Bakgrund: Ett hjärtstopp är ett ytterst allvarligt tillstånd som påverkar inte bara patienten själv utan hela familjen, speciellt en nära anhörig. Patienten svävar mellan liv och död, och om patienten överlever är det ofta med mer eller mindre bestående men. Vid patientens sida finns de anhöriga som vill vara nära, hjälpa och stöda sin närstående samtidigt som det också kan vara en mycket svår situation för dem. Syfte: Syftet med den här kvalitativa litteraturstudien var att belysa anhörigas upplevelser av en närståendes hjärtstopp, för att i framtiden bättre kunna tillmötesgå dem inom vården. Metod: En kvalitativ sammanfattande litteraturstudie baserad på åtta vetenskapliga artiklar som hade studerat anhörigas upplevelser under själva hjärtstoppet, på intensiv-vårdsavdelningen eller efter hemkomst. Resultat: Hjärtstoppet var en kaotisk och traumatisk upplevelse för den anhöriga. Patienten var viktigast, all fokus var på patienten men det lämnade ofta den anhöriga ensam med den oro och rädsla situationen framkallat. Tillgång till kontinuerlig information och professionellt bemötande var ytterst viktigt för den anhöriga. Möjligheten att få vara nära närstående dygnet runt ingav säkerhet och trygghet. Brist på information och uppföljning efter utskrivning och en känsla av att vara ensam med allt ansvar var återkommande teman. Slutsats: Att som anhörig vara nära vid ett hjärtstopp var en stark existentiell upplevelse där alla aspekter av delaktighet fanns beskrivna; att veta, att göra och att vara. För bästa resultat, ett delaktigt vårdande i ljuset, krävs en samverkan mellan den vårdande personalen, patient och anhörig. Mer stöd och uppmärksamhet bör i framtiden riktas även mot den anhöriga. / Background: Sudden cardiac arrest is a life threatening condition, not only affecting the patient but the whole family. The patient’s life is on hold and if the patient survives, this is often with more or less physical and psychological complications. Close to the patient a family member or relative, tries to support and help the patient while at the same time the situation may be extremely stressful for the relative. Aim: The aim of this qualitative literature review was to get a better understanding of family members lived experiences during a loved one’s sudden cardiac arrest, in order to better also support the relatives in healthcare. Method: A summary of the literature based on eight qualitative studies on the perceptions of family members experiences of a sudden cardiac arrest by a loved one; during the cardiac arrest, at the intensive care unit and after discharge from hospital. Results: The cardiac arrest was experienced as a chaotic and traumatic event by the relative. The patient was the most important person at the moment but at the same time it left the relative alone with her feelings of anxiety and fear that the situation induced. Receiving information continuously about their next of kin’s condition as well as a considerate and professional encounter with the intensive care unit staff was important for the relative. The possibility to stay with the patient at the intensive care unit felt comforting, reassuring and safe. Lack of information and follow up, as well as a feeling of being alone with the responsibility, was a common theme after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: To be present during the next of kin’s cardiac arrest was a strong existential experience where all aspects of involvement and participation were described; to know, to do and to be. For best results, an involving care in the light, collaboration between the professional care, the patient and the family member is needed. More support and attention should be given to family members in the future.

Bakgrund: En av de mest vanligt förekommande dödsorsakerna i Sverige är hjärtstopp. Under pågående återupplivningsförsök kan anhöriga närvara. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskans uppfattning av anhörignärvaro vid återupplivningsförsök. Metod: Detta är en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamling genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Det resulterade i 15 vetenskapliga artiklar som ligger till grund för resultatet. Analys har skett i tre olika steg.  Resultat: Fem huvudrubriker identifierades. Dessa är anhörigas närvaro, beslut om anhörignärvaro, anhörigas närvaro påverkar sjuksköterskans arbete, betydelsen för anhöriga att närvara samt anhörigas behov av stöd. Det framkom meningsskiljaktigheter hos sjuksköterskorna om anhöriga ska tillåtas närvara eller ej. Det framkom en ökad upplevd stress hos sjuksköterskor samt att anhöriga stör arbetet på olika sätt. Det framkom även fördelar för anhöriga om de närvarade.  Slutsats: Det finns meningsskiljaktigheter bland sjuksköterskorna om anhörignärvaro är fördelaktigt eller ej. Sjuksköterskorna påverkas negativt av anhörigas närvaro medan anhörigas sorgeprocess underlättas och de får även se att alla tillgängliga behandlingar är utförda. Vid anhörigas närvaro är det av stor vikt att personal avsätts i syfte att informera och bemöta deras behov. / Background: One of the most common causes of death in Sweden is cardiac arrest. Family members can be present during resuscitation. Aim: Describe nurses’ perception about family presence during resuscitation. Method: This is a literature review. Data collection was performed in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. 15 scientific articles form the basis of the result. The analysis process has been done in three stages.  Result: Five main themes were identified: Family presence, decisions regarding family presence, family presence affects the nurses’ work, the importance of family members to be present and family members need of support. Disagreements emerged among the nurses as to whether family members should be allowed to be present during resuscitation or not. Nurses experienced a higher level of stress if family members were present and family members interrupted the work in different ways. There were also benefits for family members if they were present during resuscitation.  Conclusions: There are differences of opinion if it’s beneficial or not to have family present during resuscitation. Family presence affect the nurses in a negative way while it appears to ease family members grieving process and they also have the opportunity to witness that every available treatment is performed. It’s important to have a staff member set aside to inform and answer family members needs if they are present during resuscitation.

