The combination of moving bed biofilm reactors and membrane bioreactors (MBBR-MR) can compensate for the drawbacks of both of these systems and further increase their acceptance and application in wastewater treatment industries. Despite the potential benefits of a MBBR-MR technology there has only been limited study of this configuration. The present study consisted of an overall assessment of the performance of a combined MBBR-MR system under high and low loading rates. Since colloidal matter in mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) is considered as one of the important contributors to membrane fouling, pre-treatment of membrane feed by coagulation was investigated for improving membrane performance. The performance of the MBBR-MR was assessed based on its chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and membrane fouling mechanisms. The study was carried out using pilot-scale MBBR and bench-scale batch membrane filtration setups (Millipore Inc. Bedford, MA). The pilot MBBR had a working volume of 1.8 m3 and a 30% carrier fill fraction. The MBBR was operated with loading rates of 160 ± 44 g/m2/d (hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 4.6 h) and 223 g/m2/d (HRT of 2.6 h). The MBBR feed was obtained from a starch recovery line in a potato chip processing factory. The carriers were mixed by coarse bubble aeration and the dissolved oxygen (DO) was maintained above 2 mg/l. Preliminary jar test trials (based on turbidity removal) were performed in order to obtain an optimal dosage of coagulants for subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) tests. The efficiency of three coagulants (alum, ferric chloride and a blend of polyaluminum chloride and polyamine) was evaluated. The membranes were composed of polyethersulfone (PES) and had a pore size of 0.05 microns. The results of this study indicate that the combination of MBBR with membrane filtration can be operated at relatively high loading rates to yield a constant high quality permeate that is suitable for water reuse purposes. Fouling of the membrane by the wastewater was found to be substantially reduced by treatment with the MBBR. The reversible and irreversible fouling of the MBBR effluent were 56 and 63%, respectively, of that observed with the raw wastewater. The MBBR Loading-rate was found to affect treatment efficiency of the MBBR-MR and membrane performance. Operation under the elevated loading-rate conditions HRT = 2.6 hours) resulted in an increase in the irreversible fouling of the membranes (60% on average). The addition of all the coagulants in this study was found to decrease the fouling of the membrane. However, the extent of the pre-coagulation effect on membrane fouling was found to strongly depend on the type and dosage of the coagulant and the MBBR effluent characteristics. All the coagulants were effective in decreasing membrane fouling at their optimal dosages which was determined in preliminary jar tests. Ferric chloride performed the best as a pretreatment coagulant compared to alum (Aluminum sulfate) and the coagulant blend with reductions in both reversible and irreversible fouling (43-86% and 51-71%, respectively) and increased consistency (in decreasing fouling) as compared to the other coagulants. Alum had no effect on irreversible fouling and the coagulant blend significantly increased irreversible fouling in some trials (up to 196% or by a factor of 3 when overdosed). Additionally, alum and the blend were, on average, 29% and 7%, less effective than ferric chloride in reducing reversible fouling under the conditions and dosages tested.

soldagem de aços inoxidáveis duplex AID SAF 2205 utilizando o processo Metal Active Gas (MAG) ainda tem poucos dados e referências, estes aços são conceituados devido ao seu equilíbrio entre resistência mecânica e à corrosão, resultado de sua microestrutura composta por austenita e ferrita. A soldagem dos aços inoxidáveis duplex exige um controle de aporte térmico, da composição química do metal de adição e gás de proteção. Mínimas mudanças em parâmetros e composição dos consumíveis podem afetar diretamente a estrutura formada na região da solda. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi estudar a influência da utilização do processo de soldagem MAG com diferentes energias aplicadas ao AID SAF 2205, sobre a resistência à corrosão das amostras resultantes. Foram usados quatro valores de energias de soldagem, entre 0,6 e 1,1 kJ/mm, sendo a maior energia limitada à espessura das chapas, que era de 5 mm. Quando foi analisada a microestrutura formada na região da solda, a quantificação de ferrita na zona afetada pelo calor apresentou uniformidade nas amostras, independendo da energia de soldagem. Contudo, a quantidade de ferrita no metal de solda diminuiu à medida que a energia aumentou. A precipitação de nitretos de cromo foi observada no interior de alguns grãos de ferrita e/ou próximo a regiões com austenita secundária intragranular. Os perfis de microdureza Vickers não apresentaram nenhum valor acima de 300 HV, e nenhum comportamento diferenciado de acordo com área de indentação. A resistência à corrosão não apresentou mudanças consideráveis, o metal base e as regiões da solda nas quatro condições se comportaram de forma muito similar. Os ensaios de imersão em cloreto férrico, seguindo a ASTM G48, permitiram observar a formação de pites, mas a quantidade e densidade destes não