Faces de bebês são um estímulo emocional extremamente saliente para humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a interferência emocional de faces de bebês e estímulos de ameaça (faces adultas com medo) na atenção automática de homens e mulheres com e sem filhos. Após estudo piloto, recrutou-se 61 homens e mulheres de 20 a 35 anos. Os participantes responderam a uma tarefa Go/No-Go na qual imagens de bebês com expressões de sofrimento, alegria ou neutra e imagens de adultos com expressões de medo, alegria e neutra, eram apresentadas. Foram calculados os vieses de atenção para faces de bebês em sofrimento, faces de adultos com medo e faces de bebês vs. adultos. Participantes com filhos, de ambos os sexos, apresentaram mais viés de cuidado (bebês vs adultos) do que os sem filhos. Os resultados indicaram que apenas status parental influenciou o viés para faces de bebês. / Babies are extremely salient emotional stimuli to human beings. The current study aimed to compare the emotional interference of baby faces and threat stimuli (adult fearful faces) on the automatic attention of men and women, parents and non-parents. A pilot study was conducted to adapt instruments and procedures. For the main study 61 men and women aged 20 to 35 years with minimum complete elementary school were recruited. Images of distressed, happy and neutral baby faces and fearful, happy and neutral adult faces were used in a Go/No-Go paradigm. Attentional bias indexes were calculated for biases towards baby distress, adult fear and baby vs. adult faces. Parents, regardless of sex, showed a higher nurturing attentional bias (baby vs. adult faces) in comparison to non-parents. This finding demonstrates that parental status influences the attentional bias to babies.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common child-onset neurodevelopment disorders, affecting 5% of children in the United States (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Treatment matching in ADHD is difficult and unsatisfactory; the same general treatment algorithm is recommended for all children. It is therefore important to consider the development of specialized treatment programs based on a variety of behavioral and neurological biomarkers. Unfortunately, due to its multi-faceted classification, the heterogeneity of this behavioral disorder is under-investigated (Costa Dias et al., 2015). Scientific research in this area is especially limited as the severity of ADHD goes undiagnosed, children tend to have difficulties remaining still in MRI scanners, and the hyperactivity-impulsivity that is associated with ADHD may cause further challenges when trying to remain motionless in the scanner. Furthermore, tasks such as Facial Emotion Perception Task (FEPT) and Theory of Mind (ToM) have not been used to analyze social and behavioral deficits in children with ADHD. More research needs to be allocated to helping uncover the neural substrates underlying the inattention and hyperactivity traits of this disorder. For this reason, we acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from five children with ADHD performing the FEPT and ToM tasks. The results showed the children have an easier and quick time correctly identifying happy emotional states, as compared to the fearful, angry, and neutral conditions. Results from the FEPT task also revealed that the participants were thinking and reasoning more (i.e., taking longer to deduce an ending) when identifying emotions than identifying animals. The ToM task showed that the default mode network (DMN) may not be fully suppressed when the children are choosing the correct cartoon ending, and therefore the children may be having lapses in attention. These findings may assist the current hypothesis that the default mode network has reduced network homogeneity in people with ADHD. Overall, the findings presented in this thesis provide a good diving board into discovering the reason(s) for the social cognition and emotion recognition impairments associated with ADHD, but further research is needed in order to one day pinpoint and ultimately correct the regions(s) of dysfunction.

