Lors de la réalisation des pièces d’un mécanisme, le fabricant se doit de respecter les exigences géométriques exigées par le client. Ces exigences sont issues de besoins fonctionnels du mécanisme à tous les stades de son cycle de vie. Le fabricant lors des opérations successives d’usinage, avec ou sans enlèvement de matière, doit définir les exigences de la géométrie ajoutée au poste. La combinaison de ces exigences affectées de leur tolérance doit être comparée aux exigences géométriques du client. L’objectif du travail présenté est la définition d’une méthode optimisant, rationnellement, les exigences géométriques des surfaces créées. Nous définirons les spécifications géométriques, au sens de l’iso 1101, mais la valeur de ces tolérances ne sera pas abordée dans ce travail, d’autres équipes ayant réalisés des travaux de qualité. L’étude poussée de la méthode 1D utilisée dans l’ensemble du groupe Renault pour définir les fiches schéma nous a montré ses limites lors de la multiplication des posages orientés différemment. Par contre l’optimisation du choix des spécifications influentes a retenu notre intérêt. L’étude des méthodes du bureau d’études pour la recherche de spécifications des pièces composant un mécanisme nous a permis de faire l’analogie avec les phases d’usinages. En effet le passage successif de la pièce sur les différents postes d’usinage s’apparente à des assemblages temporaires qui mettent en œuvre des surfaces actives qu’elles soient de posage ou créées à l’opération. La modélisation du processus d’usinage à l’aide d’une représentation graphique est largement utilisée par la communauté travaillant dans le tolérancement. Nous avons développé dans notre travail un modèle de représentation appelé SPIDER GRAPH. Ce modèle essentiellement pédagogique nous permet de visualiser le déroulement de l’algorithme développé à l’occasion de ce mémoire. Il met en valeur la succession de liens entre les différentes surfaces intervenant pour réaliser une spécification exigée. Deux méthodes utilisant le concept SATT pour la mise en position des ensembles de surfaces de tolérancement de fabrication 3D sont décrites : « Recherche des chemins du process contraignant les degrés de liberté de la spécification fonctionnelle ». Nous avons identifié, en se référant aux résultats développés par DESROCHERS, toutes les combinaisons possibles entre des entités simples et leurs correspondances en termes de type de tolérance. Une validation par un exemple a été établie et un ensemble de spécifications géométriques de fabrication a été généré. Cette méthode qui s’appuie successivement sur les surfaces du système de référence ne permet pas une écriture se référant à des systèmes de référence. Nous avons donc développé une alternative à ce travail initial. « Méthode rationnelle de tolérancement de fabrication 3D » Cette méthode est représentée par un logigramme qui prend en compte la hiérarchie des surfaces lors des posages. Il prend également en compte les inversions de spécifications entre la référence et la surface spécifiée. Lors de la création de surfaces temporaires qu’elles soient de posage ou d’usinage, la méthode permet de spécifier ces surfaces dans les opérations considérées. Lors du développement de cette méthode originale, nous avons repris la totalité des fiches de cotations SATT, développées par CLEMENT et aussi les modélisations vectorielles de ces cas d’association décrites par GAUNET. A l’aide des lois d’identification des paramètres de mise en position relative entre SATT, nous avons pu générer, l’ensemble des spécifications géométriques capables de mener au respect de la spécification géométrique fonctionnelle. Cette méthode assure la traçabilité des liens successifs entre les surfaces actives lors des différentes opérations. [...] / During the realization of the mechanism pieces, the manufacturer must respect the customer geometrical requirements. These requirements arise from functional needs of the mechanism in all its life cycle stages. During the successive operations of manufacturing, with or without material removing, the manufacturer has to define the added geometry requirements in each phase. The combination of these requirements affected by their tolerance must be compared with the functional geometrical requirements. The objective the actual work is to define a method optimizing, in a rational way, the geometrical requirements of the created surfaces. We shall define the geometrical specifications, according to the standard “ISO on 1101”, but the quantification of the tolerance zones will not be approached on this work, other teams have given good results. The 1D method, used in the whole of the group Renault to define process cards, is limited during the reproduction of positioning surfaces directed differently. On the other hand the optimization of the influential specifications retained our interest. The study of the engineering consulting firm method, used for the search of the each pieces specification