pode ser associada a uma região da solda específica ou variação de energia de soldagem. Os valores de parâmetros eletroquímicos, OCP, ECORR, e EPIT, após os ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica de acordo com a ASTM G5, tiveram pouca variação, mostrando um comportamento em corrosão similar para o metal base e para os metais de solda das quatro diferentes condições de energia de soldagem empregadas. / Welding of AID SAF 2205 duplex stainless steels using the Metal Active Gas (MAG) process still has few data and references, these steels are conceptualized due to their balance between mechanical resistance and corrosion, resulting from their microstructure composed of austenite and ferrite. The welding of duplex stainless steels requires a control of the thermal input, the chemical composition of the addition metal and the shielding gas. Minimal changes in parameters and composition of consumables will directly affect the structure formed in the region of the weld. In this work, the objective was to study the influence of the MAG welding process with different energies applied to AID SAF 2205, on the corrosion resistance of the resulting samples. Four values of welding energies were used, between 0.6 and 1.1 kJ / mm, with the greatest energy limited to the thickness of the plates, which was 5 mm. When the microstructure formed in the region of the weld was analyzed, the quantification of ferrite in the zone affected by the heat showed uniformity in the samples, independent of the welding energy. However, the amount of ferrite in the weld metal decreased as the energy increased. The precipitation of chromium nitrides was observed in the intermetallic was associated with grain boundaries α / γ, inside some ferrite grains, close to regions with secondary intragranular austenite. The Vickers microhardness profiles showed no value above 300 HV, and no behavior differed according to the indentation area. The corrosion resistance did not change considerably, the base metal and the regions of the weld in the four conditions behaved very similarly. Ferric chloride immersion assays, following ASTM G48, allowed to observe the formation of pites, but the amount and density thereof can not be associated with a specific weld region or weld energy variation. The values of electrochemical parameters, OCP, ECORR, and EPIT, after the potentiodynamic polarization tests according to ASTM G5, showed little variation, showing a similar corrosion behavior for the base metal and the solder metals of the four Different welding energy conditions employed.

Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Wanderley José de Melo / Banca: Marco Antonio Penalva Reali / Resumo: Nas estações de tratamento de água (ETA), as impurezas retiradas da água juntamente com os produtos hidrolisados dos coagulantes dão origem aos resíduos dos decantadores e das águas de lavagem dos filtros, denominados lodo de ETA. Neste experimento, foi avaliado a disposição de lodo de ETA em reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), com volume de 18 L e 38 L, visando o tratamento para destinação adequada do efluente e do lodo excedente dos reatores. Tal experimento foi dividido em quatro ensaios, com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 24 h nos reatores UASB, previamente inoculados com lodo granulado e floculento. Foram observadas condições em que foram aplicadas ao reator UASB, lodo de ETA, com DQOtotal de 161 mg/L e ST de 1.948 mg/L, e misturas de lodo de ETA com esgoto sanitário nas seguintes proporções, em volume, de 1:1 (lodo de ETA : esgoto sanitário) com DQOtotal de 458 mg/L e ST de 3.039 mg/L; 1:3, com DQOtotal de 519 mg/L e ST de 1.562 mg/L e 1:7, com DQOtotal de 1.174 mg/L e ST de 3.502 mg/L. Os valores médios de eficiência de remoção da DQOtotal foram de 75 a 83% e de ST de 73 a 87%. A maior remoção de P foi de 90% e de N de 41%. As eficiências de remoção de Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr e Zn foram superiores a 70%, confirmando a alta capacidade de bioadsorção de metais do lodo anaeróbio. As concentrações de N-am, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr e Zn atenderam aos padrões de lançamento de efluentes da legislação federal. Ocorreram remoções de E. coli acima de 90%, resultando contagens do efluente de 1,5x10 UFC/100 mL, apresentando qualidade microbiológica correspondente à água doce de classe 1, conforme os padrões estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 . O lodo do reator UASB apresentou valores de relação SV/ST e E. coli que permitiram o seu uso na agricultura. / Abstract: In water treatment plants (WTP), impurities removed from water mixed with coagulative hydrolytic product create waste of decanters and launderings water filters residues called WTP sludge. In this experiment the WTP sludge disposal in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) were evaluated, with a volume of 18 L and 38 L, aiming treatment for appropriate disposal of effluent and excess sludge reactors. Such experiment was divided into four assays, with hydraulic detention time of 24 h in UASB reactors by being inoculated previously with flocculent and granular sludge. It was observed conditions in wich it was added to the UASB reactor WTP sludge with CODtotal of 161 mg/L and TS of 1,948 mg/L, and mixtures of WTP sludge and wastewater in the following amounts, in volume, 1:1 (WTP sludge : wastewater) with