Faces de bebês são um estímulo emocional extremamente saliente para humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a interferência emocional de faces de bebês e estímulos de ameaça (faces adultas com medo) na atenção automática de homens e mulheres com e sem filhos. Após estudo piloto, recrutou-se 61 homens e mulheres de 20 a 35 anos. Os participantes responderam a uma tarefa Go/No-Go na qual imagens de bebês com expressões de sofrimento, alegria ou neutra e imagens de adultos com expressões de medo, alegria e neutra, eram apresentadas. Foram calculados os vieses de atenção para faces de bebês em sofrimento, faces de adultos com medo e faces de bebês vs. adultos. Participantes com filhos, de ambos os sexos, apresentaram mais viés de cuidado (bebês vs adultos) do que os sem filhos. Os resultados indicaram que apenas status parental influenciou o viés para faces de bebês. / Babies are extremely salient emotional stimuli to human beings. The current study aimed to compare the emotional interference of baby faces and threat stimuli (adult fearful faces) on the automatic attention of men and women, parents and non-parents. A pilot study was conducted to adapt instruments and procedures. For the main study 61 men and women aged 20 to 35 years with minimum complete elementary school were recruited. Images of distressed, happy and neutral baby faces and fearful, happy and neutral adult faces were used in a Go/No-Go paradigm. Attentional bias indexes were calculated for biases towards baby distress, adult fear and baby vs. adult faces. Parents, regardless of sex, showed a higher nurturing attentional bias (baby vs. adult faces) in comparison to non-parents. This finding demonstrates that parental status influences the attentional bias to babies.

A Escala Facial de Dor - Revisada (EFD-R) é uma das escalas mais recomendadas na mensuração da intensidade da dor aguda em crianças. A versão original desta escala foi testada em crianças canadenses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a validade, interpretação e preferência da versão brasileira da Escala Facial de Dor - Revisada (EFD-R-B), em duas amostras de crianças brasileiras: uma envolvendo dor aguda procedural e outra dor aguda pós-cirúrgica. Na primeira amostra participaram 77 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, do sexo feminino e masculino, que foram submetidas à coleta de sangue (dor procedural). As crianças estimaram a intensidade da sua dor, antes e após a punção venosa, na EFD-R-B. Na estimação após a punção venosa, a Escala Colorida Analógica (ECA) foi administrada junto com a EFD-R-B e, além disso, as crianças indicaram as faces que expressavam uma dor leve, moderada e severa, a escala que preferiam e o porquê. Na segunda amostra, participaram 53 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, do sexo feminino e masculino, que tinham sido submetidas a pequenas cirurgias (dor pós-cirúrgica). Nesta amostra, as crianças estimaram, na EFD-R-B e na ECA, a intensidade da dor que estavam sentindo no momento da entrevista. Também indicaram as faces que expressavam uma dor leve, moderada e severa, o limiar de tratamento da dor, a escala que preferiam e o porquê. Na comparação entre as pontuações obtidas na EFD-R-B e na ECA (validade convergente), nas duas amostras, os valores dos coeficientes Kendall\'s tau foram altos e significativos: =0,75 para o grupo de dor procedural e =0,79 para o grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica (p=0,00 nas duas amostras). No grupo de dor procedural, a EFD-R-B refletiu as mudanças na intensidade da dor vivenciada pelas crianças antes e após a punção venosa (validade concorrente): Teste de Wilcoxon z=-6,65; p=0,00. Considerando uma escala de 0 a 10 para a EFD-R-B, a mediana e a amplitude interquartil (AIQ) para as faces indicadas como expressivas de intensidade leve, moderada e severa, foram 2 (2-2), 4 (4-6) e 10 (10-10) respectivamente, no grupo de dor procedural, e 2 (2-2), 6 (4-8) e 10 (10-10) respectivamente, no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica. Na estimação do limiar de tratamento da dor (grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica), a mediana (AIQ) foi 6 (4-10). No grupo de dor procedural, a EFD-R-B foi a escala preferida por 57,1% das crianças e a ECA por 41,6%; no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica, a EFD-R-B foi escolhida por 66% das crianças e a ECA por 34%. Estas proporções somente foram significativas no grupo de dor pós-cirúrgica (X²=5,453 p=0,02). Nossos resultados mostram que a EFD-R-B possui propriedades similares à escala original e boa aceitação entre as crianças entrevistadas. A determinação dos valores das diferentes intensidades de dor e do limiar de tratamento da dor, para cada participante, representa uma evidência importante sobre a interpretação da EFD-R. / The Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) is one of the most recommended tools in measuring the intensity of acute pain in children. The aim of this study was to assess validity, interpretability and preference of the Brazilian version of the FPS-R (FPS-R-B), in two different clinical samples. The first sample contained seventy-seven children, 6 to 12 years old and both sexes, undergoing venipuncture for blood sample (procedural pain). These children estimated their perceived pain intensity in FPS-R-B before and after