composing a mechanism, allowed us to make analogy with the manufacturing phases. Indeed the successive manufacturing operation on various posts is similar to temporary assemblies which implement active surfaces whether they are positioning or machined surfaces, existing in this phase. The modeling of the manufacturing process by means of a graphic representation is widely used on the tolerance filed. We developed in our work a model of representation called SPIDER GRAPH. This essentially educational model allows us to show the progress of the algorithm, developed in this these. It emphasizes the succession of links between the various surfaces with intervene in the generation of needed manufacturing specification. Two methods based on the TTRS concept to select all needed surfaces in 3D manufacturing tolerancing are described: « Search of the process links constraining the functional forbidden displacement ». In this method we identified, by referring to the results developed by DESROCHERS, all the possible combinations between simple entities and their tolerance type correspondences. An example of validation is afterward established and a set of geometrical manufacturing specifications were generated. With this previous method we are constrained to treat the surfaces that constitute the functional reference system independently, one by one, which is not conform to the standard. What urged us to look for another alternative able to remedy to this problem. « Rational method for 3D manufacturing tolerancing synthesis based on TTRS approach » This method is represented by an algorithm which takes into account the hierarchy of positioning surfaces and the specifications inversions between the reference and the specified surface. During the creation of temporary surfaces, whether they are used for positioning or they are machined, the method allows to generate the appropriate tolerance specification in the considered phase. During the development of this method, we took back the totality of the tolerancing process TTRS cards, developed by CLÉMENT and also the vectorial modelling of these associations’ cases, described by GAUNET. With the relatives positioning parameters rules, we were able to generate at the end of the treatment all the geometrical specifications capable to ensure the respect of the functional geometrical specification. This method insures the traceability of the successive links between the active surfaces during the various manufacturing operations. These links which can be represented on the SPIDER GRAPH will allow determining mathematically or in a probability way the consequence of these various pieces transfer between machines.

Cette thèse se focalise sur la proposition et l’application des approches pour la modélisation de l’éco-fabrication. Ces approches permettent de préparer et simuler une démarche de fabrication des produits en assurant le couplage entre les objectifs écologiques et économiques.Les approches développées dans cette thèse sont basées sur les notions d’aide à la décision ainsi que l’optimisation multi objectifs. L’aide à la décision permet l’intervention en deux différents niveaux : le choix des impacts environnementaux à quantifier ainsi que le choix du scénario final de fabrication. Pour l’optimisation multi objectifs, elle assure le couplage entre les deux piliers principaux de l’éco-fabrication : l’écologie et l’économie. Au niveau de l’aide à la décision multi critères, les méthodes Evamix et Promethee ont été appliqués, tandis que les essaims particulaires ont été développés dans le cadre de l’optimisation multi objectifs.Ces approches ont été appliquées tout d’abord aux quelques opérations d’usinage : tournage et fraisage. Finalement, la chaîne de fabrication de l’acide phosphorique ainsi que celle d’acide sulfurique ont été le sujet de l’application des deux approches développées. / This thesis focuses on the proposal and implementation of approaches for modeling sustainable manufacturing. These approaches are used to prepare and simulate a process of manufacturing products providing coupling between environmental and economic objectives.The approaches developed in this thesis are based on the concepts of decision support as well as multi-objective optimization. The decision support allows intervention in two different levels: the choice of indicator to quantify the environmental impacts and the choice of the final manufacturing scenario. For multi-objective optimization, it provides the coupling between the two main pillars of sustainable manufacturing: ecology and economy. In terms of multi criteria decision aid methods, Evamix and Promethee were applied, while particulate swarms were developed as part of the multi-objective optimization. These approaches have been applied initially to some machining operations: turning and milling. Finally, the production line of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid were the subject of application of the two approaches developed.