CODtotal of 458 mg/L and TS of 3,039 mg/L; 1:3 with CODtotal of 519 mg/L and TS of 3,382 mg/L and 1:7 with CODtotal of 1,174 mg/L and TS 3,501 mg/L. The average values of removal efficiency of CODtotal were 75 the 83% and TS 73 the 87%. The highest P removal was 90% and the highest one of N was 41%. Removal efficiencies of Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr and Zn were higher than 70% wich confirmed the high capacity of biosorption and bioaccumulation of metals from anaerobic sludge. Concentrations of Nam, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn fit the quality standards of effluent discharge required by federal legislation. There were removals of E. coli higher than 90% which resulted in counts for effluent of 1.5x10 CFU/100 mL and it showed microbiological quality corresponding to freshwater class 1, according to the standards established in CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. Sludge from the reactor showed ratios of VS /TS and E. coli which allows agricultural use. / Mestre

soldagem de aços inoxidáveis duplex AID SAF 2205 utilizando o processo Metal Active Gas (MAG) ainda tem poucos dados e referências, estes aços são conceituados devido ao seu equilíbrio entre resistência mecânica e à corrosão, resultado de sua microestrutura composta por austenita e ferrita. A soldagem dos aços inoxidáveis duplex exige um controle de aporte térmico, da composição química do metal de adição e gás de proteção. Mínimas mudanças em parâmetros e composição dos consumíveis podem afetar diretamente a estrutura formada na região da solda. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi estudar a influência da utilização do processo de soldagem MAG com diferentes energias aplicadas ao AID SAF 2205, sobre a resistência à corrosão das amostras resultantes. Foram usados quatro valores de energias de soldagem, entre 0,6 e 1,1 kJ/mm, sendo a maior energia limitada à espessura das chapas, que era de 5 mm. Quando foi analisada a microestrutura formada na região da solda, a quantificação de ferrita na zona afetada pelo calor apresentou uniformidade nas amostras, independendo da energia de soldagem. Contudo, a quantidade de ferrita no metal de solda diminuiu à medida que a energia aumentou. A precipitação de nitretos de cromo foi observada no interior de alguns grãos de ferrita e/ou próximo a regiões com austenita secundária intragranular. Os perfis de microdureza Vickers não apresentaram nenhum valor acima de 300 HV, e nenhum comportamento diferenciado de acordo com área de indentação. A resistência à corrosão não apresentou mudanças consideráveis, o metal base e as regiões da solda nas quatro condições se comportaram de forma muito similar. Os ensaios de imersão em cloreto férrico, seguindo a ASTM G48, permitiram observar a formação de pites, mas a quantidade e densidade destes não pode ser associada a uma região da solda específica ou variação de energia de soldagem. Os valores de parâmetros eletroquímicos, OCP, ECORR, e EPIT, após os ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica de acordo com a ASTM G5, tiveram pouca variação, mostrando um comportamento em corrosão similar para o metal base e para os metais de solda das quatro diferentes condições de energia de soldagem empregadas. / Welding of AID SAF 2205 duplex stainless steels using the Metal Active Gas (MAG) process still has few data and references, these steels are conceptualized due to their balance between mechanical resistance and corrosion, resulting from their microstructure composed of austenite and ferrite. The welding of duplex stainless steels requires a control of the thermal input, the chemical composition of the addition metal and the shielding gas. Minimal changes in parameters and composition of consumables will directly affect the structure formed in the region of the weld. In this work, the objective was to study the influence of the MAG welding process with different energies applied to AID SAF 2205, on the corrosion resistance of the resulting samples. Four values of welding energies were used, between 0.6 and 1.1 kJ / mm, with the greatest energy limited to the thickness of the plates, which was 5 mm. When the microstructure formed in the region of the weld was analyzed, the quantification of ferrite in the zone affected by the heat showed uniformity in the samples, independent of the welding energy. However, the amount of ferrite in the weld metal decreased as the energy increased. The precipitation of chromium nitrides was observed in the intermetallic was associated with grain boundaries α / γ, inside some ferrite grains, close to regions with secondary intragranular austenite. The Vickers microhardness profiles showed no value above 300 HV, and no behavior differed according to the indentation area. The corrosion resistance did not change considerably, the base metal and the regions of the weld in the four conditions behaved very similarly. Ferric chloride immersion assays, following ASTM G48, allowed to observe the formation of pites, but the amount and density thereof can not be associated with a specific weld region or weld energy variation. The values of electrochemical parameters, OCP, ECORR, and EPIT, after the potentiodynamic polarization tests according to ASTM G5, showed little variation, showing a similar corrosion behavior for the base metal and the solder metals of the four Different welding energy conditions employed.

