It is estimated that approximately 2 million fires which occur in United States each year result in 1.2 million burn victims. Fibroblasts are responsible for responding to this tissue damage by breaking down the damaged extracellular matrix (ECM) and secreting a new ECM which aids in wound repair and supports the migration of immune cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with health-care infections (HCAIs) due to its ability to take advantage of immunocompromised hosts. However, little research has investigated how wound invading P. aeruginosa interacts with wound repairing fibroblasts. To address this lack of understanding, this thesis focuses on quantifying changes in fibroblast morphology, migratory behavior, and force exertion to investigate this host cell's response to representative cytotoxic (PAO1) and invasive (PA14) strains of P. aeruginosa. These assays study host cell-pathogen interactions on highly aligned nanofibers of varied spacing and diameter, which mimic the fibroblast deposited ECM and dictate fibroblast morphology. We discovered that the cytotoxic strain of P. aeruginosa induced significantly shorter fibroblast death times. Furthermore, two modes of death, sharp and gradual, were identified and found to be dependent on both fiber configuration and strain of P. aeruginosa. In addition, fibroblasts exposed to PAO1 migrating on the parallel formation were found to be significantly slower and less persistent than those exposed to PA14, however, fibroblasts exposed to both strains of bacteria were shown to exert similar forces. Lastly, exposure to PA14 led to the greatest change in actin, evident by increased actin punctae and less prominent actin stress fiber formation. / Master of Science / It is estimated that approximately 2 million fires which occur in United States each year result in 1.2 million burn victims. Fibroblasts respond to burn wounds by breaking down the damaged tissue fibers, termed extracellular matrix (ECM), and secreting a new ECM. Unfortunately, severe thermal injuries place hospitalized burn victims at high risk of infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with health-care infections (HCAIs) due to its ability to take advantage of immunocompromised hosts. However, little research has investigated how wound invading P. aeruginosa interacts with wound healing fibroblasts. To address this knowledge gap, this thesis focuses on quantifying changes in fibroblast shape, migratory behavior, and force exertion to investigate this host cell's response to two strains of P. aeruginosa, which employ different mechanisms of invasion. These interactions are studied on a platform of suspended nanofibers with controlled spacing and diameter, to dictate fibroblast shape and mimic the fibroblast deposited ECM. We discovered that the two strain of P. aeruginosa induced significantly different fibroblast death times. During death, it was observed that fibroblasts either balled up quickly, termed sharp death, or remained spread out, termed gradual death, dependent upon fibroblast shape and strain of P. aeruginosa introduced. In addition, significant differences in migration speed and persistence were found between fibroblasts exposed to the two strains of bacteria, however, both groups were shown to exert similar forces. Lastly, the fibrous proteins which make up the cytoskeleton of the cell, actin stress fibers, were found to vary among the control and bacteria treated cells.

The cellular microenvironment in vivo consists of both mechanical and chemical signals, which drive cell function and fate. These signals include the composition, architecture, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), signaling molecules secreted by cells into their surroundings, as well as physical interactions between neighboring cells. Cells are able to interact with their surroundings through a number of different mechanisms such as remodeling of the ECM through adhesion, contraction, degradation, and deposition of proteins, as well as the secretion of pro- or anti-inflammatory molecules. In diseased states, where homeostasis has been perturbed, inflammatory signals are secreted which can modify the cellular microenvironment. Diseased states such as cancer and fibrosis are often associated with the excessive production of ECM proteins that subsequently lead to an increase in tissue stiffness and changes to ECM architecture. Such changes to the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment affect the cytoskeletal arrangement, migration and adhesion of both the parenchymal cells, as well as immune response cells, which migrate to the sites of injury. Further understanding of the inflammatory responses and their relationships to tissue stiffness and ECM architecture could aid in the development of novel strategies to predict diseases as well as to target and monitor therapies. Since inflammation and mechanical properties of the affected tissue are closely interlinked, obtaining a detailed understanding of the interplay between the properties of the microenvironment and the cells that reside within it will be very beneficial to obtain physiologically relevant information. We have investigated the combinatorial effects of matrix stiffness, and architecture in the presence of co-cultures of cells to determine the overall effect on cellular responses and phenotypes. We have conducted studies on co-cultures of cells in 2D and 3D environments to identify how cellular behavior is affected by dimensionality. / PHD / The cellular microenvironment in vivo consists of both mechanical and chemical signals, which drive cell function and fate. These signals include the composition and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM), signaling molecules secreted by cells into their surroundings, as well as physical interactions between neighboring cells. Cells are able to interact with their surroundings through reorganization of the ECM and secretion of pro- or anti-inflammatory molecules. In diseased states, inflammatory signals are secreted which can modify the cellular microenvironment. Diseased states such as cancer and fibrosis are often associated with the excessive production of ECM proteins that subsequently lead to an increase in tissue stiffness and changes to ECM architecture. Such changes to the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment affect the function and behavior of cells within a given tissue. Further understanding of the inflammatory responses and their relationships to tissue stiffness and ECM architecture could aid in the development of novel strategies to predict diseases as well as to target and monitor therapies. Since inflammation and mechanical properties of the affected tissue are closely interlinked, obtaining a detailed understanding of the interplay between the properties of the microenvironment and the cells that reside within it will be very beneficial to obtain physiologically relevant information. We have investigated the combinatorial effects of matrix stiffness, and architecture in the presence of co-cultures of cells to determine the overall effect on cellular responses and phenotypes. We have conducted studies on co-cultures of cells in 2D and 3D environments to identify how cellular behavior is affected by dimensionality.