Ma thèse s'intègre dans un contexte de développement d'une cotation fonctionnelle dans un environnement de CAO 3D chez Snecma, acteur majeur dans le monde de la propulsion aéronautique et spatiale. Les objectifs de ces travaux de recherches sont variés et suivent une logique de maîtrise de la géométrie sur tout le cycle de conception / contrôle / fabrication, notamment par le déploiement de la cotation ISO.Dans un premier temps une définition fonctionnelle ISO est proposée pour des pièces de formes complexes qui composent une turbo-machine, tout en considérant les problèmes liés au contrôle en métrologie automatique et sans contact. Cette définition nécessite quelques mises à jour des normes actuelles. Une autre difficulté fut de répondre aux demandes industrielles dans leur globalité en considérant les différents types de pièces des moteurs.Une seconde partie importante du travail consiste à développer des outils de contrôle et d'analyse de surfaces 3D complexes en vue d'une meilleure connaissance de leur géométrie en séparant les défauts locaux et globaux, qui n’ont pas le même impact fonctionnel.Une troisième partie consiste à développer une stratégie de transfert de fabrication 3D sur des pièces complexes usinées sur des montages 6 points en considérant les problèmes d’orientation des surfaces.L’ensemble des travaux permet de garantir le respect, sur des pièces de formes complexes, des exigences fonctionnelles de la définition jusqu’à la pièce usinée grâce au déploiement des normes ISO de cotation.Ces travaux ont abouti à une publication au CIRP CAT 2014 en Chine, le développement en interne Snecma d’un outil de quantification des défauts globaux/locaux, une volonté forte de développer un outil générique de transfert 3D basé sur le travail réalisé, deux distinctions créativité Snecma dont une classé seconde sur toutes les créativités 2013 et un changement de grande ampleur dans la méthode de contrôle des spécifications de forme de profils d’aube. / My PhD thesis is integrated into a context of functional dimensioning development in a 3D CAD environment at Snecma, a major player in the aerospace propulsion world. The objectives of this research work are varied but follow one goal: mastery quality geometry throughout the design, control and manufacturing cycle, by the deployment of the ISO standards of tolerancing.At first a functional definition ISO is proposed for parts with complex shapes that make up a turbo-machine while considering issues related to metrology and automatic control without contact. This definition requires some updates of existing standards. Another problem was to meet industrial demands in their entirety by considering the various types of engine parts.A second important part of the work is to develop control and analyze tools for complex 3D shapes for a better understanding of their geometry by separating local and global faults, which do not have the same functional impact.A third part develops a 3D manufacturing transfer strategy on complex workpieces on mounting “6 points” by considering the surface orientation problems.All work ensures compliance of functional requirements, on parts with complex shapes, from definition to the workpiece through the deployment of ISO standards of tolerancing.This work led to a publication in CIRP CAT 2014 China, a Snecma internal development of a quantification tool of global / local defects, a strong wich to develop a 3D transfer generic tool based on the work done, two awards Snecma creativity with one ranked second in 2013 on all the awards and a major change in the control method of form profiles specifications.