Este trabalho visou avaliar a remoção de fósforo solúvel e total, carga orgânica, sulfetos e sólidos num esgoto doméstico fraco, ao qual se adicionou como coagulante o cloreto férrico, atravessando o manto de lodo de um tratamento anaeróbio UASB. A ETE Ribeirão Pires, aonde este estudo foi desenvolvido, conta com 4 reatores com capacidade para tratar 70 L/s, dos quais 2 foram utilizados, num deles (reator B) foram dosados 25 e 50 mg FeCl3/L e no outro (reator C) não houve dosagem, servindo como referência. Em cada uma das fases, foram realizadas 20 amostragens para DQO, fósforo total e solúvel, alcalinidade, pH e sólidos suspensos. Para DBO5,20ºC, sulfetos, sólidos totais e sedimentáveis foram obtidos 10 valores em cada dosagem. Os pontos de coleta foram: esgoto bruto e esgoto tratado dos reatores B e C. Foram coletadas amostras em 3 alturas do manto de lodo e realizadas as séries de sólidos em cada dosagem. Quanto à secagem desse lodo, os itens ciclo de desaguamento, espessura da camada e teor de sólidos foram comparados em descartes aos leitos de secagem da ETE. Da avaliação, pode-se concluir que a adição de cloreto férrico gera aumento considerável de remoção de carga orgânica (de 55% para 73% da DQO e de 63% para 82% da DBO5,20ºC, com 50 mg FeCl3/L). Quanto ao fósforo, as eficiências foram menores, sendo mais notadas nos ortofosfatos (de 28% para 36% de fósforo total e de 0% para 59% de solúvel com 50 mg FeCl3/L). Com relação ao lodo gerado, houve diminuição do ciclo de secagem e do volume da torta (do lodo com adição) em relação àquela gerada no reator sem adição de cloreto férrico. O manto de lodo se mostrou mais espesso e com menor concentração de sólidos no reator com aplicação de cloreto férrico, sugerindo uma tendência a maior perda de sólidos com o efluente clarificado. / The presented work intended to evaluate the removal of soluble and total phosphorus, organic matter (BOD5,20ºC and COD), sulfides and solids in a weak domestic wastewater, to which it was added ferric chloride as precipitant, crossing an UASB sludge blanket. The Ribeirão Pires wastewater treatment plant, where this study took place, is composed by 4 UASB reactors. In one of them (reactor B), 25 and 50 mg FeCl3/L were dosed, and in another (reactor C) there were no dosage, serving as a reference. In each of the stages, it had been carried through around 20 samplings for COD, total and soluble phosphorus, alkalinity, pH and suspended solids. For BOD5,20ºC, total sulfides, total solids and settleable solids it had been gotten 10 values in each dosage. The collection points had been: raw wastewater and treated wastewater from reactors B and C. Samples in 3 heights of the sludge blanket had been collected and carried through the solid series analysis in each dosage. About the sludge dewatering, items as dewatering period, layer thickness and total solids had been compared in some discharges to the drying beds. From this evaluation, it can be concluded that the ferric chloride addition generates an increase of organic matter removal (from 55% to 73% of the COD and from 63% to 82% of the BOD5,20ºC, with 50 mg FeCl3/L). For phosphorus, the removal efficiencies had been lower, more noticed in the soluble portion (from 28% to 36% of total and from 0% to 59% of soluble phosphorus at 50 mg FeCl3/L). Improvement in the dewatering capacity and in sludge cake volume were also noticed. The sludge blanket showed thicker and with a lower solid concentration in the reactor with ferric chloride application, suggesting a trend to solids loss in the clarified effluent.