No / There is evidence that both the herb Sanicle and the cytokine TGF- β3 can be beneficial in enhancing wound repair. In this study 3T3 fibroblast cells were cultured and the confluent monolayers were wounded (scarred) using a disposable plastic pipette. Various amounts of TGF-β3 (a growth factor) and Sanicle extract were applied to the cell monolayers. TGF-β3 was applied at concentrations of 50ng/ml, 5ng/ml, 500pg/ml, 50pg/ml and 5pg/ml to five different culture flasks with one additional flask acting as control. Sanicle was applied at concentrations of 100μg/ml, 10μg/ml, 1μg/ml, 100ng/ml and 10ng/ml with one additional flask as a control. The cells were imaged over a period of 20 hours with or without presence of TGF-β3 and Sanicle. The results indicated that although there were no significant increases in the rate of wound closure in relation to application of TGF-β3, there is an indication that TGF-β3 may enhance model wound closure at optimum working concentration between 5ng/ml and 50ng/ml. However, the sanicle extract did not stimulate enhanced repair of the model in vitro wound, but instead seemed to promote cell death along the wound margin. These results indicate that sanicle may be used in the care of wounds, but not as a growth promoter, but because it acts as an antibiotic agent, and possibly because it aids wound debridement.

<p dir="ltr">PDAC, the most common type of pancreatic cancer, is a highly metastatic cancer that has a low survival rate. It is histologically characterized by a thick desmoplastic stroma. Counterintuitively, PCCs can still manage to survive in such a restrictive environment and even metastasize to distant organs. Over the years, efforts have been made to find out the mechanisms underlying these perplexing behaviors. However, questions about the role of ECM accumulation and enhanced stiffness in PCC dissemination remained unanswered. In this dissertation, we aim to advance the material design for tumor modeling, and propose an explanation for the malignant cell behavior in the PDAC TME. This is achieved through the use of hydrogel-based tumor models that recapitulate the elevated stiffness of the tumor tissue. Specifically, hydrogel stiffness was tuned to mimic the PDAC TME to understand how PCCs and CAFs respond to various substrate stiffnesses temporally. Next, we employ bio-orthogonal click chemistries to create hydrogels with on-demand stiffening capabilities, as well as hyaluronic acid deposition in the hydrogel, to investigate the effect of dynamic change in matrix stiffness and composition on PDAC cells and CAFs. Lastly, by leveraging thiol-norbornene, aldehyde-hydrazide, and tetrazine-norbornene click chemistries, we created a microporous hydrogel system with a conformation that combines both the advantage of 3D cell culture and the non-restricting nature of 2D cell culture. Additionally, the system allows the application of modularized user-defined factors, including, but not limited to stiffness and HA deposition to the system. Stiff gel in 2D facilitated cell spreading of Pa03C in the presence of CAF. Despite being more restrictive on cell spreading, stiff gelatin gel in 3D induced cytokines that promote matrix remodeling and spreading cell morphology can be restored by stiffening with HA. Overall, this dissertation demonstrated that ECM component (i.e., HA), culture dimensionality, and cell-cell interaction play a huge role in cell behavior, and these factors may interact with each other and result in synergistic effects.</p>

