La matrice extracellulaire (MEC) intervient dans de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la migration, la différentiation ou l’adhésion cellulaire. Elle est également associée à plusieurs évènements pathologiques. La cohésion de la MEC est assurée par un réseau organisé et complexe de protéines présent au voisinage immédiat des cellules. Ce projet a pour objectif de contribuer à la caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle de certaines de ces complexes protéiques. Le Gelatin Binding Domain (GBD) (⁶FI¹²FII ⁷⁸⁹FI), localisé dans la région N-terminale de la fibronectine est connu pour interagir avec la transglutaminase 2 (TG2), le collagène de type I, ou encore des protéines d’adhésion bactériennes tel que la FNE (protéine de Streptococcus equi). Mes travaux de thèse portent donc sur la caractérisation fonctionnelle et structurale de ces interactions par des approches biophysiques et biochimiques. Ce travail a permis de cartographier les régions d’interactionentre la TG2 et le GBD d’une part et la FNE et le GBD d’autre part. Nous avons par la suite entrepris une étude par SAXS des complexes TG2/GBD et FNE/GBD et réussi à établir des modèles structuraux d’interaction entre (1) le GBD et le domaine N-terminal de la TG2 et (2) entre la FNE et le sous fragment ⁷⁸⁹FI du GBD. La structure tridimensionnelle de la protéine FNE a été résolue par cristallographie aux rayons X grâce à l’utilisation d’un outil original facilitant l’obtention de cristaux. / The extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in a number of biological pathways associated with the cell migration, differentiation, adhesion and is also implicated in several pathological events. The cohesion of the ECM is accomplished by a highly organized protein complex network on the cell surface. The Gelatin Binding Domain (GBD) (⁶FI¹²FII ⁷⁸⁹FI) of the N-terminal region of fibronectin is found to interact with the transglutaminase 2 (TG2), collagen type I and the bacterial adhesion protein FNE. In this study, we conducted the structural and functional characterization of the protein complexes involved in the cohesion of ECM. The interactions between either TG2 or FNE and GBD have been characterized and the regions responsible for the interactions have also been mapped. Furthermore, we studied TG2/GBD and FNE/GBD complex by SAXS and built two models underscoring the interactions between (1), the GBD and the Nterminus of TG2 and (2), FNE and the sub-fragment ⁷⁸⁹FI of GBD providing insights on mechanistically elucidating the protein interactions during the cohehsion of ECM. The X-ray structure of the protein FNE of Streptococcus equi has been determined at 1.8 Å, by using an original tool that facilitates obtaining crystals.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration de couches minces des biomatériaux biomimétiques nanostructurées par des techniques lasers pulsés et leur évaluation de point de vue physico-chimique et biologique (biocompatibilité, prolifération et différentiation cellulaires avec des biomatériaux). Le but vise à développer une nouvelle méthode de recouvrement d’implants osseux par des techniques laser pulsé avancées (PLD – Pulsed Laser Deposition et MAPLE - Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation). Ces techniques sont utilisées pour la synthèse d’un système biphasique composé de nanoparticules d’hydroxyapatite (HA) associées à des protéines d’adhérence type fibronectine (FN) et vitronectine (VN) déposées sur un substrat type titane. Le support métallique permettra de maintenir la rigidité mécanique, l’hydroxyapatite favorisera la bio-intégration dans le tissu osseux et les protéines accélèreront l’adhérence cellulaire. L’objectif principal est d’accélérer l’adhérence des cellules et formation des tissus sur les implants. Les études de prolifération et différentiation cellulaire suggèrent une prédisposition des cellules à la prolifération induite par les revêtements VN et à la différentiation stimulée par les revêtements FN. Les effets significatifs sur l’attachement, l’adhésion et la prolifération observés dans nos études sont très importants pour la première phase de stabilité mécanique d’un implant. Les couches HA/protéines déposées par laser pourraient permettre de réduire cette phase. / The work presented within the thesis