O presente estudo visou investigar e monitorar a remoção de cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em processos combinados (anaeróbio-físico-químico) de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE), composta por tratamento preliminar, reator UASB (escala piloto) seguido de coagulação, floculação e sedimentação (equipamento jarteste em escala de bancada) ou coagulação, floculação e flotação por ar dissolvido – FAD (equipamento flotateste em escala de bancada), e verificar a ocorrência desses protozoários no lodo do reator UASB e do processo de sedimentação. Verificou-se a qualidade das amostras a partir de variáveis físicas e químicas, e pela detecção de microrganismos indicadores – E.coli e coliformes totais. Os métodos de detecção de protozoários se basearem nas etapas de concentração (tripla centrifugação ou filtração em membrana seguida de tripla centrifugação); purificação por separação imunomagnética (IMS); detecção por reação de imunofluorescência direta (RID). As recuperações de cistos e oocistos variaram de 25,9 a 41,2% e de 5,8 a 22,2%, respectivamente. Foram detectadas significativas quantidades de cistos de Giardia spp. em 100% das amostras de esgoto analisadas, com concentrações médias no esgoto bruto de 4,27x103 cistos.L-1 na etapa 1 e 3 (TDH de 12 horas) e 3,18x103 cistos.L-1 na etapa 2 (TDH de 8 horas). No esgoto tratado após processo de sedimentação as concentrações médias foram 327,4 cistos.L-1 no tratamento utilizando coagulante cloreto férrico e 3,8 cistos.L-1 utilizando tanino, ambos na etapa 1, já na etapa 2 esses mesmos tratamentos apresentaram efluente com concentrações médias de 211,6 e 29,6 cistos.L-1, respectivamente. No efluente tratado após o processo de flotação as concentrações médias de cistos de Giardia spp. foram de 8,0 cistos.L-1 com coagulante cloreto férrico e 1,5 cistos.L-1 com PAC, na etapa 3, e de 7,0 cistos.L-1 com cloreto férrico e 5,3 cistos.L-1 com PAC na etapa 2. Os oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. foram detectados com menor frequência nas amostras de esgoto, como concentrações médias de 18,7 oocistos.L-1 no esgoto bruto nas etapas 1 e 3 e de 23,0 oocistos.L-1 na etapa 2. As eficiências de remoção de cistos de Giardia spp. dos tratamentos combinados variaram de 1,1 log a 3,4 log. O lodo do reator UASB e o lodo da etapa de sedimentação apresentaram altas quantidades de (oo)cistos, evidenciando a tendência de remoção de (oo)cistos por processos físicos como a sedimentação. O processo de flotação foi mais eficiência que o processo de sedimentação na remoção de (oo)cistos, mas devido à pequena quantidade de lodo não foi possível quantificar os (oo)cistos no lodo flotado. / The aim of study was to investigate and monitor the removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporididum spp. oocysts through different combined treatment (anaerobic/physicalchemical) of a sewage treatment plant (STP), consisted of preliminary treatment, UASB reactor (pilot scale) followed by sedimentation (jartest equipment in bench scale) or by dissolved air flotation (flotatest equipment in bench scale). Moreover, it was investigated the occurrence of protozoa in the sludge of the UASB reactor and sedimentation process. It was analyzed the quality of the samples through physical and chemical variables and detection of indicator microorganisms – E. coli and total coliforms. The detection methods of protozoa were based on steps of concentration (triple centrifugation or membrane filtration followed by triple centrifugation); purification by immunomagnetic separation (IMS); immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The recovery of cysts and oocysts ranged from 25,9 to 41,2% and from 5,8 to 22,2%, respectively. Significant quantities of Giardia spp. cysts were detected in 100% of the analyzed wastewater samples, with mean concentration of 4,27x103 cysts.L-1 in raw watewater in step 1 and 3 (THD 12 hours) and 3,18x103 cysts.L-1 in step (THD 8 hours). In treated wastewater after the sedimentation process the mean concentration were 327,4 cysts.L-1 with ferric chloride and 3,8 cysts.L-1 with tannin, both in step 1, and in step 2 the same treatments were with mean concentration of 211,6 and 29,6 cysts.L-1, respectively. In treated wastewater after flotation process the mean concentration were 8,0 cysts.L-1 with ferric chloride and 1,5 cysts.L-1 with PAC in step 3 and 7,0 cysts.L-1 with ferric chloride and 5,3 cysts.L-1 with PAC in step 2. The oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. were detected less often in the wastewater samples, with mean concentration of 18,7 oocysts.L-1 in raw wastewater in steps 1 and 3 and of 23,0 oocysts.L-1 in step 2. The overall removal for Giardia spp. was on average of 1,1 to 3,4 log. The sludge from UASB reactor and sedimentation process presented high quantities of (oo)cysts, implying the tendency of these systems to remove (oo)cysts by its physical processes such as sedimentation. The flotation process was more eficiente than the sedimentation process in the (oo)cysts removal, but due to the small amount of sludge was not possible to quantify the (oo)cysts in the float sludge.