Introdução: Várias evidências em estudos de animais knockout sugerem a efetiva participação dos genes Fgf9-Fgfr2 no processo de determinação testicular. Animais XY knockout para os genes Fgf9 e Fgfr2 apresentam reversão sexual como consequência da alteração na cascata de eventos masculinizantes nas gônadas fetais. Até o momento, mutações inativadoras dos genes FGF9-FGFR2 não foram descritas em pacientes 46, XY portadores de disgenesia gonadal. Objetivos: Pesquisar a presença de mutações inativadoras nos genes FGF9 e FGFR2 em pacientes portadores de DDS 46,XY por anormalidades do desenvolvimento gonadal. Casuística e Métodos: Trinta e três pacientes com disgenesia gonadal 46, XY, 11 com a forma completa e 22 com a forma parcial. As regiões codificadoras dos genes FGF9 e FGFR2 de todos os pacientes foram amplificadas e sequenciadas. As investigações quanto a presença de deleções foram realizadas usando-se a técnica de MLPA (Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification). Resultados: Mutações ou deleções nos genes FGF9 não foram encontradas em nenhum dos pacientes estudados, apenas alguns polimorfismos previamente descritos. No gene FGFR2 não foram encontradas deleções. Uma nova variante não sinônima em heterozigose, c.1358 C>T (p.Ser453Leu), localizada no exon 10 do FGFR2 foi encontrada em duas irmãs com disgenesia gonadal parcial 46,XY. A mãe é portadora da variante alélica e o estudo de 147 indivíduos controles não identificou a presença desta variante. A análise da variante em sites de previsão, PolyPhen, SIFT e Mutation Taster indicou que a nova proteína FGFR2 é possivelmente danificada. Conclusões: Se esses resultados dos sites de previsão forem confirmados em estudos funcionais futuros a participação do gene FGFR2 na determinação gonadal masculina em humanos estará comprovada / Introduction: Several evidence in animal studies \"knockout\" suggest the effective participation of Fgf9-Fgfr2 genes in testicular determination process. Animals XY \"knockout\" for Fgf9 and Fgfr2 genes exhibit sex reversal as a result of the change in the cascade of masculinizing events in fetal gonads. To date, So far inactivating mutations of FGF9 and FGFR2 genes have not been described in 46,XY patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Objectives: To investigate the presence of inactivating mutations in the FGF9 and FGFR2 gene in patients with 46,XY DSD by gonadal abnormalities. Casuistic and Methods: Thirty-three patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, 11 with the full form and 22 with the partial form. The coding regions of FGF9 and FGFR2 genes of all patients were amplified and sequenced. Investigations on the presence of deletions were made using the MLPA technique (\"Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification\"). Results: Mutations or deletions in the FGF9 gene were not found in any of the patients studied, only a few polymorphisms previously described. FGFR2 gene deletions were not found. A new non-synonymous variant in heterozygosis, c.1358 C> T (p.Ser453Leu) located in exon 10 of FGFR2 was found in two sisters with 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis. The mother is a carrier of the variant allele and the study of 147 control subjects did not identify the presence of this variant. The analysis of the variant on prediction sites, \"PolyPhen\", \"SIFT\" and \"Mutation Taster\" indicated that the new FGFR2 protein is possibly damaged. Conclusions: If the results of the prediction sites are confirmed by future functional studies the participation of the FGFR2 gene in human male gonadal determination will be proven

Os Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos (\"Fibroblast Growth Factors\"; FGFs) participam de fenômenos biológicos de grande importância, tais como migração, divisão e diferenciação celulares. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo central a busca de compostos biologicamente ativos através de um desenho racional de peptídeos derivados do FGF-1 e do seu receptor (FGFR-1 ). A partir da análise dos dados disponíveis na literatura, aliada a técnicas de modelagem molecular, foram desenhados, sintetizados e testados dois grupos de peptídeos. O primeiro conjunto (R1 - R3) é constituído por peptídeos lineares derivados do FGFR-1. Os ensaios de atividade mitogênica dos FGFs 1 e 2 em presença dos peptídeos mostram que R1 e R2 foram capazes de inibir a ação mitogênica do FGF-1. Este efeito é seletivo, já que a atividade do FGF-2 não é afetada. A atividade inibitória é dose-dependente para ambos os peptídeos. Os resultados mostram ainda que