concern the fabrication of biomimetic nanostructured biomaterial thin films by pulsed laser techniques and their evaluation from the physico-chemical and biological (cellular biocompatibility, proliferation and differentiation) points of view. The aim is to develop a new method for coating the osseous implants by advanced pulsed laser techniques (PLD – pulsed laser deposition and MAPLE – matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation). These techniques are used for the fabrication of a biphasic system composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticules associated with large adhesion proteins as e.g. fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) deposited on a titanium substrate. The metallic substrate will allow keeping the mechanical rigidity; the hydroxyapatite will favor the bio-integration in the osseous tissue while the proteins will accelerate the cellular adhesion. The main objective is to speed up the cellular adhesion and the formation of new tissue around the implant. The cellular proliferation and differentiation studies demonstrated a predisposal to cell proliferation induced by the VN coatings and to cell differentiation by FN. The significant effects on the cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation observed in our studies are of great importance for the mechanical stability phase of the implant. The layers HA/proteins deposited by laser could reduce the time of this phase.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(B)(2) 課題番号:07457240 研究代表者:宮田 敏男 研究期間:1995-1996年度

Cell adhesion to extracellular matrices (ECM) is critical to many cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Alterations in adhesive mechanisms are central to the behavior of cells in pathological conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, and defects in wound healing. Although significant progress has been made in identifying molecules involved in adhesion, the mechanisms that dictate the generation of strong adhesive forces remain poorly understood. Specifically, the role of nanoscale geometry of the adhesive interface in integrin recruitment and adhesion forces remains elusive due to limitations in the techniques available for engineering cell adhesion environments. The objective of this project was to analyze the role of nanoscale geometry in cell adhesion strengthening to ECM. Our central hypothesis was that adhesive interactions are regulated by integrin clusters whose recruitment is determined by the nanoscale geometry of the adhesive interface and whose heterogeneity in size, spacing, and orientation modulates adhesion strength. The objective of this project was accomplished by 1) developing an experimental technique capable of producing nanoscale patterns of proteins on surfaces for cell adhesion arrays, 2) assessing the regulation of integrin recruitment by geometry of the adhesive interface, and 3) determining the functional implications of adhesive interface geometry by systematically analyzing the adhesion strengthening response to nanoscale patterns of proteins. A printing technique was developed that patterns proteins into features as small as 90nm with high contrast and high reproducibility. Cell adhesion arrays were produced by directly immobilizing proteins into patterns on mixed-SAMs surfaces with a protein-resistant background. Colocalization analysis of integrin recruitment to FN patterns demonstrated a concentrating effect of bound integrins at pattern sizes with areas equivalent to small nascent focal adhesions. At adhesion areas below 333 × 333 nm2, the frequency of integrin recruitment events decreased significantly indicating a threshold size for integrin clustering. Functionally, pattern sizes below the threshold were unable to participate in generation of adhesion strength. In contrast, patterns between the threshold and micron sizes showed a relationship between adhesion strength and area of individual adhesion points, independent of the total available adhesion area. These studies introduce a robust platform for producing nanoscale patterns of proteins in biologically relevant geometries. Results obtained using this approach yielded new insights on the role of nanoscale organization of the adhesive interface in modulating adhesion strength and integrin recruitment.