O desenvolvimento da fotônica integrada vem recebendo muita atenção nos últimos anos. Sua alta funcionalidade e velocidade de transmissão de sinais possibilitam a aplicação em diversas áreas, que vão desde comunicações até biologia. O uso de polímeros em circuitos fotônicos integrados tem se mostrado interessante, pois compostos orgânicos podem ser facilmente incorporados a matrizes poliméricas. Isso faz com que as propriedades físicas do polímero possam ser modificadas de acordo com os materiais incorporados. Além disso, a técnica da fotopolimerização por absorção de dois fótons torna possível a produção de microestruturas poliméricas tridimensionais com alta resolução. A incorporação dessas microestruturas a circuitos fotônicos pode trazer um novo ramo de funcionalidades devido à facilidade de modificação das propriedades dos polímeros. Além disso, a tridimensionalidade das estruturas permite a realização de conexões ópticas em três dimensões, o que colabora para o aumento da compacticidade dos dispositivos fotônicos. No entanto, para que estas microestruturas possam ser efetivamente incorporadas aos circuitos fotônicos é necessário desenvolver formas de conectá-las a fontes externas de excitação, bem como a instrumentos de análise de sinais. Os tapers de fibras ópticas, também conhecidos como microfibras ou nanofibras, são bons candidatos para realizar essa tarefa devido a suas dimensões reduzidas, as quais são compatíveis com o tamanho das microestruturas. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos métodos para realizar a conexão óptica entre microestruturas poliméricas e tapers de fibras ópticas. As microestruturas foram produzidas através da técnica de fotopolimerização por absorção de dois fótons e corantes orgânicos foram incorporados à matriz polimérica para conferir propriedades fluorescentes às estruturas. Os tapers foram produzidos a partir de fibras ópticas convencionais por uma técnica de aquecimento e estiramento. Para realizar a conexão óptica, dois métodos foram desenvolvidos. No primeiro deles as microestruturas foram excitadas através de uma lente objetiva e sua emisão foi coletada por um taper. No segundo método, tanto a excitação quanto a coleta foram realizadas por tapers de fibras ópticas. Em ambos os casos as fibras foram posicionadas através de micromanipuladores. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os tapers são ferramentas adequadas para realizar tanto a excitação quando a coleta da emissão de microestruturas, pois permitem excitação individual e coleta localizada. Produzimos microestruturas com múltiplas dopagens e pudemos concluir que a excitação localizada de diferentes partes da estrutura, bem como a correta escolha do comprimento de onda de excitação, são mecanismos que levam a alterações no espectro de emissão, o que torna estas estruturas candidatas a fontes de luz sintonizáveis que podem ser incorporadas a dispositivos on-chip. Por fim, desenvolvemos um método de produção de microestruturas conectadas a tapers. Este trabalho abre caminho para a incorporação de microestruturas poliméricas a circuitos fotônicos e demonstra que tapers de fibras ópticas são ferramentas eficientes para a realização de microconexões ópticas. / The development of integrated photonics has received a great deal of attention in the last few years. Its high functionality and signal transmission speed allow applications in several fields, from telecommunications to biology. The use of polymeric platforms in integrated photonic circuits is interesting because organic compounds can be easily incorporated to polymeric matrixes, which makes it easy to change the physical properties of the polymer according to the embed materials. Furthermore, the two-photon polymerization technique allows the production of three-dimensional polymeric microstructures with high resolution. The incorporation of these microstructures to photonic circuits paves the way for a new field of funcionalities due to the ease of modification of the polymers properties. Besides that, the structures three-dimensionality allows the performance of optical connections in three dimensions, which can improve the compacticity of the photonic devices. However, for the effective incorporation of these microstructures to photonic circuits, it is necessary to develop ways to connect them to external excitation sources, as well as analysis instruments. Optical fiber tapers, also known as microfibers or nanofibers, are good candidates for this task due to their reduced dimensions that are compatible with the size of the microstructures. In this work we developed methods for the performance of optical connections of polymeric microstructures through fiber tapers. The microstrutures were produced through the two-photon polymerization technique and organic dyes were incorporated to the polymeric matrix in order to introduce fluorescent properties. The fiber tapers were produced from conventional optical fibers through a heat-and-draw approach. To perform the optical connections, two methods were developed. In the first one, the microestructures were excited through a microscope objective and emission collection was performed by a fiber taper. In the second approach, excitation and collection were performed by fiber tapers. In both methods, the tapers were set up by micromanipulators. The obtained results indicate that tapers are a suitable tool to perform optical excitation and emission collection in microstructures, as they allow individual excitation and localized collection. Multiple doped microstructures were produced and we could imply that the localized excitation of different parts of the structures, as well as the correct choice of the excitation wavelength, are tools that lead to changes in the emission spectrum, which makes these structures candidates to tunable light sources that can be incorporated to on-chip devices. At last, we developed a method for the production of microstructures connected to fiber tapers. This work paves the way for the incorporation of polymeric microstructures to photonics circuits and demonstrates that fiber tapers are efficient tools to perform optical microconnections.

