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The main objective of this study is to develop a feminist theoretical understanding of menstruation. I first explore Simone de Beauvoir’s feminist existentialist concept of woman as Other to establish a baseline from which all other sociocultural discourses on menstruation flow. I next expand Erving Goffman’s symbolic interactionist theory on stigma to discuss the social-psychological internalization process that girls encounter as they become enculturated into menstruation as a stigmatic condition. I then use a macro-discursive, Foucauldian analysis on power and discourse to understand how menstruation has been socially constructed from premodern superstitions, to the rise of modern medicine in the late 19th century. I follow this with a Marxian, macro-materialist understanding of capitalism to discuss how the femcare industry emerged and commodified feminine hygiene products. Finally, I investigate how second and third wave feminists have mobilized to resist patriarchal ideologies which devalue, subordinate, and subjugate menstruating bodies.

Inspired by the contestatory debate over whether globalisation has brought more benefits or disadvantages, and feminist movements all over the world gaining more agency and leverage every day, this paper is an attempt to connect said components. Morocco is a case where both are highly present. Elements such as the country’s location with neighbouring countries on two continents, a history of a fight for independence, an economy that has undergone major reorganisation, and exceptional feminist movements, will prove paramount for the paper. The purpose is to study whether the feminist movements in Morocco have had a positive impact on the situation of female labourers, a group that has grown rapidly due to a combination of aforementioned elements. Theories of New Institutional Economics, the disproportionate effects of structural adjustment on women, and the importance of social movements to achieve change will be applied in an attempt to find connections. A frame analysis will be carried out and compared to legislative changes affecting female workers, to test whether these theories can be confirmed or dismissed. The results indicate that there is reason to believe that feminist movements have had an influence on labour rights legislation, and also that Morocco is more complex in this aspect than it might initially have seemed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DYMILLA FRANCYELLA FREITAS MENEZES.pdf: 1892085 bytes, checksum: 3a8016adc32e18039ce054b99615dba2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-22 / This study aims to understand the changes occurred in gender relations in Barra do Garças and Aragarças, between the 1970s and 1990s, as well as visualize and historicize the women experiences in the region and evaluate the implications of the ideas of the feminist movement in these two towns. The choice of decades is justified because, according to the literature, the first decade is the period in which disclose ideas of the feminist movement in Brazil, and the interval until the second, because it is a reasonable timeline to understand the implications of the movement in the Médio Araguaia region. The mainly thing of the research was the experiences of local residents, which was achieved by recorded transcribed and interviews, about the themes: feminist movement, sexuality, contraception, abortion, education, physical and psychological violence against women, family and carrier. To obtain more knowledge, the experiences were combined with studies relating to the category of gender analysis, which guided all the study. It was found that women in the region asked, in several instances, relations of inequality, the naturalization of male dominance and disrespect their physical and psychological integrity, in the search for more equality in power relations. However this behavior was not confrontation, once they did not intend a break with patriarchal relations, but reach a place of respect where they can get their voices heard. / Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender as transformações ocorridas nas relações de gênero, nas cidades de Barra do Garças e Aragarças, entre as décadas de 1970 e 1990, bem como visibilizar e historicizar as vivências das mulheres da região e avaliar as implicações das ideias do movimento feminista, nesses dois municípios. A escolha das décadas se justifica, porque, conforme a literatura, a primeira é o período em que se propalam as ideias do movimento feminista no Brasil, e o intervalo até a segunda, por ser um espaço temporal razoável para se compreender as implicações do referido movimento na região do Médio Araguaia. O fio condutor da pesquisa foram as experiências de moradores da região, o que se conseguiu por meio de entrevistas gravadas e transcritas, acerca dos temas: movimento feminista, sexualidade, contracepção, aborto, educação, violência física e psicológica contra as mulheres, família e profissão. Para maior embasamento, dialogou-se com estudos relativos à categoria de análise gênero, que norteou todo o trabalho. Constatou-se que as mulheres da região questionaram, em diversas instâncias, as relações de desigualdade, a naturalização do domínio masculino e o desrespeito a sua integridade física e psicológica, na busca de mais isonomia, nas relações de poder. Contudo essa postura não foi de enfrentamento, pois não pretendiam nitidamente um rompimento com as relações patriarcais, mas, sim, alçar um lugar de respeito em que suas vozes pudessem ser ouvidas.