No description available.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Corynebacterium diphtheriae pode ser isolado tanto de quadros de difteria clássica, quanto de infecções sistêmicas, como endocardite. O fibrinogênio (Fbn) e a fibronectina (Fn) são glicoproteínas presentes na matriz extracelular de tecidos conjuntivos. A influência destas proteínas na patogênese das infecções locais e invasivas causadas por C. diphtheriae é objeto de estudo devido ao fato do bacilo diftérico poder ser encontrado em lesões nas quais o Fbn e a Fn são predominantes, incluindo a pseudomembrana diftérica e vegetações cardíacas presentes na endocardite infecciosa. São crescentes as evidências de que o C. diphtheriae pode, além de aderir, ser internalizado por células em cultura. No presente estudo, investigou-se a participação de C. diphtheriae e das proteínas de superfície 67-72p na aderência à Fn e ao Fbn de plasma humano e a eritrócitos. A aderência às células HEp-2 e internalização também foram analisadas. A participação de 67-72p nos mecanismos de morte celular foi avaliada através das colorações por Azul de Tripan e 46-diamidino-2-fenil indol (DAPI), pelo ensaio de redução utilizando dimetil-tiazol-difenil tetrazólio (MTT) e por citometria de fluxo. As 67-72p foram extraídas da superfície da amostra toxigênica C. diphtheriae subsp. mitis CDC-E8392 através de processos mecânicos e precipitação com sulfato de amônio saturado. Análises por SDS-PAGE e immunoblotting detectaram a presença das bandas protéicas de 67 e 72kDa nas amostras toxinogênicas e atoxinogênicas analisadas, as quais pertenciam aos biotipos fermentador e não fermentador de sacarose. C. diphtheriae foi capazes não só de formar agregados na presença de plasma de coelho, mas também de converter Fbn em fibrina independentemente da presença do gene tox. No entanto, a amostra atoxinogênica ATCC 27010 (tox-) foi menos aderente ao Fbn do que a homóloga ATCC 27012 (tox+). A interação bacteriana com eritrócitos foi inibida somente pela Fn. Ligações entre Fn e/ou Fbn com 67-72p foram demonstradas por dot blotting, ELISA e/ou ensaios utilizando fluorescência. As 67-72p foram capazes de inibir as interações bacterianas com o Fbn, indicando que 67-72p podem participar do processo de aderência do patógeno aos tecidos do hospedeiro. Através da microscopia óptica, demonstrou-se a ligação de 67-72p adsorvidas em microesferas de látex com células HEp-2. Anticorpos de coelho do tipo IgG anti 67-72p interferiram somente com a expressão do padrão de aderência do tipo difuso, normalmente apresentado pela amostra CDC-E8392. A Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) e a inibição da internalização bacteriana pela IgG anti 67-72p ou por 67-72p indicaram o papel de 67-72p como invasina. Alterações do citoesqueleto de células HEp-2 com acumulação de actina polimerizada, induzida por microesferas sensibilizadas com 67-72p, foi observada pelo fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test. Foi visualizado um aumento no número de bactérias viáveis no compartimento intracelular após tratamento de células HEp-2 ou dos microrganismos com Fn. A presença de partículas de látex adsorvidas com 67-72p no interior de vacúolos frouxos em células HEp-2 sugeriu que estas proteínas podem causar efeito citotóxico. A avaliação através das colorações com Azul de Tripan, DAPI e os ensaios de redução utilizando MTT demonstraram um decréscimo na viabilidade de células tratadas com 67-72p. As mudanças morfológicas observadas 3 horas após o início do tratamento com 67-72p incluíram vacuolização, fragmentação nuclear e formação de corpúsculos apoptóticos. A citometria de fluxo revelou um decréscimo de 15,13% no volume/tamanho de células tratadas com 67-72p. Além disso, o ensaio utilizando Iodeto de Propídio (IP) e Anexina V (AV)-FITIC demonstrou que havia 66,1% de células vivas (IP-/AV-), 16,6% de células em apoptose inicial (IP-/AV+) e 13,8% de células em apoptose tardia ou necrose secundária. Em conclusão, as 67-72p estão diretamente envolvidas na interação com Fn e Fbn. As proteínas não fimbriais 67-72p são hemaglutininas implicadas na aderência a células respiratórias e na internalização. Além disso, estas proteínas podem atuar como fatores de virulência em potencial para induzir apoptose de células epiteliais nos estágios iniciais da difteria e nas infecções invasivas causadas pelo C. diphtheriae / Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been