o efeito é sequência-dependente, já que o peptídeo R3, correspondente à porção e-terminal de R2, é inativo. Por outro lado, o segmento N-terminal de R2 (representado por R1) é suficiente para desencadear o mesmo nível de inibição apresentado pelo peptídeo R2 inteiro. Os peptídeos sintéticos semi-cíclicos F1 - F3, correspondentes a um importante sítio de ligação no FGF-1, foram avaliados quanto à sua capacidade de estimular a síntese de DNA em fibroblastos em cultura. Os dados obtidos mostram que, na faixa de concentração testada (0,1 a 200 &#181;M), o peptídeo F1 é inativo. O peptídeo F2 apresentou atividade mitogênica (ED50 = 60 -70 &#181;M), estimulando a incorporação de timidina tritiada em até 66 % do valor máximo induzido por 10% de soro fetal bovino. Na mesma faixa de concentração, o peptídeo F3 apresentou atividade em níveis inferiores (ED50 > 100 &#181;M) aos apresentados pelo peptídeo F2. Estes resultados indicam que os peptídeos F2 e F3 poderiam mimetizar a superfície correspondente a um sítio de ligação do FGF-1 ao receptor. Além disso, o fato de F2 ser mais ativo que F3 indica que, além dos resíduos hidrofóbicos Y e L (presentes em ambos), o resíduo R presente em F2 exerce um importante papel para a atividade mitogênica do peptídeo. Como já proposto por nós em trabalhos anteriores, os dados apresentados indicam que é possível obter compostos com atividade mitogênica através do desenho racional de estruturas peptídicas derivadas dos FGFs. A análise do conjunto de peptídeos estudados até o momento revela a existência de características químicas comuns a todos aqueles que se mostraram mitogênicos, ou seja, a presença de um núcleo hidrofóbico flanqueado por resíduos polares carregados. / The Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are involved in very important biological processes like cell migration, division and differentiation. The aim of this work was the search of biologically active compounds through a rational design of peptides derived from FGF-1 and its receptor (FGFR-1). On the basis on several data available in the literature and with the aid of molecular modeling techniques, we designed, synthesized and tested two sets of peptides. The first group (R1-R3) is composed by linear peptides derived from FGFR-1. The mitogenic activity assays of FGF-1 and FGF-2 in the presence of these peptides reveal that R1 and R2 were able to inhibit the mitogenic response elicited by FGF-1. This effect is dose-dependent and selective, since the FGF-2 activity was not affected. Also, the inhibitory activity is sequence-dependent since peptide R3, corresponding to the e-terminal stretch of R2, was inactive. On the other hand, the N-terminal segment of peptide R2, represented by R1, is sufficient to elicit about the same response observed for the longer peptide R2. The semi-cyclic synthetic peptides F1 - F3, corresponding to an important FGF-1 binding site, were tested for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis on fibroblast cultures. The results show that F1 is inactive in the range tested (0.1 to 200 &#181;M). Peptide F2 was able to elicit a mitogenic activity (ED50 = 60 - 70 &#181;M), stimulating the incorporation of [methyl-3H] thymidine to a level corresponding to 66 % of the maximum response induced by 10 % fetal calf serum. In the same range, peptide F3 was less active (ED50 > 100 &#181;M). These results suggest that peptides F2 and F3 could mimic a surface corresponding to a receptor binding site of FGF-1. Also, the better performance of F2 could be explained by the presence of the residue R (besides Y and L) that could be important to elicit a mitogenic response. These results, together with those presented in former papers, indicate that it is possible to obtain compounds with mitogenic activity through the rational design of peptides derived from the FGFs. The analysis of the assembly of peptides studied allow us to define a chemical pattern shared by all the mitogenic compounds obtained until now, namely the presence of a hydrophobic core flanked by polar charged residues.