A consolidação do processo de Modelagem da Informação da Construção (BIM) tende a contribuir para o aumento da eficiência da indústria da construção civil, fomentando novos fluxos de trabalho e permitindo o reuso de informações ao longo do ciclo de vida dos empreendimentos. Apesar do potencial de integração e automação associados ao processo BIM, o uso das informações digitais contidas no modelo para facilitar a pré-fabricação de produtos para a construção mostra-se incipiente. Nota-se que emprego da fabricação digital encontra obstáculos sobretudo em setores que atuam de modo segregado, e que por isto mesmo demandam sinergia, bem como o uso de normas e padrões que possibilitem a interoperabilidade e reuso das informações geradas nas fases anteriores a fabricação. Neste contexto, foi feita uma análise do uso da fabricação digital aplicada ao processamento industrial de aço para estruturas de concreto armado (corte e dobra). Embora os fabricantes que atuam neste setor possuam suporte a interface digital com os demais agentes, a configuração de sua cadeia de produtiva, bem como os processos tradicionalmente adotados, promovem a ocorrência de ilhas de automação ligadas por transferência manual e reentrada de dados. Como forma de reduzir a intervenção manual para a transcrição dos dados, propõe-se o uso do esquema de dados Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) na fabricação digital de componentes de armadura. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma solução técnica, baseada no esquema IFC, aos requisitos de troca de informação necessários no fluxo de trabalho proposto. Com base nos requisitos de troca identificados por meio do método Information Delivery Manual (IDM), apresenta-se como essas informações podem ser mapeadas e qual o subconjunto de dados necessários à fabricação digital baseada no esquema IFC4. Por fim, apresenta-se a documentação e validação da solução técnica desenvolvida de acordo com o método Model View Definition (MVD) e com o uso da ferramenta ifcDoc. Após a realização de testes com base no esquema IFC4 foi constatada a viabilidade para recuperação dos dados contidos no modelo. Entretanto também foi identificada a carência de ferramentas comerciais que suportem tal funcionalidade. / The consolidation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) possibly contributes to the increase of the efficiency in the construction industry, by fostering new workflows and data reuse throughout projects life cycle. Despite the potential for integration and automation associated with BIM, the use of the digital information contained in the model to facilitate prefabrication of construction products is still incipient. The digital fabrication finds obstacles in sectors that act in a segregated manner, henceforth needs standard adoption to allow reuse of the information generated in the phases prior to production. In this context, it was analyzed the use of digital fabrication applied to the industrial processing of reinforcement bars for concrete structures (rebar cutting and bending). Although the fabricators who act in this sector already have support to the digital interface with other agents, the supply chain configuration adopted by the Brazilian market, as well as the traditional paper-based processes employed, promote the occurrence of \"islands of automation\" connected by manual data transfer. In order to reduce the need for manual intervention for data re-interpretation and re-entry, it is proposed to use the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data schema to promote the digital interface between the reinforcing bar supply chain stakeholder\'s. This work aims to present an IFC-based technical solution to the fabricator\'s information requirements by means of the Information Delivery Manual (IDM) and Model View Definition (MVD) standards. On the basis of the exchange requirements specified by rebar fabricator through IDM method, it is presented the IFC schema subset entailed and how this information can be mapped in order to allow the use of IFC on the cut & bend rebar supply chain. Finally, the technical solution was documented in an MVD and validate with the ifcDoc tool. After conducting validation tests based on the IFC4 schema, it was verified the viability to recover the data contained in the model. However, the lack of commercial tools that support such functionality has also been identified.