isolated from classical diphtheria and systemic infections such as endocarditis. Fibrinogen (Fbn) and fibronectin (Fn) are high molecular-weight glycoproteins that may be found in extracellular matrix of connective tissues. Their influence in the pathogenesis of local and in invasive C. diphtheriae infection is object of interest due to the fact that diphtheria bacilli is recovered from lesions where such proteins are predominant, including pharyngeal pseudomembrane and valve heart vegetations in infectious endocarditis. There is growing evidence that C. diphtheriae may adhere to and be internalized by cells in culture. The present study investigated the participation of C. diphtheriae strains and 67-72p, a surface protein, in adherence to human plasma Fn, Fbn, erythrocytes, adherence to and internalization by HEp-2 cells. The participation of 67-72p in promoting cell death was evaluated by the Trypan blue, DAPI staining methods, methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay and flow cytometry. The 67-72p was extracted from C. diphtheriae subsp. mitis CDC-E8392 toxigenic strain, by mechanical process and ammonium sulfate fractionation. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis detected the polypeptide bands of 67 and 72 kDa in all toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains from both sucrose-fermenting and non-fermenting biotypes. Diphtheria bacilli were capable to both form bacterial aggregates in rabbit plasma and to convert Fbn to fibrin independently to the presence of tox gene, albeit the ATCC 27010 (tox-) strain was less adherent to Fbn than the parental strain ATCC 27012 (tox+). Bacteria-erythrocytes interaction was inhibited only by Fn. Interactions of Fn and/or Fbn with 67-72p were demonstrated by dot blotting, ELISA and/or fluorescence assays. Bacteria-Fbn interaction was inhibited by 67-72p, indicating that 67-72p may participate in the adhesion of the pathogen to host tissues. The interaction of HEp-2 cells with 67-72p-adsorbed latex microspheres was demonstrated by light microscopy. Rabbit IgG anti 67-72p was shown to interfere with diffuse adherence phenotype to HEp-2 cells displayed by CDC-E8392, but not by other phenotypes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the inhibition of bacterial internalization by anti 67-72p IgG and 67-72p indicated the role of 67-72p as invasin. Cytoskeletal accumulation of polymerized actin in HEp-2 cells induced by 67-72p-microspheres was observed by the fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test. Fn enhanced the intracellular viability of all strains tested. The presence of 67-72p-latex particles inside spacious vacuoles (SV) in HEp-2 cells, suggested a citotoxic effect of these proteins. Evaluation by the Trypan blue staining method, 4,6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride DAPI and the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay showed a significant decrease in viability of HEp-2 cells treated with 0.2 mg/ml 67-72p. Morphological changes in HEp-2 cells (vacuolization, nuclear fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies) was observed after 3 h post-treatment with 67-72p. Flow cytometry revealed a 15.13% reduction apoptotic volume of HEp-2 cells treated with 0.2 mg/ml 67-72p. Moreover, a double-staining assay using Propidium Iodide (PI)/Annexin V (AV) demonstrated the numbers of vital (PI-/AV-) (66.1%) vs. early apoptotic (PI-/AV+) (16.6%) cells and late apoptotic or secondary necrotic cells (PI+/AV+) (13.8%). In conclusion, the 67-72p are directly implicated in C. diphtheriae interaction with Fn and Fbn. The non-fimbrial Fn/Fbn binding 67-72p are hemagglutinins directly implicated in adherence to and internalization by respiratory epithelial cells. Moreover, 67-72p may act as a potential virulence factor to induce apoptosis of epithelial cells in the early stages of diphtheria and C. diphtheriae invasive infection