venipuncture. Furthermore, after venipuncture, children were asked: a) to evaluate the intensity of their needle pain using the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS), b) to indicate on the Faces scale the intensities representing the mild, moderate and severe pain, and c) to choose the scale they preferred and indicate the reasons for the preference. The second sample included fifty-three children, 6 to 12 years old and both sexes, undergoing minor surgery (postoperative pain). Following surgery, children were asked: a) to provide a rating of their current pain intensity using the FPS-R-B and the CAS, b) to indicate on the Faces scale the intensities representing the mild, moderate and severe pain, c) to estimate, on the FPS-R-B, the intensity of pain that their felt to warrant pharmacologic intervention (pain treatment threshold), and d) to choose the scale they preferred and indicate the reasons for the preference. The degree of concordance between FPS-R-B and CAS ratings (convergent validity), for both samples, was high and statistically significant Kendall\'s tau value was 0.75 for the first sample, and 0.79 for the second sample, (p<0.05) . FPS-R-B reflected the changes in pain intensity before and after venipuncture (concurrent validity): Wilcoxon Test z=- 6.24; p< 0.05. On the 0-10 scale for the FPS-R-B, the median and interquartile range (IQR) of the intensities that represented mild, moderate and severe pain were 2 (2-2), 4 (4-6) e 10 (10-10) respectively, for the first sample, and 2 (2-2), 6 (4-8) e 10 (10-10) respectively, for the second sample. The median and IQR for pain treatment threshold were 6 (4-10). Fifty-seven percent of children in the first sample and 64.8% in the second sample preferred the FPS-R-B. These proportions were statistically significant for the second sample (X²=5,453 p<0,05). Our data show that the FPS-R-B has similar statistical properties to the original. New evidences were presented regarding interpretability of the FPS-R by determining each children\'s treatment threshold and estimate of mild, moderate and severe pain. In this study, the FPS-R-B was preferred by the majority of children.

L'objectif principal de la présente dissertation est d'étudier le rôle des fissures pointues sur le comportement mécanique des cristaux sous charge à l'échelle atomique. La question d'intérêt est la façon dont un cristal pur, qui contient une seule fissure en équilibre mécanique, se déforme. Deux métaux ont été considérés: l'aluminium, qui est ductile à toute température, et le fer, transformé de ductile en fragile à une température décroissante inférieure à T=77K. Les forces de cohésion dans les deux métaux ont été modélisées via les potentiels phénoménologiques "n-body". A (010)[001] mode I nano-crack a été introduit dans le réseau cristallin parfait de chacun des métaux étudiés en utilisant des déplacements appropriés attribués par l'élasticité anisotrope. A T=0K, des configurations de fissures à l'équilibre ont été obtenues par minimisation d'énergie avec un type mixte de conditions aux limites. Les deux modèles ont révélé que les configurations de fissures restaient stables sous une gamme finie de contraintes appliquées en raison de l'effet de piégeage en treillis. La présente thèse propose une nouvelle approche pour interpréter le comportement mécanique intrinsèque des deux systèmes métalliques sous le chargement. En particulier, la réponse ductile ou fragile d'un système cristallin peut être déterminée en examinant si la barrière de piégeage en treillis d'une fissure préexistante est suffisante pour provoquer le glissement de dislocations statiques préexistantes. Les résultats des simulations ainsi que les données expérimentales démontrent que, selon le modèle proposé, l'aluminium et le fer sont ductiles et fragiles à T=0K, respectivement. / The principal aim of the present dissertation is to investigate the role of sharp cracks on the mechanical behaviour of crystals under load at the atomic scale. The question of interest is how a pure crystal, which contains a single crack in mechanical equilibrium, deforms. Two metals were considered: aluminium, ductile at any temperature below its melting point, and iron, being transformed from ductile to brittle upon decreasing temperature below T=77K. Cohesive forces in both metals were modeled via phenomenological n-body potentials. A (010)[001] mode I nano-crack was introduced in the perfect crystalline lattice of each of the studied metals by using appropriate displacements ascribed by anisotropic elasticity. At T=0K, equilibrium crack configurations were obtained via energy minimization with a mixed type of boundary conditions. Both models revealed that the crack configurations remained stable under a finite range of applied stresses due to the lattice trapping effect. The present thesis proposes a novel approach to interpret the intrinsic mechanical behaviour of the two metallic systems under loading. In particular, the ductile or brittle response of a crystalline system can be determined by examining whether the lattice trapping barrier of a pre-existing crack is sufficient to cause the glide of pre-existing static dislocations on the available slip systems. Simulation results along with experimental data demonstrate that, according to the model proposed, aluminium and iron are ductile and brittle at T=0K, respectively.