Neste trabalho os parâmetros de fabricação de alvos de dispersão UAlx-Al foram definidos aplicando-se a tecnologia de montagem e laminação de um conjunto núcleo-moldura-revestimentos tradicionalmente adotada na fabricação de placas combustíveis usadas em reatores de pesquisa. O uso das técnicas de dilatometria e difração de raios-x com refinamento de Rietveld contribuíram para desenvolver um processamento termomecânico para controle das fases presentes no núcleo do alvo. Um método inovador que permitiu o aumento da produtividade desse tipo de alvo também foi desenvolvido com base na laminação de múltiplos núcleos. O processo de fabricação mostrou-se adequado para produção de alvos com a especificação para produção de Mo-99 no Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB). / At this work, the manufacturing parameters of uranium aluminide dispersion targets (UAlx-Al) were defined applying the picture-frame technique, traditionally adopted to manufacture fuel plates used in research reactors. The use of dilatometric and X-ray analysis supported the development of a thermomechanical processing to control the phases present in the target meat. It was also developed a method to quantify uranium aluminides phases. An innovative method that allowed to increase the productivity of this type of target was also developed based on multicore rolling. The manufacturing process proved to be suitable for the production of targets fulfilling the specification to produce Mo-99 in the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor.

Com o objetivo de melhorar a eficiência as células solares de silício do tipo n+pp+, foi desenvolvido um modelo de otimização teórica visando dar subsídios para otimizar convenientemente as diversas etapas envolvidas no processo de fabricação destes dispositivos. Para levar a cabo o estudo teórico foi desenvolvido um programa considerando as características das três regiões que compõe a célula solar n+, base p e emissor posterior p+. O emissor frontal e a base foram analisados através de modelos teóricos com soluções analíticas, enquanto que a região posterior foi analisada através da teoria clássica. Foram otimizados dois tipos de emissores: homogêneos e duplamente difundidos, utilizando parâmetros internos atualizados. Através dos resultados teóricos obtidos, verificou-se o excelente comportamento dos emissores homogêneos, pouco dopados, profundos e passivados. Melhores resultados teóricos foram obtidos com emissores duplamente difundidos, ou seja, compostos por diferentes níveis de concentrações de dopantes nas regiões passivadas e metalizadas. Entretanto, através da comparação entre emissores homogêneos e os duplamente difundidos, verificou-se uma predominância dos homogêneos para aplicações industriais. Assim sendo, a comparação foi seguida de uma análise da dependência dos emissores homogêneos com o fator de sombreamento metálico (Fm). Uma vez realizadas as otimizações teóricas, passou-se ao desenvolvimento tecnológico de células solares com emissores duplamente difundidos e passivados. Visando incrementar o rendimento das células solares, diversas etapas do processo de fabricação foram implementadas e/ou melhoradas, tais como, o uso de aditivos clorados (C33), na limpeza dos fornos e no crescimento da camada passivadora e anti-refletora do dióxido de silício, a texturização química e a pré-deposição de fósforo em tubo aberto. O sistema anti-refletor (superfície texturizada com dióxido de silício) foi utilizado, uma vez que produziu uma significativa redução da reflexão da superfície frontal da célula solar. As células solares desenvolvidas neste trabalho foram caracterizadas utilizando diversas técnicas como curva IxV no escuro e sob iluminação, curvas de corrente de curto-circuito versus tensão de circuito aberto e respostas espectrais ou eficiências quânticas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a excelente qualidade alcançada pelos emissores desenvolvidos, tanto com relação à eficiência de coleção para curtos comprimentos de onda, como no referente à pouca contribuição à densidade de corrente de recombinação. Das análises teórico-experimentais realizadas concluiu-se que as células desenvolvidas neste trabalho estão limitadas pela recombinação na região de base, devendo ser este um dos caminhos a ser seguido visando melhorar o rendimento destes dispositivos. A célula mais representativa do processo utilizado alcançou uma eficiência de (16,9 ± 0,3)%, uma tensão de circuito aberto de 639,6mV e uma densidade de corrente de curto-circuito de 33,67mA/cm² (medidas realizadas no National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)). / Searching for the improvement of n+pp+ solar cell efficiencies, a theoretical model was developed in order to optimize the emitter parameters and several technological processes were implemented in the fabrication of these