This This thesis concentrates on the issues faced by family carers, who take care of their family members diagnosed with the Alzheimer's disease. Special education also relates to seniors and its principles can therefore be used in this age group. The goal of this thesis is to discover and describe challenges faced by the family carers while they support their family members with Alzheimer's. The thesis focuses on the Alzheimer's disease itself, its causes and risk factors. The thesis also concentrates on the origins of the disease, its stages, diagnostics and therapy. Next, psychic and physical burdens of the family carers are depicted. The thesis also introduces organizations that specialize in providing informal support for the family carers and relief care, and disease related legislation is listed. The necessary research data were collected through semi-structured interviews with direct family carers. KEYWORDS Alzheimerś disease, caregiver, home care, family member, dementia

Ownership structure is referenced as one of the key determinants of policy decisions and corporate governance of companies however suggested implications of different structures part in previous research. This study investigates the relationship between different ownership structures and dividend policy decisions taken by a firm and sets out to identify how family ownership in specific differs from other ownership structures. The study follows a framework based on a number of postulated hypothesis based on previous findings of similar investigations and applies it to a Swedish setting. A model is constructed consisting of variables describing ownership, financial and market conditions in Swedish firms from the period 2010-2019. Some, yet sparse, evidence is found indicating differences in dividend policy can be derived from differences in ownership, yet results clarify dividend policy decisions are based on a complex set of conditions not easily captured in a single model.

Bakgrund: När en nära anhörig avlidit plötsligt och oväntat så infann sig kris och sorg hos de kvarlevande. Kris och sorg kunde delas upp i olika faser utefter var i sorgebearbetningen personen befann sig. Personer i sorg och kris var beroende av tröst och stöd, detta för att kunna bearbeta sorgen och ta sig igenom de olika faserna. För att komplettera stödet från omgivningen används bloggar. Detta då de kunde få stöd av andra som befann sig i liknande situationer. Syfte: Beskriva anhörigas upplevelser av sorg efter att ha förlorat en nära anhörig plötsligt och oväntat. Metod: En kvalitativ studie baserad på narrativer från bloggar. Resultat: I resultatet framträdde tre huvudteman och sju subteman. Huvudteman var: att ta farväl, sorgens uttryck och behov av stöd i sorgebearbetningen. Subteman var: att få dödsbeskedet, tid med den avlidne, leva i en bubbla, uppleva ohälsa, kunna bearbeta sorg, att få professionell hjälp och stöd från omgivningen. Konklusion: Anhöriga reagerade och upplever sorg och kris på olika sätt. Genom att sjuksköterskan är medveten om hur sorgen kan påverka den anhöriga, kan information anpassas genom att använda rätt verktyg vid rätt tillfälle. Detta leder till en ökad kvalité på anhörigstöd vid oväntat dödsfall. / Background: When a family member passed away suddenly and unexpectedly, there was a crisis and grief among the survivors. Crisis and grief could be divided into different phases according to where the person was in the grief processing. People in grief and crisis were dependent on comfort and support, this in order to be able to process the grief and get through the different phases. Blogs are used to supplement the support from the environment. This was because they could get support from others who were in similar situations. Aim: To describe family members ́ experiences of grief after losing a close relative suddenly and unexpectedly. Method: A qualitative study based on narratives from blogs. Results: In the results, three main themes and seven sub-themes appeared. The main themes: saying goodbye, the expression of grief and the need for support in grief processing. Sub-themes: to receive the death notice, time with the deceased, live in a bubble, experience ill health, be able to process grief, to receive professional help and support from the environment. Conclusion: Family members reacted and experienced grief and crisis in different ways. Through the nurse's awareness of how grief can affect the family members, information can be adapted by using the right tools at the right time. This leads to an increased quality of family support in the event of an unexpected death.