Integrating ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in lieu of traditional media filters within conventional surface water coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation processes is growing in popularity. UF systems are able to produce low turbidity filtered water that meets newer drinking water standards. For typical drinking water applications, UF membranes require periodic chemically enhanced backwashes (CEBs) to maintain production; and citric acid is a common chemical used for this purpose. Problems may arise when the backwash recycle stream from a citric acid CEB is blended with raw water entering the coagulation basin, a common practice for conventional surface water plants. Citric acid is a chelating agent capable of forming complexes that interfere with alum or ferric chloride coagulation. Interference with coagulation negatively affects settled water quality. Acetic acid was investigated as a potential substitute for citric acid in CEB applications. A jar testing study was conducted to compare the impacts of both citric acid and acetic acid on the effectiveness of aluminum sulfate (alum) and ferric chloride coagulants. Citric acid was found to adversely affect coagulation at lower acid to coagulant (A/C) molar ratios than acetic acid, and a coagulation interference threshold was identified for both acids based on settled water turbidity goals recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Pilot testing was conducted to assess the viability of acetic acid as a UF CEB chemical. Acetic acid CEBs maintained pilot performance in combination with sodium hypochlorite CEBs for filtering a raw California surface water. It is believed that this is the first ultrafiltration membrane process application of acetic acid CEBs for municipal potable water production in the United States.

Uma das abordagens para minimizar o volume de captação de água potável e o descarte de efluentes é o reuso da água dentro da unidade industrial através de técnicas avançadas de tratamento como o sistema de osmose reversa, porém esse sistema exige um afluente com uma baixa quantidade de sólidos, além de outros requisitos. A água residuária utilizada nesse estudo é proveniente de uma empresa do ramo metal-mecânico que utiliza processos de coagulação-floculação-sedimentação como forma de remover os sólidos antes de um sistema de osmose reversa. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar três diferentes coagulantes (aluminato de sódio, cloreto férrico e uma mistura de dois coagulantes comerciais, Procytrat 100A e Procytrat 300) em processos de coagulação-floculação e separação de sólidos da fase líquida por sedimentação e flotação por ar dissolvido e também comparar os custos aproximados dos processos envolvidos. Foram realizados ensaios em testes de jarros e flotateste e com os dados obtidos construíram-se diagramas de coagulação-floculação e escolhidas as regiões de maior remoção de sólidos. Através das regiões escolhidas, foram feitas as comparações de eficiência de remoção e custos para cada coagulante estudado. Verificou-se que os diagramas de coagulação-floculação-sedimentação foram os que apresentaram as regiões de maior área com turbidez remanescente menor que 2%, principalmente para os coagulantes cloreto férrico e a mistura Procytrat 100A + Procytrat 300, chegando a alcançar valores próximos a 0,5%. A opção mais econômica foi alcançada com custo de cloreto férrico, na dosagem de 200 mg/L, pH igual a 8,3 e turbidez remanescente igual a 0,6%, de R$0,47/\'M POT.3\' de água tratada. Os diagramas de coagulação-floculação-flotação apresentaram regiões de turbidez remanescente com áreas bem mais reduzidas se comparadas aos diagramas de coagulação-floculação-sedimentação, sendo que não foram atingidos valores de turbidez remanescente menores que 1,5%. Os menores valores de turbidez remanescente para o processo de flotação foram encontrados utilizando-se como coagulante a mistura Procytrat 100A + Procytrat 300, sendo a opção mais econômica alcançada para pH igual a 3,3, dosagem de 60 mg/L e turbidez remanescente igual a 1,6%, com custo de R$0,33/\'M POT.3\' de água tratada. De um modo geral, para todos os coagulantes testados, as regiões escolhidas nos diagramas de coagulação-floculação-flotação, cujos valores de turbidez remanescente foram menores, estavam concentradas em valores de pH baixos (3,2 a 5,5), dosagens de coagulante reduzidas (10 a 80 mg/L) e dosagens de alcalinizante também reduzidas (0 a 60 mg/L de Ca(\'OH)IND.2\'). Esse comportamento foi contrário ao apresentado pelos diagramas coagulação-floculação-sedimentação cujos