The purpose of this study was to examine how teachers see the use of action plans for students in need of special support in physical education. The questions used were: What do the teachers consider being the causes for students not reaching the objectives in physical education? What experiences do four teachers have considering the work with action plans for students in need of special support? And, what experiences have one chosen head of school about establishing action plans for students in need of special support? To reach the answers to these questions qualitative interviews were made with four teachers from different schools. The interviews deal with the teachers views on assessment, curriculum, and the work with action plans for students in need of special support. The results show that that the underlying causes for students not reaching their objectives was either lack of participation or difficulties in certain parts of the subject. Despite this, the teachers write very few action plans even though it appears there are students in need of special support. The head of school whom were interviewed had both knowledge and confidence in working with these types of issues but was rarely informed that there were students in need of special support in physical education.        The conclusion of the study is that the teachers in the survey in most of the cases choose to help and support a student in need of special support without including the principal in the process. In addition the difficulties in grading student in physical education according to the teachers, is grounded in a vague national syllabus for physical education. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare ser på arbetet med åtgärdsprogram för de eleverna med behov av särskilt stöd inom ämnet Idrott och hälsa. Frågeställningarna som användes var: Vilka anser lärarna är de bakomliggande orsakerna till att elever inte når målen i Idrott och hälsa? Vilka erfarenheter har fyra utvalda lärare i ämnet Idrott och hälsa med arbetandet kring utformningen och uppföljningen av åtgärdsprogram för elever med behov av särskilt stöd i ämnet Idrott och hälsa? Samt, vad har en utvald skolledare för erfarenheter av upprättande av åtgärdsprogram för elever med behov av särskilt stöd? För att få svar på dessa frågeställningar gjordes fyra kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra olika på fyra olika skolor.  Detta för att få en djup och bred bild av problemet som undersöks. Texten behandlar lärarnas syn på bedömning, kursplanen samt arbete med åtgärdsprogram och elever i behov av särskilt stöd. Resultatet visar att de bakomliggande orsakerna till att elever är i behov av stöd är antingen att de väljer att inte delta eller att de har svårigheter i vissa moment. Lärarna skriver dock enbart i enstaka fall åtgärdsprogram trots att de även framkommer att det ofta finns elever som är i behov av särskilt stöd. Skolledaren intervjuades visade både kunskap och trygghet i hur man i ledningsposition arbetar med elever i behov av särskilt stöd men det är sällan denne får några indikationer på att åtgärdsprogram eventuellt krävs i Idrott och hälsa. Studiens slutsats är att lärarna i undersökningen i en klar majoritet av fallen då det visar sig att en elev är i behov av stöd väljer att internt hjälpa och stötta elever i Idrott och hälsa utan att blanda in skolledning i processen, samt att mycket av bedömningssvårigheterna i ämnet Idrott och hälsa enligt lärarna, grundar sig i en otydlig kursplan.

Sistemas distribuídos representam uma plataforma ideal para implementação de sistemas computacionais com alta confiabilidade e disponibilidade devido a redundância fornecida por um grande número de estações interligadas. Falhas de um servidor podem ser contornadas pela reconfiguração do sistema. Entretanto falhas em seqüência que afetem múltiplas estações comprometem não apenas o desempenho do sistema, mas também a continuidade do serviço e sua confiabilidade. Assim, servidores falhos, que tenham sido isolados do sistema, devem ser reintegrados tão logo quanto possível para não comprometer a disponibilidade do sistema computacional. Este trabalho trata da atualização do estado de servidores e da troca de informação que o servidor recuperado realiza para integrar-se aos demais membros do sistema através de um procedimento chamado reintegração do servidor. E assumido um ambiente distribuído que garante alta confiabilidade em aplicações convencionais através da técnica de replicação de arquivos. O servidor a ser reintegrado faz parte de um grupo de replicação e volta a participar ativamente do grupo tão logo seja reintegrado. Para tanto, considera-se a estratégia de replicação por copia primaria e um sistema distribuído experimental, compatível com o NFS, desenvolvido na UFRGS para aplicar a reintegração de servidor. Os métodos de atualização de arquivos para a reintegração do servidor foram implementadas no ambiente UNIX. / Distributed systems are an ideal platform to develop high reliable computer applications due to the redundancy supplied by a great number of interconnected workstations. Failed stations can be masked reconfiguring the system. However, sequential faults, that affect multiple stations, not just decrease the performance of the system, but also affect the continuity of the service and its reliability. Thus, failed stations working as servers, that have been isolated from the system, should be reintegrated as soon as possible to not impair the system availability. This work is exactly about methods to update the state of failed servers. It deals also with the change of information that the recovered server accomplishes to be integrated to the other members of the service group through a process called reintegration of server. It is assumed a distributed environment that guarantees high reliability in conventional applications through replication of files. The server to be reintegrated is part of a replication group and it participates actively of the service group again as soon as it is reintegrated. Our approach is based on a primary copy. The file actualization methods to the reintegration of server were implemented in an UNIX environment. To illustrate our approach we will describe how the integration of repaired server can be made a fault-tolerant system. The experimental distributed system, compatible with NFS, was designed at the UFRGS.

