Skogen brukas allt intensivare och större och tyngre maskiner vid skogliga operationer innebär förhöjd risk för körskador. En körskada kan innebära stora ekonomiska förluster likväl som allvarlig påverkan på miljö och sociala värden. Den skogliga branschen jobbar kontinuerligt för att utveckla nya mer hållbara metoder. Ett sätt är att använda sig av digitala beslutsstöd vid planeringstillfället. Timbertrail är ett sådant som tar hänsyn till en trakts beskaffenhet för att hitta bästa avlägg och basväg. Studien visade på att beslutsstödet i teorin hänvisar till bättre bärighet och minskad risk för körskador. Den kan vara ett bra hjälpmedel vid planering men att den skogliga operationen till sist är beroende av att alla inblandade också tar ett personligt ansvar för att minimera risken för körskador.

A growing number of Swedish forest owners are choosing to certify their forestry. However, there appears to be a lack of field surveys which describe differences between certified and non-certified forests concerning the degree of completed environmental considerations. In order to know to what extent certified forests contribute towards improved environmental consideration, we need studies on how large the difference is in relation to non-certified forests. Differences between certified and non-certified forest clearings were quantified through an inventory of the number of retention trees, dead trees and snags. The result showed that the retained number of the investigated parameters varied greatly between individual clearings, regardless of certification status. However, the results suggested that the certified clearings had an average higher incidence ofthe investigated parameters. In comparison to statistics of southern Sweden's average, the results also suggested that the certified clearings (from the county “Blekinge”) most of the time had a higher incidence of the investigated parameters, while the non-certified clearings most of the time had a lower incidence of the investigated parameters. The environmental considerations on neither the certified nor the non-certified clearings were found to be near the highest amount that could be required by the Swedish forestry act. This observation is interesting, especially since the certified clearings would be expected to maintain a consistently high level in relation to the law requirement.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

This diploma thesis deals with legislation concerning the protection of wood plants. The six chapters contained within attempt to provide a cohesive overview of this topic as a whole. Legislation in this field has undergone major changes in the recent past. The core of the thesis is an overview of the current state of legislation as it concerns wood plants growing outside the forest as enshrined in the Act on Nature and Landscape Protection. The first chapter deals with an introductory definition of what constitutes a wood plant growing outside the forest, as well as its functions. The following chapter outlines the relationship between public and private law aspects of wood plant legislation. The issue of ownership and neighbour s rights is focused on in particular. The next chapter lays out the basics of public law legislation in this field. The fourth chapter is the crux of the thesis as it deals with the protection of wood plants growing outside the forest as enshrined in the Act on Nature and Landscape Protection, especially when it comes to the possibility of felling of wood plants. The closing chapters partially deal with special forms of protection as provided by the Act on Nature and Landscape Protection in connection with other relevant legislation. The thesis also briefly touches on...

This is a chapter of a book that has been published in Persian Language in 2012. Here the physical and static rules of trees are presented and the methods are explained for feeling trees in correct way: balanced trees, low leaning trees, heavy leaning trees, felling of special trees, in steep slopes, releasing hang up trees and using winch.:1. Review of the physical basis of the forces involved in cutting and bucking 1.1. Vector and scalar quantities 1.2. Weight 1.3. Center of gravity 1.4. Fulcrum 1.5. Forces and torque 1.6. Relations between vectors 1.7. Levers 1.7.1. Single and double levers of the first class 1.7.2. Single and double levers of the second class 1.7.3. Single and double levers of the third class 1.8. Efficiency and mechanical advantage 1.9. Work 1.10. Wedge 2. Correct methods in felling trees 2.1. Balanced trees 2.2. Low leaning trees 2.2.1. Felling the low leaning trees in the leaning direction 2.2.2. Felling trees with a low leaning in the side direction of leaning 2.2.3. Felling trees with light leaning in opposite of leaning direction 2.3. Trees with heavy leaning 2.3.1. Felling trees with heavy leaning in leaning direction 2.3.2. Felling trees with heavy leaning in side of leaning direction 2.3.3. Felling trees with heavy leaning in opposite of leaning direction 2.4. Felling of special trees 2.5. Felling of trees in steep slopes 2.6. Release of hang up trees 2.7. Using winch 2.7.1. Felling of trees in leaning direction using winch 2.7.2. Felling of trees in side of leaning direction using winch 2.7.3. Felling of trees in opposite of leaning direction using winch 2.7.4. Safety measures in use of winch / Es handelt sich um ein Kapitel aus einem Buch, das 2012 im persischer Sprache veröffentlicht wurde. Darin werden die physikalischen und statischen Prinzipien von Bäumen dargestellt und die Methoden erklärt, mit denen Bäume korrekt gefällt werden können: aufrechte Bäume, Bäume mit einem leichten und starken Hang, Spezialfällung, Fällung am Steilhang und von Hängern, Einsatz einer Winde.:1. Review of the physical basis of the forces involved in cutting and bucking 1.1. Vector and scalar quantities 1.2. Weight 1.3. Center of gravity 1.4. Fulcrum 1.5. Forces and torque 1.6. Relations between vectors 1.7. Levers 1.7.1. Single and double levers of the first class 1.7.2. Single and double levers of the second class 1.7.3. Single and double levers of the third class 1.8. Efficiency and mechanical advantage 1.9. Work 1.10. Wedge 2. Correct methods in felling trees 2.1. Balanced trees 2.2. Low leaning trees 2.2.1. Felling the low leaning trees in the leaning direction 2.2.2. Felling trees with a low leaning in the side direction of leaning 2.2.3. Felling trees with light leaning in opposite of leaning direction 2.3. Trees with heavy leaning 2.3.1. Felling trees with heavy leaning in leaning direction 2.3.2. Felling trees with heavy leaning in side of leaning direction 2.3.3. Felling trees with heavy leaning in opposite of leaning direction 2.4. Felling of special trees 2.5. Felling of trees in steep slopes 2.6. Release of hang up trees 2.7. Using winch 2.7.1. Felling of trees in leaning direction using winch 2.7.2. Felling of trees in side of leaning direction using winch 2.7.3. Felling of trees in opposite of leaning direction using winch 2.7.4. Safety measures in use of winch