valores de turbidez remanescente foram menores em valores de pH mais altos (6,5 a 8,5), maiores dosagens de coagulante (40 a 380 mg/L) e altas dosagens de alcalinizante (100 a 400 mg/L de Ca(\'OH)IND.2\'). / One approach to minimize the consumption of drinking water and effluent disposal is the reuse of water within the plant through advanced treatment techniques such as reverse osmosis system, however, this system requires an affluent with a low amount of solids and other requirements. The wastewater used in this study comes from a metalworking company that uses coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation process as a way to remove the solids before a reverse osmosis system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three different coagulants (sodium aluminate, ferric chloride and a mixture of two commercial coagulants, Procytrat 100A and Procytrat 300) in the process of coagulation-flocculation and separation of solids from the liquid phase by sedimentation and dissolved air flotation and also compare the approximate costs of the processes involved. Jar tests and flotatests were performed and the coagulation-flocculation diagrams were built. In the coagulation-flocculation diagrams were selected areas of higher solids removal. Through the chosen regions, comparisons were made of removal efficiency and cost study for each coagulant. It was found that the diagrams of coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation presented the areas of higher turbidity remaining area with less than 2%, mainly for the coagulants ferric chloride and the mixture Procytrat 100A + Procytrat 300, reaching values close to 0.5 %. The most economical option was achieved at a cost of ferric chloride at a dosage of 200 mg/L, pH 8.3, and the remaining turbidity equal to 0.6%, from R$ 0.47/\'M POT.3\' treated water. The diagrams of coagulation-flocculation-flotation showed regions with turbidity remaining areas much reduced compared to the diagrams of coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation, and the turbidity remaining values were more than 1.5%. The lower values of turbidity remaining for the flotation process were found using the mixture Procytrat 100A + Procytrat 300, and the most economical option was reached for a pH of 3.3, dosage of 60 mg/L and remaining turbidity equal to e 1.6%, at a cost of R$ 0.33/\'M POT.3\' of treated water. In general, for all coagulants tested, the selected regions in the diagrams of coagulation-flocculation-flotation, whose remaining turbidity values were lower, were concentrated in low pH values (3.2 to 5.5), dosages of coagulant reduced (10 to 80 mg/L) and dosages of alkaline also reduced (0 to 60 mg/L of Ca(\'OH)IND.2\'). This behavior was contrary to the diagrams presented by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation whose remaining turbidity values were lower in higher pH values (6.5 to 8.5), larger amounts of coagulant (40 to 380 mg/L) and high doses of alkaline (100 to 400 mg/L Ca(\'OH)IND.2\').

Os reatores anaeróbios de tratamento de esgoto possibilitam elevada remoção de matéria orgânica, com menor custo em comparação com os processos aeróbios. Entretanto, esses reatores geralmente são pouco eficientes na remoção de nutrientes e seu efluente pode apresentar valores relativamente elevados de DQO e de sólidos suspensos. Por isso, investigou-se a aplicação de cloreto férrico e auxiliares de floculação no afluente de um reator anaeróbio de leito expandido em escala real (Volume = 32 m3; TDH = 3,2 h), no intuito de elevar as eficiências de remoção de DQO, turbidez, fósforo e sólidos. Foram realizados testes de Atividade Metanogênica para avaliar a toxicidade do cloreto férrico ao lodo do reator, mas nenhum efeito tóxico foi detectado para concentrações de até 500 mg FeCl3/l. Em seguida, foram realizados testes em reator de bancada (jar test), quando foi investigado o uso de cloreto férrico (dosagens entre 40 e 200 mg/l) em conjunto com um polímero catiônico, um polímero aniônico e amido natural de batata (dosagens entre 0,5 e 2,0 mg/l), sendo obtidos os melhores resultados com cloreto férrico e polímero aniônico. As eficiências médias diárias de remoção no reator de leito expandido foram elevadas de 64% para 71%, para DQO; de 47% para 59%, para turbidez; de 17% para 31%, para fósforo; e de 52% para 77%, para SST, quando aplicadas dosagens de 40 mg/l de cloreto férrico e 1,0 mg/l de polímero aniônico. / Anaerobic reactors for wastewater treatment have high capacity in removing organic matter and lower costs in comparison with aerobic processes. Nevertheless, anaerobic reactors