Sistemas distribuídos representam uma plataforma ideal para implementação de sistemas computacionais com alta confiabilidade e disponibilidade devido a redundância fornecida por um grande número de estações interligadas. Falhas de um servidor podem ser contornadas pela reconfiguração do sistema. Entretanto falhas em seqüência que afetem múltiplas estações comprometem não apenas o desempenho do sistema, mas também a continuidade do serviço e sua confiabilidade. Assim, servidores falhos, que tenham sido isolados do sistema, devem ser reintegrados tão logo quanto possível para não comprometer a disponibilidade do sistema computacional. Este trabalho trata da atualização do estado de servidores e da troca de informação que o servidor recuperado realiza para integrar-se aos demais membros do sistema através de um procedimento chamado reintegração do servidor. E assumido um ambiente distribuído que garante alta confiabilidade em aplicações convencionais através da técnica de replicação de arquivos. O servidor a ser reintegrado faz parte de um grupo de replicação e volta a participar ativamente do grupo tão logo seja reintegrado. Para tanto, considera-se a estratégia de replicação por copia primaria e um sistema distribuído experimental, compatível com o NFS, desenvolvido na UFRGS para aplicar a reintegração de servidor. Os métodos de atualização de arquivos para a reintegração do servidor foram implementadas no ambiente UNIX. / Distributed systems are an ideal platform to develop high reliable computer applications due to the redundancy supplied by a great number of interconnected workstations. Failed stations can be masked reconfiguring the system. However, sequential faults, that affect multiple stations, not just decrease the performance of the system, but also affect the continuity of the service and its reliability. Thus, failed stations working as servers, that have been isolated from the system, should be reintegrated as soon as possible to not impair the system availability. This work is exactly about methods to update the state of failed servers. It deals also with the change of information that the recovered server accomplishes to be integrated to the other members of the service group through a process called reintegration of server. It is assumed a distributed environment that guarantees high reliability in conventional applications through replication of files. The server to be reintegrated is part of a replication group and it participates actively of the service group again as soon as it is reintegrated. Our approach is based on a primary copy. The file actualization methods to the reintegration of server were implemented in an UNIX environment. To illustrate our approach we will describe how the integration of repaired server can be made a fault-tolerant system. The experimental distributed system, compatible with NFS, was designed at the UFRGS.

Mediante a teoria do discurso de Ernesto Laclau, a tese analisa as concepções de Estados Falidos e nation-building presentes em documentos produzidos durante a administração George W. Bush. Almejamos entender como o fracasso estatal foi concebido como um evento eminentemente doméstico, assim como as ideias de que a democracia liberal é a melhor instituição para os Estados Falidos, e que os EUA possuem capacidade reconhecida para reconstruir Estados. Nossas hipóteses são as seguintes: primeiramente, por meio de premissas do institucionalismo da escolha racional, a história dos Estados Falidos é vista de maneira pejorativa, julgada à luz do desenvolvimento político e econômico ocidental. Em segundo lugar, a democracia é aqui compreendida como um significante vazio, visto que, seria não apenas o melhor e mais justo sistema político e econômico, mas também aquele que permitiria que países executassem de maneira mais eficiente funções estatais consideradas essenciais. Finalmente, com base em uma série de estudos de casos, os documentos apresentam uma visão dos EUA enquanto país historicamente engajado em nation-building, começando com as intervenções na Alemanha e no Japão ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, até as recentes operações no Afeganistão e no Iraque após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001. / Using Ernesto Laclaus discourse theory, this dissertation analyzes the conceptions of failed states and nation-building presented in documents produced during George W. Bushs administration. We intend to understand how it was possible to conceive state failure as an essentially domestic event, as well as the ideas that democracy is the best institution for failed states and that the U.S has a proven capacity to rebuild states. Our hypotheses are the following: firstly, through assumptions based upon rational choice institutionalism, the history of failed states is seen in a depreciative manner by being judged in light of a Western model of economic and political development. Secondly, democracy is here understood as an empty signifier, given that it is not only the best and the fairest political and economic system, but also the one that today enables countries to perform essential state tasks in a more efficient fashion. Finally, through a series of case studies, the documents present the idea that the U.S is historically engaged in nation-building, from the occupations of Germany and Japan at the end of World War II to the recent interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq after the September 11th, 2001, attacks.

The aim of the work Failed States in International Relations is the examination of this phenomenon regarding the terminological discrepancy, causes of the state fragility, security and social aspects and the various attitudes from the side of the international communities. A special part is dealing with so called "successfully failed states" where despite the obvious non-functioning the state is able to survive due to the revenues from the natural resources. The ?ndings are represented on the case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - a country with huge potential but miserable performance by now.