Problemen med betesskador på ungskog av tall (Pinus sylvestris) under vintertid är många utifrån flera olika synvinklar. Det finns ett behov av att hitta en balans som är bra för både viltet, skogsbruket, jakten och övriga intressenter. I den här studien har frågan ställts om avverkningsmetoden spelar roll för viltbetet. Kan bränsleanpassad avverkningsmetod bidra till mer foderskapande åtgärder än vid konventionell föryngringsavverkning? En fältdatainsamling utfördes på totalt fyra områden á 2,5 ha, där två var bränsleanpassade och två konventionellt avverkade. All data som samlades in analyserades statistiskt, för att få fram om det fanns någon skillnad mellan avverkningsmetoderna i mängden betat foder, betesfrekvens och andel betade provytor. Även en spillningsinventering utfördes för att se vilken typ av klövvilt som vistats på områdena. Resultatet visar på en högre andel betat foder, högre betesfrekvens, fler spillningshögar och större andel betade provytor vid de bränsleanpassade avverkningarna.

År 2012 publicerades en sammanfattande syntesrapport från Energimyndigheten (2012). Rapporten fann bevis på att grotuttaget låg på ca 14 TWh/år. Rapporten visar också att Sveriges skogar kan hantera upp till 24 TWh/ år utan att orsaka allvarliga konsekvenser på omgivningen eller nästkommande generationer av träd. Studien beräknade grotens potentiella uttag utifrån insamlade analyser av markkemi, tekniska verktyg och uppskattningar. Dagens rapporter angående ämnet estimerar potentialen till ungefär densamma med en liten höjning till ca 27-30 TWh/år. Detta har satts i relation till hur olika hyggeslagrings tekniker påverkar det möjliga uttaget av grot tillsammans med hur kemin i marken påverkar trädens tillväxt och omgivningen. Grotuttaget gick ner till ca 8-9 TWh/år från år 2012 till 2019, från 14 TWh/år. Eftersom skogsägarna i Sydsverige är privatbrukare och behöver gå runt ekonomiskt för att kunna fortsätta sina verksamheter leder detta till att grotuttaget följer kostnadseffektiviteten av grot i sverige. I framtiden uppskattas det att grotuttaget kan öka drastiskt. Beroende på hur utvecklingen sker kan det verkliga uttaget skilja stort med många påverkande faktorer som t.ex. kostnadseffektivitet och utveckling av andra energikällor. / In 2012 a synthesis report was published by ”Energimyndigheten (2012)”. The report states that forest residues used as bioenergy represents around 14 TWh/year. The report also shows that Swedish forests can manage an outtake of up to 24 TWh/year without suffering from serious consequences, -on the plantation grounds or for, the next coming generation of trees. The study calculated the potential residue of forest outtake from collected analysis of soil chemistry, technical tools and estimations. Recent reports on forest residue outlet estimates a potential of about the same as 2012 with a slight rise to approximately 27-30 TWh/year. This has been put into relation of how different logging storage techniques affect the trees growth, the plantation grounds and the surroundings. The forest residue outlet went down to between 8-9 TWh/year from 2012-2019. This is because the main part of the forests in southern Sweden belongs to private owners and who experienced a decreasing economy to sell their residue. That leads to a problem, where the actual forest residue outlet is heavily dependent on the cost efficiency of forest residues. In the future it is estimated that the forest residue outlet can increase drastically. Depending on how the development proceed, the future outlet of forest residues may differ greatly depending on the future cost efficiency and how other energy sources develop and progress.