generally are less efficient in nutrient removal and their effluents may present relatively high COD and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations. Hence, the application of ferric chloride (FeCl3) and flocculant aids to a full-scale (Volume = 32 m3; HRT = 3,2 h) anaerobic expanded bed reactor influent was investigated to improve removal of COD, turbidity, phosphorous and solids. Methanogenic activity tests were conducted to evaluate toxicity of ferric chloride against methanogenic anaerobic reactor sludge. Tests showed that no toxic effect occurred before concentrations of FeCl3 reached 500 mg/l. Conventional bench-scale jar tests were conducted and ferric chloride was tested in combination with a cationic polymer, an anionic polymer and natural potato starch. Best results were obtained when ferric chloride was employed with anionic polymer. Average daily removal rates were increased from 64% to 71% for COD, from 47% to 59% for turbidity, from 17% to 31% for phosphorous and from 52% to 77% for TSS when dosages close to 40 mg/l of ferric chloride and 1,0 mg/l of anionic polymer were applied to anaerobic expanded bed reactor influent.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-01T22:57:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana_Dotto_2013.pdf: 2822116 bytes, checksum: 3b8be919381051b7c1e0d2252f604aed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T22:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana_Dotto_2013.pdf: 2822116 bytes, checksum: 3b8be919381051b7c1e0d2252f604aed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study evaluated the efficiency of organic coagulants like seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam extracted in saline solutions of sodium chloride and potassium chloride1,0 (MO-NaCl and MO-KCl, respectively) and inorganic coagulants like aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride to the treatment of textile wastewater. Initially, it has been evaluated the best pH for each coagulant studied to then optimize the concentration of the coagulants and settling time. For this finality, it has been used velocity of rapid mixing (VMR) and slow (VML) at 100 rpm and 20 rpm, respectively and time of rapid mixing (TMR) and slow (TML) for 2 minutes and 20minutes, respectively. The parameters analyzed were pH after treatment, absorbance at a wavelength of maximum absorption for each dye present in the wastewater (Procion Orange HER and Procion Red HE-7B), color, turbidity and COD. In the test for optimization of coagulants concentration and settling time, also was evaluated the amount of sludge generated at each concentration studied. Thus, organic coagulants showed superior results in comparison with inorganic coagulants in the treatment of textile wastewater, especially MO-KCl, which showed removal of 86,8% for absorbance of the dye Procion Orange HER, 75,65% for absorbance of the dye Procion Red HE-7B, 70,67%forcolor, 85,97% for COD and 64,07% for turbidity. Based on the results obtained, MO-KCl presented a promising coagulant in the treatment of textile wastewater. / O presente estudo avaliou a eficiência dos coagulantes orgânicos sementes de Moringa oleifera lam extraídas em soluções salinas de cloreto de sódio e cloreto de potássio 1,0 (MO-NaCl e MO-KCl) respectivamente, além dos inorgânicos sulfato de alumínio e cloreto férrico no tratamento de água residuária têxtil. Inicialmente, avaliou-se o melhor pH de trabalho para cada coagulante estudado, para, em seguida, otimizar a concentração do coagulante e o tempo de sedimentação. Para isto, utilizou-se velocidade de mistura rápida (VMR) e lenta (VML) de 100 rpm e 20 rpm respectivamente, e tempo de mistura rápida (TMR) e lenta (TML) de 2 minutos e 20 minutos, respectivamente. Os parâmetros analisados foram pH após tratamento, absorbância no comprimento de onda máximo de cada corante presente na água residuária (Laranja Procion HER e Vermelho Procion HE-7B), cor, turbidez e DQO. Além destes, no teste para otimização da concentração de coagulante e tempo de sedimentação, avaliou-se a quantidade de lodo gerado em cada concentração estudada. Assim, os coagulantes orgânicos apresentaram resultado superior aos inorgânicos no tratamento da água residuária têxtil, com destaque para a MO-KCl, que apresentou remoção de 86,8% para absorbância do corante Laranja Procion HER, 75,65% para absorbância do corante Vermelho Procion HE-7B, 70,67% para cor aparente, 85,97% para DQO e 64,07% para turbidez. Com base nos resultados obtidos a MO-KCl pode ser considerada um coagulante promissor para o tratamento da água residuária têxtil.