Nous possédons la faculté de reconnaître individuellement des centaines d’individus. Ceci nous permet d’évoluer dans une société complexe dont l’organisation est en partie forgée par les relations interindividuelles. La reconnaissance individuelle peut être réalisée par l'identification de divers éléments distincts, comme le visage ou la voix, qui forment chez l’Homme une seule représentation conceptuelle de l'identité de la personne. Nous avons démontré que les singes rhésus, comme les humains, reconnaissent individuellement leurs congénères familiers, mais également les individus humains connus. Ceci montre que la reconnaissance fine est une compétence partagée par un éventail d'espèces de primates pouvant servir de fondement à la vie en réseaux sociaux sophistiqués, et également que le cerveau s’adapte de façon flexible pour reconnaître les individus d'autres espèces lorsque ceux-ci ont une importance socioécologique. Par la suite, au niveau neuronal, ce projet a mis en lumière que les connaissances sociales concernant autrui sont représentées par les neurones hippocampiques ainsi que par les neurones inférotemporaux. Ainsi nous avons observé l’existence de neurones sélectifs aux visages non seulement dans le cortex inferotemporal, comme ceci a été décrit précédemment, mais également dans l’hippocampe. La comparaison des propriétés de ces neurones au sein de ces deux structures, suggère que les deux régions joueraient des rôles complémentaires au cours de la reconnaissance individuelle. Enfin, parce que l'hippocampe est une structure qui a évolué à des degrés divers chez différents mammifères pour soutenir la mémoire autobiographique et les représentations spatiales, la caractérisation des différents types de neurones et de leur connectivité a fourni un cadre commun pour comparer les fonctions de l’hippocampe à travers les espèces / Humans can individually recognize some hundreds of persons and therefore operate within a rich and complex society. Individual recognition can be achieved by identifying distinct elements such as the face or voice as belonging to one individual. In humans, those different cues are linked into one conceptual representation of individual identity. I demonstrated that rhesus monkeys, like humans, recognize familiarpeers but also familiar humans individually and that they match their voice to their corresponding memorized face. Thus it shows that fine individual recognition is a skill shared across a range of primate species, which may serve as the basis of a sophisticated social network. It also suggests that animals’ brains flexibly adapt to recognize individuals of other species when socio-ecologically relevant. Following at the neuronal level, this project put in light that social knowledge about other individuals is represented by hippocampal neurons as well as by inferotemporal neurons. For instance I observed the existence of face preferring neurons not only in the inferotemporal cortex as previously described but also in the hippocampus. Comparison of their properties across both structures, suggests that they could play complementary roles in recognition of individuals. Finally, because the hippocampus is a structure that evolved in various degrees to support autobiographical memory and spatial information in different mammals, I characterized the different subtypes of neurons and their network connectivity in the monkey hippocampus to provide a common anatomical framework to discuss hippocampal functions across species

This master's thesis deals with the design of a distributed information system, where the data distribution is based on semantic technologies. The project analyzes the semantic web technologies with the focus on information exchange between information systems and the related terms, mainly ontologies, ontology languages and the Resource description framework. Furthermore, there is described a proposal an ontology which is used to describe the data exchanged between the systems and the technologies used to implement distributed information system. The most important of them are Java Server Faces and Sesame.