Abstract A study is made of the dealings of the local people with the Board of Forestry in matters connected with the crown forests of Northern Finland in the 19th century, setting out from the creation of the Forestry Board, the establishment of its ways of working and its local impact on settlement and sources of livelihood. This state of tension was perpetuated by delays in implementation of the Great Partition and by the presence of cottagers and pioneer settlers living in the crown forests. One major question was whether these forests were intended primarily to serve the purposes of state forestry or of settlement in the north of Finland. An account is given of the attitude of the Forestry Board towards the traditional modes of forest use typical of the crown forests, including swidden cultivation, tar burning and the cutting of wood for domestic use. New information is presented on the part played by the Forestry Board in regulating swidden cultivation and tar burning. Another topic not previously addressed is illicit exploitation of the crown forests. This was common practice in the Tornio and Ii river valleys in particular, to the extent that forest wardens on the border with Sweden were supplied with pistols to deal with this threat. The sale of timber cut illegally from the crown forests to sawmills in both Finland and Sweden was widespread, and it was common in the Ii Valley to trade in the timber which the Forestry Board allowed private persons to cut as a form of relief to the poor. The grazing of livestock in crown forests was another bone of contention between Forestry Board officials and the local people, the controversy over cows and what damage they actually did to the crown forests continuing well into the 20th century and ultimately remaining unresolved. Similar disputes arose over spruces carrying beard lichen, on which the reindeer fed, once the demand for spruce pulpwood increased. The actions taking by the foresters in accordance with the law and the demands of their office aroused much criticism in Finland, and this polemic spread to the newspapers, the Diet and the literature of the day. It was the fate of the Forestry Board and its officials to become an object of suspicion and even downright hatred. Their interference with traditional sources of livelihood, modes of land use and ancient rights of exploitation was apt to give rise to friction and maintain an attitude of mistrust on both sides. The present work provides new explanations for the author Pentti Haanpää's famous saying, "Beware of fine gentlemen – and of foresters most of all", and modern forest management conflicts can be appreciated and understood better in the light of these events. / Tiivistelmä Olen tutkinut metsähallituksen ja pohjoissuomalaisten kanssakäymistä ja suhteiden muotoutumista Pohjois-Suomen kruununmetsissä 1800-luvulla. Lähtökohtina ovat metsähallinnon perustaminen, toiminnan vakiinnuttaminen sekä metsähallinnon vaikutus paikallisiin elinkeinoihin ja asutustoimintaan. Kangertelu metsänhoidossa ja liiketoiminnan aloittamisessa sekä yhteenotot paikallisen väestön ja lehdistön kanssa sävyttivät metsähallinnon ensimmäisten vuosikymmenten toimintaa. Hidastunut isojako sekä kruununmetsiin hakeutunut asutus, kruununmetsätorpat ja uudistilat, ylläpitivät jännittynyttä suhdetta. Suuri kysymys oli, olivatko kruununmetsät valtion metsätaloutta vai Pohjois-Suomen asutusta varten. Tutkimuksessa myös selitetään, miten metsähallinto suhtautui perinteisiin, juuri kruununmetsiin suuntautuneisiin metsänkäyttötapoihin, kuten kaskenpolttoon, tervatalouteen ja puun kotitarvekäyttöön. Metsähallinnon osuus kaskeamisen ja tervanpolton ohjailussa nousee esille uudella tavalla. Kruununmetsien haaskaajat eli varkaat ovat myös ennen tutkimaton teema. Kruununmetsien varastaminen oli yleistä erityisesti Tornionjokilaaksossa ja Iijokilaaksossa. Ruotsin rajan läheisyydessä toimineet metsänvartijat jopa aseistettiin pistoolein metsävarkaita vastaan. Varastetun puutavaran toimittaminen niin Suomen kuin Ruotsin sahoille oli maan tapa. Iijokilaaksossa turvauduttiin metsähallinnon käsikauppa- eli lupapuihin, joista tuli köyhäinavun, mutta myös keinottelun muoto. Keinottelu varsinaisilla valtionmailla eli haku uudistilalliseksi vain puutavaran vuoksi, kuuluu myös Pohjois-Suomen metsähistoriaan. Eläinten laiduntaminen kruununmetsissä myös asetti metsähallinnon virkamiehet ja paikallisen väestön vastakkain. Vielä 1900-luvulla lehmä kruununmetsissä oli kiistan kohteena. Lopullista selvyyttä siihen, mitä vahinkoa lehmä teki kruununmetsille, ei saatu koskaan. Lisäksi porojen käyttämät luppopuut eli naavakuuset hiersivät suhteita tilanteessa, jossa kuusipuulle oli syntymässä kysyntää paperipuuna. Metsänhoitajat saivat kritiikkiä toimiessaan viran ja lain vaatimalla tavalla Pohjois-Suomessa. Metsäherroja polemisoitiin sanomalehdissä, valtiopäivillä ja kirjallisuudessa. Metsähallinnon ja metsäherrojen osana oli 1800-luvulla olla epäluulon ja suorastaan vihamielisyydenkin kohteena. Puuttuminen perinteisiin elinkeinoihin, maankäyttötapoihin ja muinaisiin tapaoikeuksiin synnytti kitkaa suhteisiin ja ylläpiti epäluuloa molemmin puolin. Pentti Haanpään teksti "Herroja on epäiltävä aina – metsäherroja yli kaiken" on saanut uutta, selittävää ainesta ympärilleen. Nykyiset metsäkonfliktit avautuvat paremmin ja tulevat ymmärrettävimmiksi 1800-luvun metsähistorian kautta.