Lebanon is seen as a failed state by the international community and this study aims to look at the causes that have made Lebanon dysfunctional. The study uses Andrej Lijpharts consociational power sharing model and the international relations theory realism to analyse the internal and external causes that have made Lebanon a failed state. The study is based on interviews from the three major sects in Lebanon and a text analysis. The study shows that Lebanon is suffering from a corrupt elite that uses the state institutions to benefit their own families. The elite uses clientelism by manipulating consociational power sharing to make the ethnoreligious groups dependant on the elite’s own success. Different regional and international powers use Lebanon in their struggle for power and dominance over the Middle East. The external actors support different ethnic and religious groups by financing and arming them. That in turn deepens the divide between the sectarian groups and hinders the political progress.

An overview of a project based thesis that did not have the support or funding to be carried out to completion. The project was based around starting up a summer recruitment program for the East Tennessee State University Music Department. The program would consist of various summer events for high school students used to recruit for the department as well as encourage music and fine arts degrees.

Nous visons à garantir la résolution d’un DisCSP en présence d’un ou plusieurs agents défaillants. Les méthodes traitant la tolérance aux fautes au sein des SMAs visent la continuité du fonctionnement du système. Mais, aucune de ces méthodes n’est appliquée pour résoudre un DisCSP. La défaillance d’un agent au cours de la résolution d’un DisCSP engendre la perte d’une partie du DisCSP global, d’où l’obtention d’un résultat erroné. Donc pour obtenir les résultats attendus, il faut garantir la résolution du CSP local de l’agent défaillant. Nous proposons de répliquer les CSPs locaux des agents défaillants au sein des agents non défaillants. Cette réplication permet la résolution du CSP local de l’agent défaillant par un autre agent. Cette résolution est effectuée en fusionnant les réplicats de CSPs des agents défaillants avec les CSPs des autres agents. Cette fusion permet la conservation de la modélisation initiale du DisCSP. L’algorithme de distribution des réplicats proposé garantit que les CSPs des agents défaillants ne soient pas répliqués au sein du même agent. De cette façon, le problème conserve son aspect distribué. / We aim to ensure a DisCSP resolution in presence of failed agents. Methods handling fault tolerance in MASs aim to ensure the continuity of the system operation. But, none of these methods are applied to solve a DisCSP. The failure of an agent generates the loss of a part of the DisCSP providing wrong results. Therefore, to obtain expected results, it is necessary to ensure the resolution of the failed agent local CSP.We propose to replicate the local CSPs of the failed agents within active agents. This replication allows local CSP resolution of the failed agent by another agent. The resolution is done by merging the replicates of failed agents CSPs with the CSPs of other agents. This technique conserve the initial DisCSP modeling. The proposed replicates distribution algorithm ensures that the CSPs of failed agents are not replicated within the same agent. In this way, the problem keeps its distributed aspect.

Starting a business requires careful preparation to succeed. The failure of a business is often potentially detrimental to an efficient market economy. An understanding of how to start a business and why some companies succeed is crucial to the stability and health of the economy. The purpose of the study is to examine the entrepreneurs' experiences of how to start their own company and what makes a company successful. The study is based on a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews as design. Targeted selection was chosen in the study with a total of five respondents participating in the survey in Västerås. Data were analyzed by a manifest content analysis. The results show five important categories that have a significant effect on how to start a successful business. The categories were "Motivation", "Business idea", "Quality", "Knowledge" and "Business plan". According to entrepreneurs' experience, these five categories play a significant role in succeeding and overcoming challenges that may arise along the way. The conclusions are to facilitate the process of how to start your own business, it is important to consider the five categories to succeed and increase the chance of success.

Background: Osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation is a useful treatment for posttraumatic ankle arthritis in young patients, but failure rates are high and reoperations are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of failed ankle OCA transplantation converted to ankle arthrodesis (AA) or total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Methods: We evaluated 24 patients who underwent salvage procedures (13 AA and 11 TAA) after primary failed ankle OCA transplantation. Reoperations were assessed. Failure of the salvage procedure was defined as an additional surgery that required a revision AA/TAA or amputation. Evaluation among nonfailing ankles included the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Foot and Ankle Module (AAOS-FAM), pain, and satisfaction. Results: In the salvage AA cohort, 3 patients were classified as failures (2 revision AA and 1 amputation). The 10 nonfailing patients had a mean follow-up of 7.4 years. Eighty-eight percent were satisfied with the procedure, but 63% reported continued problems with their ankle (eg, pain, swelling, stiffness). Mean pain level was 1.9 and AAOS-FAM core score was 83±13. In the salvage TAA cohort, 2 patients were classified as failures (both revision TAA). The 9 nonfailing patients had a mean follow-up of 3.8 years. Fifty percent were satisfied with the procedure, but 40% reported continued problems with their ankle. The mean pain level was 1.3, and the median AAOS-FAM core score was 82±26. Conclusion: Revision and reoperation rates for salvage procedures following failed OCA transplantation of the ankle are higher compared to published data for primary AA and TAA procedures. However, we believe OCA transplantation can serve as an interim procedure for younger patients with advanced ankle joint disease who may not be ideal candidates for primary AA or TAA at the time of initial presentation. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.