by Chan Pui, Barbara. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-151). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Os Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos (\"Fibroblast Growth Factors\"; FGFs) participam de fenômenos biológicos de grande importância, tais como migração, divisão e diferenciação celulares. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo central a busca de compostos biologicamente ativos através de um desenho racional de peptídeos derivados do FGF-1 e do seu receptor (FGFR-1 ). A partir da análise dos dados disponíveis na literatura, aliada a técnicas de modelagem molecular, foram desenhados, sintetizados e testados dois grupos de peptídeos. O primeiro conjunto (R1 - R3) é constituído por peptídeos lineares derivados do FGFR-1. Os ensaios de atividade mitogênica dos FGFs 1 e 2 em presença dos peptídeos mostram que R1 e R2 foram capazes de inibir a ação mitogênica do FGF-1. Este efeito é seletivo, já que a atividade do FGF-2 não é afetada. A atividade inibitória é dose-dependente para ambos os peptídeos. Os resultados mostram ainda que o efeito é sequência-dependente, já que o peptídeo R3, correspondente à porção e-terminal de R2, é inativo. Por outro lado, o segmento N-terminal de R2 (representado por R1) é suficiente para desencadear o mesmo nível de inibição apresentado pelo peptídeo R2 inteiro. Os peptídeos sintéticos semi-cíclicos F1 - F3, correspondentes a um importante sítio de ligação no FGF-1, foram avaliados quanto à sua capacidade de estimular a síntese de DNA em fibroblastos em cultura. Os dados obtidos mostram que, na faixa de concentração testada (0,1 a 200 &#181;M), o peptídeo F1 é inativo. O peptídeo F2 apresentou atividade mitogênica (ED50 = 60 -70 &#181;M), estimulando a incorporação de timidina tritiada em até 66 % do valor máximo induzido por 10% de soro fetal bovino. Na mesma faixa de concentração, o peptídeo F3 apresentou atividade em níveis inferiores (ED50 > 100 &#181;M) aos apresentados pelo peptídeo F2. Estes resultados indicam que os peptídeos F2 e F3 poderiam mimetizar a superfície correspondente a um sítio de ligação do FGF-1 ao receptor. Além disso, o fato de F2 ser mais ativo que F3 indica que, além dos resíduos hidrofóbicos Y e L (presentes em ambos), o resíduo R presente em F2 exerce um importante papel para a atividade mitogênica do peptídeo. Como já proposto por nós em trabalhos anteriores, os dados apresentados indicam que é possível obter compostos com atividade mitogênica através do desenho racional de estruturas peptídicas derivadas dos FGFs. A análise do conjunto de peptídeos estudados até o momento revela a existência de características químicas comuns a todos aqueles que se mostraram mitogênicos, ou seja, a presença de um núcleo hidrofóbico flanqueado por resíduos polares carregados. / The Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are involved in very important biological processes like cell migration, division and differentiation. The aim of this work was the search of biologically active compounds through a rational design of peptides derived from FGF-1 and its receptor (FGFR-1). On the basis on several data available in the literature and with the aid of molecular modeling techniques, we designed, synthesized and tested two sets of peptides. The first group (R1-R3) is composed by linear peptides derived from FGFR-1. The mitogenic activity assays of FGF-1 and FGF-2 in the presence of these peptides reveal that R1 and R2 were able to inhibit the mitogenic response elicited by FGF-1. This effect is dose-dependent and selective, since the FGF-2 activity was not affected. Also, the inhibitory activity is sequence-dependent since peptide R3, corresponding to the e-terminal stretch of R2, was inactive. On the other hand, the N-terminal segment of peptide R2, represented by R1, is sufficient to elicit about the same response observed for the longer peptide R2. The semi-cyclic synthetic peptides F1 - F3, corresponding to an important FGF-1 binding site, were tested for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis on fibroblast cultures. The results show that F1 is inactive in the range tested (0.1 to 200 &#181;M). Peptide F2 was able to elicit a mitogenic activity (ED50 = 60 - 70 &#181;M), stimulating the incorporation of [methyl-3H] thymidine to a level corresponding to 66 % of the maximum response induced by 10 % fetal calf serum. In the same range, peptide F3 was less active (ED50 > 100 &#181;M). These results suggest that peptides F2 and F3 could mimic a surface corresponding to a receptor binding site of FGF-1. Also, the better performance of F2 could be explained by the presence of the residue R (besides Y and L) that could be important to elicit a mitogenic response. These results, together with those presented in former papers, indicate that it is possible to obtain compounds with mitogenic activity through the rational design of peptides derived from the FGFs. The analysis of the assembly of peptides studied allow us to define a chemical pattern shared by all the mitogenic compounds obtained until now, namely the presence of a hydrophobic core flanked by polar charged residues.