devices. Thus, a code considering the characteristics of the different regions n+ emitter, base region and p+ emitter were developed. The emitter n+ and the base region were analyzed by means of the theoretical model with analytical solutions, while the p+ emitter was analyzed considering the classical theory. Using update parameters, a optimization was made for the two kinds of emitters. And by means of the theoretical results, the excellent behavior of homogeneous emitters when moderately doped, relatively thick and passivated. The best theoretical results were found with two-step diffusion emitters. However, comparing the two kinds of emitters a remarkable importance was found for practical applications of homogeneous emitter. Thus, a comparison considering the dependence of homogeneous emitters on the metal-grid shadowing factor (Fm) was fulfilled. The technological development was fulfilled with some innovations in the fabrication process; such as the use of C33 (in the cleaning of high temperature furnaces, as well as for growing the SiO2), chemical texturizations and phosphorus pre-deposition in open tube furnaces. The anti-reflection system was chosen, considering the theoretical-experimental optimizations developed for anti-reflection coatings. The solar cells were characterized by current density versus voltage curve under darkness and illumination, quantum efficiency and so on. The obtained results showed the excellent quality reached for the developed emitters, as for the internal quantum efficiency as for the low recombination current density. Analyzing the theoretical and experimental results, it was found that the base region is limiting the performance of the cells. Thus, this must be a way of improving the efficiency of these cells. The best solar cell has a short-current density of 33.67mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage 639.6mV and efficiency of (16.9 ± 0.3)%, measured by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

Em fases transformadoras como a que se vive na atualidade com as tecnologias que impactam os processos produtivos de moda, os papéis desempenhados pelos designers se alteram. Neste contexto, o designer de moda parece se deparar entre as narrativas da cultura maker (influenciados por movimentos de contra-cultura, ao clamar por autonomia como o Arts & Crafts, DIY, movimento do software livre e open-source) e, por outro, os direcionamentos tomados pela indústria 4.0. (produção em escala, ultra-personalizadas, distribuída e com uso de dados). Estes dois âmbitos têm em comum interesse o uso de ferramentas de fabricação digital, por isso, os conhecimentos necessários para projetos desenvolvidos nestes espaços se difundem rapidamente. Contudo, ímpetos, narrativas, valores iniciais e interesses de diversas origens se mesclam de um modo difícil de distinguir (NASCIMENTO, S.; PÓLVORA, A.; 2016), mas que continuam a gerar agenciamentos. Esta investigação tem como objetivo apresentar um panorama dos percursos do designer de moda em meio ao contexto cultural e operacional da fabricação digital afim de destacar pontos de tensão e de disparidades sociais que passam pelo campo produtivo, afim de encontrar quais os próximos e melhores passos a serem dados. Deste modo, busca-se utilizar ferramentas digitais como impressoras 3D, escaners 3D e máquinas de corte a laser na com a intenção de trazer mais autonomia, acessibilidade, igualdade nas relações para designers de moda no Brasil. / In a phase of deep transformations with new technologies that impact the productive processes in the fashion field. In this context, the fashion designer finds himself between narratives devired from the the maker culture (following counter-culture movements, claiming for autonomy with the Arts & Crafts movement, DIY, later the free software movement, open-source) and the 4.0 industry (scale, ultrapersonalized, distributed production based on data). Both areas have the interest on digital fabrication in common, therefore, the required knowledge for projects developed in these spaces spreads rapidly. Yet, impulses, narratives and initial values cultuated by the maker movement seems to be mixed and dispersed (NASCIMENTO, S.; PÓLVORA, A.; 2016) while agency keep happening. The present investigation\'s aim is to present the paths followed by the fashion designer immersed in a cultural context and in the operational digital fabrication\'s context in order to find which are the best actions to be taken. In this sense, digital fabrication tools such as 3D printers, 3D scanners, laser cutter machines can be used to bring more autonomy, accessibility, equality in the relations and in the ways of producing for fashion designers in Brasil.