Les substrats métalliques ont été élaborés par des traitements thermomécaniques (laminages et recuits)sur des alliages Fe48%Ni et Ni5%W dans le but d'obtenir une hypertexture Cube indispensable à l'épitaxie de l'YBaCuO et du silicium dans la fabrication des câbles supraconducteurs et des cellules photovoltaïques à couches minces. Le rôle des éléments d'alliages tels que le soufre et le niobium sur la recristallisation et la formation de l'hypertexture Cube a été étudié dans le Fe48%Ni. Il a été montré que l'ajout du soufre favorise le développement de la texture Cube alors que l'ajout du niobium empêche la formation de la texture Cube. Le soufre se combine avec le Mn pour former les précipités MnS qui contribuent à l'augmentation de la différence d'énergie stockée entre l'orientation Cube et les orientations de laminage à froid (ECube/autres) quand le soufre augmente. Ce gap d'énergie explique explique l'acuité de la texture Cube avec l'ajout du soufre. Contrairement au soufre, l'ajout du niobium empêche la formation de la texture Cube, ce résultat s'explique par le fait la différence d'énergie stockée entre l'orientation Cube et les orientations de laminage diminue avec l'ajout du niobium. Pour expliques tous ces résultats, les analyses de microstructures et textures ont été faites par la technique EBSD et l'énergie stockée a été estimée à partir de la diffraction des neutrons sur les états déformés. / Substrate tapes were prepared by cold rolling and annealing of a Fe48%Ni and Ni5%W alloys in order to obtain Sharp Cube {100}<001> oriented substrate for photovoltaic thin films and superconductor cables in particular.The effect of microalloying elements sulfur and niobium on recrystallization and sharp Cube formation was studied in Fe48%Ni. It was shown that the addition of sulfur promotes the formation of Cube grains while the addition of niobium prevents the Cube grains formation. Regarding sulfur, it combines with manganese to form the MnS precipitates wich increases the stored energy difference between Cube component and others cold rolled components ECube/other when sulfur is added. This stored energy difference explains the sharpness of the Cube texture when sulfur is added. On the contrary the niobium microalloying element addition prevents the formation of Cube grains. This could be explained by the fact that stored energy of cold-rolled components decreases with the addition of niobium and thus decreases Cube grains fraction when niobium is added. In order to explain these results, the development of Cube texture during recrystallization has been investigated in detail by EBSD, furthermore, the effect of stored energy has been studied by carrying out neutron diffraction measurements on the deformed states.

Hybride Oberflächenaktivierungen von Glasfaserrovings mittels Polymer/Zement-Kompositen ermöglichen eine komplette Durchdringung des Rovings mit Beton von der Matrix bis zu den innenliegenden Einzelfilamenten. Dies erlaubt einen deutlich verbesserten Lasteintrag in den gesamten Rovingquerschnitt bei der Verwendung als Faserverstärkung in textilbewehrten Betonen. Auf Grund von ausgeprägten Domänen hydratisierter Zementsteinphasen innerhalb des Rovings ergibt sich eine komplexe, multiskalige Verbundstruktur, die sich in ihren Eigenschaften deutlich von klassischen polymerbeschichteten Rovings unterscheidet. Wir diskutieren diesen Ansatz in Bezug auf Herstellung, nano-/mikroskopische Charakterisierung, sowie der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Probenkörper unter beschleunigten Alterungsbedingungen. Die mikroskopischen Untersuchungen mittels höchstauflösender Elektronenmikroskopie und Nanoindentation zielen darauf ab, die Grenzflächenanbindung, die veränderte Struktur in Abhängigkeit des verwendeten Polymers und der Additive sowie die Korrosionsmechanismen aufzuklären. / Hybrid surface modifications of glass fiber rovings with polymer/cement-composites allow the generation of extended cement phases within the roving and an activation of the innermost filaments to the surrounding concrete matrix. This enables enhanced load transfer across the full roving cross section when used as fibrous reinforcement in textile-reinforced concrete. Due to the presence of extended concrete domains within the roving, a complex multiscale composite structure develops, displaying distinctly different properties as compared to standard polymer impregnation routes. We discuss this approach in terms of production, nano/microscopic characterization of the concrete composites and mechanical properties of the resulting specimens under accelerated aging conditions. The microscopy studies using highest resolution electron microscopy and nanoindentation aim to elucidate the interface connection, the changes in morphology of the concrete as a function of the polymer and additives used, as well as shedding light on the corrosion mechanisms.