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da importância da participação das trabalhadoras nas organizações sindicais de trabalhadores como forma de luta contra a desigualdade em razão de gênero no mercado de trabalho. Há um número expressivo de normas jurídicas aplicáveis no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro com o objetivo de combate à desigualdade em razão de gênero, com um enfoque repressivo. No entanto, as consequências nefastas da divisão sexual do trabalho persistem, perpetuando os papéis estereotipados de gênero. É imprescindível, portanto, não apenas a proteção contra a discriminação negativa, mas também a garantia de acesso da mulher ao mercado de trabalho, por meio de medidas de discriminação positiva. Nesse sentido, a atuação das mulheres nas organizações sindicais de trabalhadores é uma das principais formas de garantia desse acesso, já que possibilita o empoderamento das mulheres, proporcionando maior possibilidade, por parte dessas mulheres trabalhadoras, de exercer poder e cidadania no espaço público em que é construída a democracia, bem como uma maior legitimidade das normas jurídicas convencionais no tocante à igualdade em gênero, diante da função normativa dos sindicatos. Essa participação nas atividades sindicais, no entanto, é eivada de uma série de dificuldades e, para que elas sejam sobrepujadas, é necessário que a participação das mulheres nas organizações sindicais aumente, não apenas com uma maior presença das mulheres nessas organizações, como também, com uma maior capacidade de tomada de decisão dentro dessas organizações, mediante o aumento das mulheres nos órgãos deliberativos das organizações sindicais de trabalhadores. Para que isso ocorra, são necessárias medidas de discriminação positiva para combater as dificuldades existentes para a participação das mulheres nas organizações sindicais de trabalhadores. / This work aims to study the importance of women workers participation in trade unions as a way to combat gender inequality in the labor market. There are a significant number of legal rules applicable in Brazilian legal system in order to combat gender inequality, with a repressive approach. However, the negative consequences of sexual division of labor persist, perpetuating stereotypical gender roles. It is imperative, therefore, not only the guarantee of protection against negative discrimination, but also to guarantee women\'s access to the labor market, through affirmative actions. In this sense, womens workers participation in trade unions activities is a major way to ensure this access, as it enables women\'s empowerment, providing greater possibility for women to exercise power and citizenship in the public sphere in which democracy is constructed, and greater legal legitimacy of conventional norms regarding gender equality, given the normative role of unions. This participation in union activities, however, is fraught with a number of difficulties. To overcome these difficulties, it is necessary that womens participation in trade union organizations increases, not only with a greater presence of women in these organizations, but also with a greater capacity for decision making process, through the increase of women in decision-making bodies of trade unions. For that, it´s necessary the implementation of affirmative actions to combat the difficulties in women\'s participation in trade unions.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da importância da participação das trabalhadoras nas organizações sindicais de trabalhadores como forma de luta contra a desigualdade em razão de gênero no mercado de trabalho. Há um número expressivo de normas jurídicas aplicáveis no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro com o objetivo de combate à desigualdade em razão de gênero, com um enfoque repressivo. No entanto, as consequências nefastas da divisão sexual do trabalho persistem, perpetuando os papéis estereotipados de gênero. É imprescindível, portanto, não apenas a proteção contra a discriminação negativa, mas também a garantia de acesso da mulher ao mercado de trabalho, por meio de medidas de discriminação positiva. Nesse sentido, a atuação das mulheres nas organizações sindicais de trabalhadores é uma das principais formas de garantia desse acesso, já que possibilita o empoderamento das mulheres, proporcionando maior possibilidade, por parte dessas mulheres trabalhadoras, de exercer poder e cidadania no espaço público em que é construída a democracia, bem como uma maior legitimidade das normas jurídicas convencionais no tocante à igualdade em gênero, diante da função normativa dos sindicatos. Essa participação nas atividades sindicais, no entanto, é eivada de uma série de dificuldades e, para que elas sejam sobrepujadas, é necessário que a participação das mulheres nas organizações sindicais aumente, não apenas com uma maior presença das mulheres nessas organizações, como também, com uma maior capacidade de tomada de decisão dentro dessas organizações, mediante o aumento das mulheres nos órgãos deliberativos das organizações sindicais de trabalhadores. Para que isso ocorra, são necessárias medidas de discriminação positiva para combater as dificuldades existentes para a participação das mulheres nas organizações sindicais de trabalhadores. / This work aims to study the importance of women workers participation in trade unions as a way to combat gender inequality in the labor market. There are a significant number of legal rules applicable in Brazilian legal system in order to combat gender inequality, with a repressive approach. However, the negative consequences of sexual division of labor persist, perpetuating stereotypical gender roles. It is imperative, therefore, not only the guarantee of protection against negative discrimination, but also to guarantee women\'s access to the labor market, through affirmative actions. In this sense, womens workers participation in trade unions activities is a major way to ensure this access, as it enables women\'s empowerment, providing greater possibility for women to exercise power and citizenship in the public sphere in which democracy is constructed, and greater legal legitimacy of conventional norms regarding gender equality, given the normative role of unions. This participation in union activities, however, is fraught with a number of difficulties. To overcome these difficulties, it is necessary that womens participation in trade union organizations increases, not only with a greater presence of women in these organizations, but also with a greater capacity for decision making process, through the increase of women in decision-making bodies of trade unions. For that, it´s necessary the implementation of affirmative actions to combat the difficulties in women\'s participation in trade unions.