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as propriedades ópticas de sistemas poliméricos luminescentes submetidos a diferentes doses de radiação gama. Foram preparadas soluções de poli[2-metóxi-5-(2\'etil-hexilóxi)-p-fenilenovinileno] - MEHPPV em clorofórmio e filmes finos depositados a partir de soluções deste polímero sobre substrato de vidro. As soluções e filmes finos tiveram suas propriedades investigadas por meio de medidas de absorção ultravioleta-visível (UV-VIS). Os filmes finos também foram analisados por medidas de espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR) além da cromatografia HPSEC. Os resultados experimentais foram analisados buscando elucidar tanto os efeitos da radiação nas propriedades ópticas dos polímeros, como também o estudo da viabilidade destes materiais como elementos ativos de dosímetros para baixas doses de radiação gama (< 1 kGy) especialmente para aplicações no tratamento de esterilização de bolsas de sangue (~ 25 Gy) e altas doses de radiação gama (até 25 kGy) para aplicações como esterilização de materiais médicos hospitalares. / This work aims the investigation of the optical properties of luminescent polymeric systems when submitted to different gamma radiation doses. Solutions of poly[2-methoxi-5-(2\'etil-hexiloxi)-p-phenilenevinilene] - MEH-PPV in chloroform were prepared. From those solutions, thin film layers of MEH-PPV were deposited on glass substrates. The polymer solutions and the thin-film samples of MEHPPV had their properties investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. The thin-film prepared samples were, additionally, investigated by InfraRed Fourier Transform (FTIR) spectroscopy and HPSEC chromatography. The experimental results were investigated to elucidate the radiation effects on the optical properties of these polymeric systems. From the experimental results, the feasibility of using this material as active element in gamma radiation dosimeters was investigated. The research was conducted aiming the low dose gamma radiation (< 1 kGy) specifically for application in the sterilization treatment of blood bags (~ 25 Gy) and high gamma radiation doses (up to 25 kGy) as used for the sterilization of medical and hospital supplies.

La technologie de fabrication additive métal fil permet la fabrication de structures filaires complexes en 3 dimensions. Ce système se base sur l'utilisation d'un procédé de soudage qui va permettre le dépôt de la matière. Ce dernier est embarqué sur un bras robotique qui permettra de déplacer la torche de soudage aux positions désirées. Pour fabriquer de grandes structures filaires, le dépôt s'effectue point par point. L'utilisation d'un procédé de soudage induit des fluctuations sur le dépôt. Pour être adaptable facilement, deux aspects doivent être pris en compte. Premièrement, une instrumentation doit être embarquée. Un contrôle local sur la géométrie déposée doit être utilisé pour atteindre les formes finales désirées. Deuxièmement, certaines stratégies de dépôt doivent êtres implémentées pour piloter notre système dans les intersections de branches. Pour atteindre ces deux objectifs, un slicer adaptatif et modulaire, ainsi qu'un système de supervision et de contrôle du système ont été développés pour permettre l'implémentation du contrôle. Cela permet, si une erreur apparait, de changer la position de notre système de dépôt. Pour obtenir la géométrie désirée, notre système de supervision et de contrôle doit pouvoir : (i) effectuer un slicing de la géométrie à la volée lors de la fabrication avec un pas variable pour pouvoir prendre en compte les variations du procédé de dépôt et (ii) gérer les stratégies de dépôt au niveau des intersections pour décider des paramètres procédés et des trajectoires à employer. / Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has the possibility to build metallic structures in 3D space. WAAM system is based on welding process to deposit metallic material and on a robot that moves the welding torch to add material at a given position. For large skeleton structures, it was chosen to deposit material point by point. Welding process induces fluctuations.To be fully scalable, two main features must be taken into account. First, monitoring of the process is necessary. Local control on the geometry of the deposition must be used to reach the final shape. Secondly, some deposition strategies must be implemented to manage branch intersections. To reach these two objectives, anadaptive and modular slicer and a process manager have been developed in order to implement this control. It allows us, if an error occurs during the deposition, to change the position of the effector or the process parameters. To obtain the desired geometry, the CAM software have to be able to, (i) do a slicing during the additive process of the part with a variable deposit height in order to take into account variation of the deposition process and (ii) manage the deposition strategy at intersection to output the position of the torch.