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of molecules secreted by cells, which is essential for providing structural support and facilitating cell processes including adhesion, migration and survival. Tenascin-C is an immunomodulatory ECM protein that exhibits limited expression in healthy tissues, but is transiently elevated at sites of tissue injury, and is persistently expressed in chronic inflammatory diseases and tumours. Alternative splicing of 9 of tenascin-C's fibronectin type III-like domains (FnIII- A1, A2, A3, A4, B, AD2, AD1, C and D) generates enormous diversity in form; yielding 511 possible isoforms. Post-transcriptional modification of tenascin-C has been studied in cancer and during development where disease and tissue specific isoforms exhibit distinct adhesive, migratory and proliferative effects. However, little is known of how tenascin-C is expressed or alternatively spliced during inflammation. This study characterises inflammation and disease specific tenascin-C isoforms made by immune cells and fibroblasts, and investigates their functional relevance. Biosynthesis and alternative splicing of tenascin-C was examined using standard curve qPCR, ELISA, Western blot and confocal immunocytochemistry in resting and activated primary human immune cells, dermal fibroblasts, and in synovial fibroblasts isolated from healthy controls and from osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Based on these data, three recombinant proteins comprising FnIII domains AD2-AD1, B-C-D and B-AD2-AD1-C-D were cloned, expressed and purified, and their impact on cell behaviour including adhesion, morphology and migration was assessed. Basal tenascin-C expression was lower in myeloid and lymphoid cells than fibroblasts, and was induced in all following inflammatory stimulation. Tenascin-C expression was elevated in disease with RA and OA synovial fibroblasts containing higher levels than healthy controls. Alternative splicing following cell activation was cell-type specific: all FnIII except AD2 and AD1 were upregulated in dendritic cells and macrophages, in T-cells all FnIII remained unchanged with FnIII A1 absent; and no change in splicing was observed in activated dermal fibroblasts. Normal and OA synovial fibroblasts exhibited similar tenascin-C splicing patterns, but FnIII B and D were specifically elevated in RA. Functional analysis revealed differences in the adhesion, morphology and migration of myeloid cells and dermal fibroblasts cultured on FnIII AD2-AD1, B-C-D, B-AD2-AD1-C-D and full length tenascin-C substrates; FnIII B-C-D promoted MDDC migration while B-AD2-AD1-C-D promoted fibroblast adhesion, compared to full length tenascin-C. For the first time, this study reveals differences in tenascin-C biosynthesis and alternative splicing by immune cells and fibroblasts following activation with inflammatory stimuli; and starts to reveal how alternative splicing of tenascin-C may influence the behaviours of both stromal and immune cells types during inflammation and in inflammatory diseases.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Corynebacterium diphtheriae pode ser isolado tanto de quadros de difteria clássica, quanto de infecções sistêmicas, como endocardite. O fibrinogênio (Fbn) e a fibronectina (Fn) são glicoproteínas presentes na matriz extracelular de tecidos conjuntivos. A influência destas proteínas na patogênese das infecções locais e invasivas causadas por C. diphtheriae é objeto de estudo devido ao fato do bacilo diftérico poder ser encontrado em lesões nas quais o Fbn e a Fn são predominantes, incluindo a pseudomembrana diftérica e vegetações cardíacas presentes na endocardite infecciosa. São crescentes as evidências de que o C. diphtheriae pode, além de aderir, ser internalizado por células em cultura. No presente estudo, investigou-se a participação de C. diphtheriae e das proteínas de superfície 67-72p na aderência à Fn e ao Fbn de plasma humano e a eritrócitos. A aderência às células HEp-2 e internalização também foram analisadas. A participação de 67-72p nos mecanismos de morte celular foi avaliada através das colorações por Azul de Tripan e 46-diamidino-2-fenil indol (DAPI), pelo ensaio de redução utilizando dimetil-tiazol-difenil tetrazólio (MTT) e por citometria de fluxo. As 67-72p foram extraídas da superfície da amostra toxigênica C. diphtheriae subsp. mitis CDC-E8392 através de processos mecânicos e precipitação com sulfato de amônio saturado. Análises por SDS-PAGE e immunoblotting detectaram a presença das bandas protéicas de 67 e 72kDa nas amostras toxinogênicas e atoxinogênicas analisadas, as quais pertenciam aos biotipos fermentador e não fermentador de sacarose. C. diphtheriae foi capazes não só de formar agregados na presença de plasma de coelho, mas também de converter Fbn em fibrina independentemente da presença do gene tox. No entanto, a amostra atoxinogênica ATCC 27010 (tox-) foi menos aderente ao Fbn do que a homóloga ATCC 27012 (tox+). A interação bacteriana com eritrócitos foi inibida somente pela Fn. Ligações entre Fn e/ou Fbn com 67-72p foram demonstradas por dot blotting, ELISA e/ou ensaios utilizando fluorescência. As 67-72p foram capazes de inibir as interações bacterianas com o Fbn, indicando que 67-72p podem participar do processo de aderência do patógeno aos tecidos do hospedeiro. Através da microscopia óptica, demonstrou-se a ligação de 67-72p adsorvidas em microesferas de látex com células HEp-2. Anticorpos de coelho do tipo IgG anti 67-72p interferiram somente com a expressão do padrão de aderência do tipo difuso, normalmente apresentado pela amostra CDC-E8392. A Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) e a inibição da internalização bacteriana pela IgG anti 67-72p ou por 67-72p indicaram o papel de 67-72p como invasina. Alterações do citoesqueleto de células HEp-2 com acumulação de actina polimerizada, induzida por microesferas sensibilizadas com 67-72p, foi observada pelo fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test. Foi visualizado um aumento no número de bactérias viáveis no compartimento intracelular após tratamento de células HEp-2 ou dos microrganismos com Fn. A presença de partículas de látex adsorvidas com 67-72p no interior de vacúolos frouxos em células HEp-2 sugeriu que estas proteínas podem causar efeito citotóxico. A avaliação através das colorações com Azul de Tripan, DAPI e os ensaios de redução utilizando MTT demonstraram um decréscimo na viabilidade de células tratadas com 67-72p. As mudanças morfológicas observadas 3 horas após o início do tratamento com 67-72p incluíram vacuolização, fragmentação nuclear e formação de corpúsculos apoptóticos. A citometria de fluxo revelou um decréscimo de 15,13% no volume/tamanho de células tratadas com 67-72p. Além disso, o ensaio utilizando Iodeto de Propídio (IP) e Anexina V (AV)-FITIC demonstrou que havia 66,1% de células vivas (IP-/AV-), 16,6% de células em apoptose inicial (IP-/AV+) e 13,8% de células em apoptose tardia ou necrose secundária. Em conclusão, as 67-72p estão diretamente envolvidas na interação com Fn e Fbn. As proteínas não fimbriais 67-72p são hemaglutininas implicadas na aderência a células respiratórias e na internalização. Além disso, estas proteínas podem atuar como fatores de virulência em potencial para induzir apoptose de células epiteliais nos estágios iniciais da difteria e nas infecções invasivas causadas pelo C. diphtheriae / Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been isolated from classical diphtheria and systemic infections such as endocarditis. Fibrinogen (Fbn) and fibronectin (Fn) are high molecular-weight glycoproteins that may be found in extracellular matrix of connective tissues. Their influence in the pathogenesis of local and in invasive C. diphtheriae infection is object of interest due to the fact that diphtheria bacilli is recovered from lesions where such proteins are predominant, including pharyngeal pseudomembrane and valve heart vegetations in infectious endocarditis. There is growing evidence that C. diphtheriae may adhere to and be internalized by cells in culture. The present study investigated the participation of C. diphtheriae strains and 67-72p, a surface protein, in adherence to human plasma Fn, Fbn, erythrocytes, adherence to and internalization by HEp-2 cells. The participation of 67-72p in promoting cell death was evaluated by the Trypan blue, DAPI staining methods, methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay and flow cytometry. The 67-72p was extracted from C. diphtheriae subsp. mitis CDC-E8392 toxigenic strain, by mechanical process and ammonium sulfate fractionation. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis detected the polypeptide bands of 67 and 72 kDa in all toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains from both sucrose-fermenting and non-fermenting biotypes. Diphtheria bacilli were capable to both form bacterial aggregates in rabbit plasma and to convert Fbn to fibrin independently to the presence of tox gene, albeit the ATCC 27010 (tox-) strain was less adherent to Fbn than the parental strain ATCC 27012 (tox+). Bacteria-erythrocytes interaction was inhibited only by Fn. Interactions of Fn and/or Fbn with 67-72p were demonstrated by dot blotting, ELISA and/or fluorescence assays. Bacteria-Fbn interaction was inhibited