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Alcohol misuse has been an increasingly bigger problem and is considered a societal problem. Theoverarching purpose of this study is to illustrate the vulnerability of different groups such aschildren, adolescents and adults, in regards to being a relative to individuals suffering fromalcohol misuse. To achieve this, the study focused on collecting data through systematicallyprocessing and analyzing 15 peer reviewed articles that were run in different countries. Theempirical results of the study show that relatives to an individual with alcohol misuse mainly areaffected by three arching themes, 1) codependency, 2) stigma and 3) internalizing andexternalizing problems. Different categories of the intersectional perspective like gender, age,class can create a twofold vulnerability for the already vulnerable relatives. This essentially leadsto the relative not having the ability to provide support to the individual with the alcohol misuseand simultaneously maintain their own well being. Children, adolescents and adults are vulnerablein different ways, for different reasons.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård handlar om att ge stöd till patienten och anhöriga under och efter vårdtiden. De ”6 s:n” är en arbetsmodell inom palliativ vård där patienten har rätt till självbestämmande och att upprätthålla sina sociala relationer, även stöd till anhöriga ingår. Anhöriga har en betydelsefull roll i den palliativa vården, deras närvaro skapar möjlighet för den döende att vara hemma i livets slutskede. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva anhörigas upplevelse av palliativ vård i hemmet under livets slutskede. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar från fem olika länder med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Fem kategorier identifierades kopplade till anhörigas upplevelser: Palliativa teamets inträde i hemmet, anhörigas vårdansvar, den medicintekniska utrusningens inverkan på vardagslivet, känslor och konsekvenser för anhöriga samt förbättringsmöjligheter och anhörigas uppfattning om palliativ vård. Slutsats: Anledningen till anhörigas vårdansvar var löftet att få dö hemma, uppgiften upplevdes krävande och gav konsekvenser på sömnen och deras fysiska och psykiska mående. Detta var genomgående i hela litteraturöversikten. Vården i hemmet sågs som den rätta platsen att dö på för alla parter, endast en anhörig uttryckte avsky för situationen. Enligt anhöriga var stödet bra dock fanns det ett ökat behov av mer resurser för fullständig trygghet. / Background: Palliative care is about providing support to both the patient and family during and after the time of care. The “6 s:n” is a working model in palliative care where the patient has the right to self-determination and to maintain their social relationships, which includes support to relatives. Relatives have an important role in palliative care, their present creates opportunity for the dying person to be at home in the final stages of life. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe relative’s experiences of palliative home care during the final stage of life. Methods: A literature review based on 15 scientific articles from five different countries with a qualitative approach. Results: Five categories were identified related to relatives experiences: The entry of palliative home care, relatives caring role, the impact of medical technology on everyday life, feelings and consequences for relatives and also improvement opportunities and relatives comprehend about palliative home care. Conclusions: The promise was the reason for relatives caring role, the caring role was an demanding task and gave impacts on their sleep and their physical and mental needs. This was consistently throughout the whole literature review. For all parties the home was seen as the right place to die, only one relative expressed disgust for the situation. According to relatives the support was good, but to complete full security for them it was an increased need for more resources.

The specialty of Intensive Care deals with acute conditions from all medical branches within the entire age spectrum of adults. This field has its own distinctive characteristics, which determine the character of not only medical personnel communication with families of hospitalized patients, but the overall quality of nurses' cooperation with relatives. In Czech professional literature in the area of intensive care there is minimum publications on this issue up to date. The task of the current thesis is to map a view of paramedical staff (nurses) on the process of communication and cooperation with family members of patients hospitalized in the intensive care units. The empirical part of the research is processed as a qualitative research by the method of semistructured interviews with nurses from the Intensive Care workplaces. As the result of this work we found inadequate professional readiness of nurses in the fields of communication strategy and approach to the families of patients hospitalized in the intensive care environment. The weak point in this area from the nurse's position is also minimum of information sources that would allow families of hospitalized patients to understand the environment of intensive care and resuscitation better. The output of the work is the creation of an...