Les variations d’efficacité du traitement visuel dans le temps ont été étudiées par échantillonnage temporel aléatoire. Vingt-quatre adultes ont identifié des stimuli composés de bruit blanc visuel et d’images d’objets familiers (expérience 1) ou de visages célèbres (expérience 2). Le ratio signal-bruit variait à travers le temps selon des fonctions d’échantillonnage générées par l’intégration d’ondes sinusoïdales de différentes fréquences (5 à 55 Hz) et de phases et amplitudes aléatoires. Des vecteurs de classification (VC) temporels ont été calculés en soustrayant la somme pondérée des ratios signal-bruit associés aux mauvaises réponses de celle associée aux bonnes réponses. Des images de classification (IC) temps-fréquence ont été obtenues en appliquant la même procédure aux résultats d’analyses temps-fréquence réalisées sur la fonction d’échantillonnage de chaque essai. Les VC temporels des deux expériences sont très variables entre les participants. Par contre, les IC temps-fréquence sont remarquablement similaires à travers les participants (cohérence inter-sujets de .93 et .57 pour l’expérience 1 et 2 respectivement). Des comparaisons par test t nous indiquent de nombreuses différences entre les IC temps-fréquence des objets et visages familiers, mais aussi des objets non familiers et des mots analysés dans des études précédentes. Ainsi, ces IC sont sensibles à la classe de stimuli présentés, mais aussi à la familiarité de ces derniers. Les résultats témoignent d’une variation rapide dans l’efficacité de l’encodage visuel durant les 200 premières millisecondes d’exposition au stimulus et suggèrent que les IC du domaine temps-fréquence reflètent un aspect hautement fondamental du traitement visuel, hypothétiquement rattaché aux oscillations cérébrales. / Variations in visual processing effectiveness through time were investigated using random temporal stimulus sampling. Twenty-four adults named photographs of either familiar objects (experiment 1) or famous faces (experiment 2). Stimuli were made by a linear combination of the target image and high density white visual noise. Signal-to-noise ratio varied throughout the 200 ms stimulus duration. A new temporal sampling function was generated on each trial by the integration of random amplitude and phase sinusoidal waves of frequency between 5 and 55 Hz (in 5 Hz steps). Temporal classification vectors (CV) were calculated by subtracting the weighted sum of the signal-to-noise ratio associated to errors from that associated to correct responses. Time-frequency classification images (CI) were obtained by applying the same procedure on the outcome of time-frequency analyses applied to the sampling functions of each trial. In both experiments, the temporal CVs were highly variable across participants, but the time-frequency CIs were remarkably similar across participants (inter-subject coherence of .93 and .57 for experiments 1 and 2 respectively). T-tests revealed multiple differences between the time-frequency CIs obtained with familiar objects and faces, but also with non-familiar objects and words analyzed in previous studies. Therefore, theses CIs are sensitive to stimulus type, but also to stimulus familiarity. The present results indicate rapid variations of visual encoding effectiveness in the initial 200 ms of stimulus exposure and suggests that the time-frequency CIs tap a highly fundamental aspect of visual processing, hypothetically linked to brain oscillations.