Die Synthese und -Freisetzung von FGF-2 aus humanen dermalen Mastzellen Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) ist ein Mitglied einer großen Familie von Wachstumsfaktoren. FGF-2 fördert das Wachstum und die Entwicklung von Blutgefäßen (Angiogenese) und nimmt somit Einfluss auf Wundheilungsprozesse, Gewebeentwicklung, als auch verschiedene pathologische Vorgänge im Organismus. Mastzellen wurden lange Zeit allein als Effektorzellen der Typ I Allergiereaktion betrachtet. Mittlerweile betrachten man sie auch als wichtige Zellen für die Gewebe Homöostase und Wundheilung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden MC aus humenen dermalen Gewebe isoliert, um deren FGF-2 Synthese und –Freisetzung zu untersuchen. Die Zellen wurden mit verschiedenen proinflammatorischen Mediatoren stimuliert. FGF-2 wurde mit ELISA und PCR Methoden bestimmt. Durch Stimulationen mit a–IgE, SP, IL–4, IL–6 und IL–8 wurde eine gesteigerte FGF–2–Synthese induziert. Weiterhin zeigten die vorliegenden Ergebnisse, dass bei der Degranulation der MC FGF-2 freigesetzt wird, auch wenn der zugrunde liegende Mechanismus für die Freisetzung weiterhin unklar bleibt. UVA1–und PUVA1–Bestrahlung hatten einen inhibieren Effekt auf die Sekretion des Proteins. / Synthesis and release of FGF-2 from human dermal mast cells Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is a member of a large family of proteins. FGF-2 stimulates the growth and development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases (i.e. atherosclerosis), normal wound healing and tissue development. Mast cells are traditionally viewed as effector cells of immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. There is, however, a growing body of evidence that the cells might play an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and repair. In this present investigation we isolated MC from human tissue to investigate their FGF-2 synthesis and release after stimulation with different proinflammatory mediators. To detect FGF-2 we used ELISA and PCR technique. We could show the up-regulation of FGF-2 synthesis after stimulation with a-IgE, SP, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8. Within the degranulation of MC there was a release of FGF-2 even though the mode of release still remains unclear. Through UV-light radiation we could show a downregulation of FGF-2 release.

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a novel, bone-produced hormone that regulates renal phosphate (Pi) reabsorption and calcitriol metabolism. Disorders of mineral and bone metabolism, such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) and hyperostosis-hyperphosphatemia syndrome (HHS), witness the importance of well-balanced serum levels of FGF23. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly morbid due to Pi retention/hyperphosphatemia and calcitriol deficiency, which lead to elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). As a response to hyperphosphatemia, CKD patients have also remarkably high serum FGF23 levels, which are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and increased mortality in CKD. The overall aim of this dissertation was to discern a possible role of FGF23 in parathyroid biology. Our in vitro experiments on isolated bovine parathyroid cells demonstrate that FGF23 directly and dose-dependently suppresses the PTH production and secretion, while increasing the expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-activating enzyme 1α-hydroxylase. We investigated possible expressional changes in the FGF23 receptor co-factor Klotho in hyperparathyroid disorders and found that Klotho expression is decreased or absent and inversely correlated to serum calcium (Ca) in adenomas of primary HPT (pHPT). In the hyperplastic parathyroid glands of sHPT, Klotho expression declines in parallel with the kidney function and correlates with the glomerular filtration rate. Moreover, Klotho expression is suppressed by Ca and FGF23, increased by calcitriol, but unaffected by Pi and PTH in vitro. Finally, we identified a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding GALNT3, which is normally involved in the post-translational glycosylation of FGF23, as the cause of aberrant FGF23 processing in a patient with HHS. In summary, we provide evidence for a novel bone/parathyroid axis in which FGF23 functions as a direct, negative regulator of the PTH production. High extracellular Ca is a major determinant of the Klotho expression in pHPT, whereas the Klotho levels in sHPT may be attributed to a combination of the high FGF23 and Ca, and low calcitriol levels associated with CKD. Hence, the decreased Klotho expression in sHPT could explain the concomitantly high FGF23 and PTH levels, as well as the failure of FGF23 to prevent or mitigate the development of sHPT in CKD.