Although there is a growing international consensus of adopting progressive abortion laws, we also see a backlash of reproductive health regulation across the globe, for example in Poland. In contrast to the existing literature on abortion in Poland, this thesis explores pro-choice advocates’ strategies in relation to their oppositional forces. To do so, pro-choice activities surrounding the near-total ban of abortion in 2020 and 2021 are studied through interpretative content analysis of pro-choice advocates’ websites, one Annual Report, and interviews with pro-choice advocates. Using previous research on how to capture resistance and well-grounded concept deriving from social movement theory, this study establishes how the strategies of pro- choice advocates are affected by their oppositional forces. The analysis showcases that the pro- choice advocates perceive Poland as a hub for far-right and conservative groups, and establishes that they are aware of the resistance they meet, including their maneuver possibilities and limitations in the political and institutional context. Pro-choice advocates need to expand their services and use alternative strategies to circumvent oppositional forces’ actions and power. Due to the due to the impact of oppositional forces, the resources of rest, good relationships within one’s group, and the networks of these groups, i.e., the emotional dynamics of their strategies, to be crucial. Correspondingly, due to the oppositional forces’ actions, smaller pro-choice groups are found to a greater extent using reactive tactics than proactive. The dynamics of power, including the institutional context, are in favor of pro-choice advocates’ oppositional forces, however, this thesis also acknowledges how innovative and problem-solving pro-choice advocates are, although being led down by their government and the society in which they work. As such, this study brings valuable insights to supplement the existing theoretical knowledge concerning feminist movements’ resistance and oppositional dynamics in a case of gender-inequitable change.

This abstract provides a concise summary of the thesis, which examines the evolution of abortion laws in France and the intersection of women's rights, feminism, and healthcare. It emphasizes the shift from a complete ban on abortion to legalization and analyses the factors contributing to this social change, focusing on the role of feminist movements and women's rights activists. The study highlights France's success in recognizing abortion as a health issue rather than a political or religious one, leading to establishment of social systems that ensure safe and affordable access to abortion. It also emphasizes the importance of separating religious and political influences from public life and the need to recognize abortion as a human right based on international standards. Finally, the thesis contributes to novel theory development; it suggests that the spiral approach to studying social change provides valuable insights into the dynamic nature of the abortion debate and the need for continued focus on reproductive rights globally.

Submitted by Cristhiane Guerra (cristhiane.guerra@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T14:37:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1867851 bytes, checksum: 07f41fbb5b09920a326243b8d0b1bc8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-05T14:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1867851 bytes, checksum: 07f41fbb5b09920a326243b8d0b1bc8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-28 / This study aimed to analyze the role of rural women in the struggle for land in Amarela I is II settlements in the municipality of São Miguel de Taipu-PB, from 1993 to 1995. He sought also understand this as do action and results of social change, with regard to man and woman relationship, given that the act of collective struggle, women rewrote pre-established routes that determined their place in society. In this sense, there have been modifying agents of history, conquering themselves through the organization, the right to freedom to participate in cultural, historical, economic and political society. Because it is a qualitative research, whose protagonists subjects are women, it was decided to examine the data, content analysis (CA) according to Bardin (2006), which has guided the assessment of speech and meanings within the context of the fight in the effectiveness of the role of women. While procedural techniques were used bibliographic and documentary research, in addition to interviews guided by a semi-structured script. In its development, the analytical categories were discussed as: leadership, gender relations, the Rural Women's Movement, the struggle for land, feminism. The results showed that, in the exercise of their role, women turned, in a timely manner, a macho cultural factors that shaped it to be less. So rewrote preestablished routes that determined the place of women. The closing remarks, points to the fact that the struggles undertaken by them are characterized also as a current event to it that, in its fullness, they conquer the right to gender equality. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o protagonismo das mulheres camponesas na luta pela conquista da terra nos assentamentos Amarela I e II, no município de São Miguel de Taipu-PB, no período de 1993 a 1995. Buscou, ainda, compreender este fazer como ação e resultado das transformações sociais, no tocante à relação homem e mulher, tendo em vista que, no agir coletivo da luta, as mulheres reescreveram rotas preestabelecidas que determinavam o seu lugar na sociedade. Nesse sentido, fizeram-se agentes modificadoras da história, elas mesmas conquistando, através da organização, o direito à liberdade de participar das questões culturais, históricas, econômicas e políticas da sociedade. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, cujos sujeitos protagonistas são as mulheres, optou-se para exame dos dados obtidos, a análise de conteúdo (A.C) segundo Bardin (2006), a qual norteou a apreciação das falas e dos significados dentro do contexto da luta na efetivação do protagonismo das mulheres. Enquanto técnicas procedimentais foram empregadas a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além das entrevistas orientadas por um roteiro semiestruturado. Em seu desenvolvimento, foram discutidas as categorias analíticas como: protagonismo, relações de gênero, Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas, luta pela terra, feminismo. Os resultados demonstraram que, no exercício de seu protagonismo, as mulheres transformaram, de forma pontual, uma ordem cultural machista que lhe condicionavam ser menos. Assim, reescreveram rotas preestabelecidas que determinavam o lugar da mulher. Nas considerações finais, aponta-se para o fato que as lutas por elas empreendidas se caracterizam ainda como um evento atual necessário para que, em sua plenitude, elas conquistem o direito à igualdade de gênero.

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