièces, leurs propriétés de surface et leurs propriétés mécaniques. Nous avons ainsi constaté que la façon de positionner une pièce sur le plateau est une étape de la préparation d’une fabrication à ne pas négliger ; Les études paramétriques menées sur deux types d’alliages d’aluminium, AlSi7Mg0,6 et AM205, ont montré que la composition chimique de l’alliage d’aluminium employé influence de façon non négligeable le jeu de paramètres opératoires à appliquer pour fabriquer une pièce de manière optimale. La densité d’énergie volumique ψ, rapport de la puissance laser avec le produit de la vitesse de lasage, de la distance inter-cordons et de l’épaisseur de couche, est utilisée de façon classique pour l’optimisation des conditions opératoires en SLM. Nos études expérimentales à différentes échelles (1D et3D) ont permis de mettre en évidence les limites de ce critère. La combinaison de ces résultats à la simulation numérique du lasage d’un cordon de poudre a servi de base à la définition d’un premier modèle dont l’objectif sera à terme d’optimiser le choix des paramètres de fabrication. / Interest in selective laser melting (SLM) has been growing in recent years, particularly with regard to the production of metal parts.The low density of aluminum alloys, combined with the possible design optimization enabled by additive manufacturing processes,ensures a significant decrease in the mass of structures which is very interesting for manufacturers in the automotive and aerospaceindustries. However, it is difficult to control the final properties of aluminum parts manufactured by SLM because many defects, suchas porosity, hot cracking, and surface roughness, are generated during the process. To better understand how to optimize theperformance of SLM aluminium parts, several studies were conducted during this work: An identification and selection of characterization methods well-adapted to the specificities of metallic materials developedby powder bed additive manufacturing processes was established. For instance, the comparison of different methods ofdetermining the relative density of parts showed the advantages and disadvantages of each of the techniques; A study of the SLM machine highlighted the influence of various factors (gas flow, positions of specimens on the constructionplate, or methods of depositing the powder) on the final properties of the produced parts. These elements have an impacton the density of the parts, their surface properties, and their mechanical properties. We found that the positioning of a pieceon the tray is a critical step in the preparation of a build that is not to be neglected; Parametric studies carried out on two types of aluminum alloys—AlSi7Mg0,6 and AM205—have shown that the chemicalcomposition of the aluminum alloy used has a significant influence on the set of operating parameters required tomanufacture an acceptable aluminum alloy part. The energy density, ψ, which is the ratio of the laser power to the productof the lasing speed, the hatching distance, and the layer thickness, is conventionally used for the optimization of the operatingconditions in SLM. Our experimental studies performed at different scales (1D and 3D) have shown the limits of this criterion.The combination of these results with the numerical simulation of the lasing of a single powder bead served as a basis forthe definition of an initial model, the final objective of which will be to optimize the choice of manufacturing parameters.