by 67-72p, indicating that 67-72p may participate in the adhesion of the pathogen to host tissues. The interaction of HEp-2 cells with 67-72p-adsorbed latex microspheres was demonstrated by light microscopy. Rabbit IgG anti 67-72p was shown to interfere with diffuse adherence phenotype to HEp-2 cells displayed by CDC-E8392, but not by other phenotypes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the inhibition of bacterial internalization by anti 67-72p IgG and 67-72p indicated the role of 67-72p as invasin. Cytoskeletal accumulation of polymerized actin in HEp-2 cells induced by 67-72p-microspheres was observed by the fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test. Fn enhanced the intracellular viability of all strains tested. The presence of 67-72p-latex particles inside spacious vacuoles (SV) in HEp-2 cells, suggested a citotoxic effect of these proteins. Evaluation by the Trypan blue staining method, 4,6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride DAPI and the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay showed a significant decrease in viability of HEp-2 cells treated with 0.2 mg/ml 67-72p. Morphological changes in HEp-2 cells (vacuolization, nuclear fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies) was observed after 3 h post-treatment with 67-72p. Flow cytometry revealed a 15.13% reduction apoptotic volume of HEp-2 cells treated with 0.2 mg/ml 67-72p. Moreover, a double-staining assay using Propidium Iodide (PI)/Annexin V (AV) demonstrated the numbers of vital (PI-/AV-) (66.1%) vs. early apoptotic (PI-/AV+) (16.6%) cells and late apoptotic or secondary necrotic cells (PI+/AV+) (13.8%). In conclusion, the 67-72p are directly implicated in C. diphtheriae interaction with Fn and Fbn. The non-fimbrial Fn/Fbn binding 67-72p are hemagglutinins directly implicated in adherence to and internalization by respiratory epithelial cells. Moreover, 67-72p may act as a potential virulence factor to induce apoptosis of epithelial cells in the early stages of diphtheria and C. diphtheriae invasive infection

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine Baldissera_TESE.pdf: 2456356 bytes, checksum: eaccf33a07294f70b9babaa3140cc017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-06 / Aim Based on the great importance of the extracellular matrix (EM) in tissue development and repair, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of their major glycoproteins, tenascin (TN) and fibronectin(FN) in the human pulp repair. Methodology Using immunohistochemistry, the expression of TN and FN was analyzed in forty-two human teeth, which were taken from a previous study. TN and FN profiles were evaluated after 7, 30, and 90 days after pulp capping with calcium hydroxide, being used three different haemostatic agents (0.9% salin solution, 5.25% sodium hypoclorite and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate) before pulp capping. Results There was no difference in the expression of TN and FN among the distinct haemostatic agents being all the time intervals taken into consideration. Both glycoproteins were found in all the pulp tissue, accomplishing the collagen fiber, and they were absent in all the mineralized tissues. Within 7 days post-treatment, it was observed a slightly more pronounced immunostaining on the exposure pulp site. Within 30 days, TN and FN demonstrated a stronger expression around the dentin barrier. TN also showed focal staining inside the reparative dentin, which was in mineralization. Within 90 days, it was observed a thin and linear expression of TN and FN delimitating the reparative dentin. In the predentin, TN showed strong immunostaining, and FN had a variable expression. Conclusions Based on the results, it may be concluded that there was no difference in the expression of TN and FN among the distinct haemostatic agents being all the time intervals taken into account. Moreover, TN and FN were present in pulp repair,confirming their active participation in this event. It might also be suggested that both glycoproteins are responsible for the odontoblastic differentiation and for the maintenance of the cell shape. It can also be concluded that TN and FN are important factors in the mineralization of the newly-formed dentin matrix. / O controle do sangramento frente a uma exposição pulpar é de fundamental importância no sucesso do capeamento direto. As soluções de hipoclorito de sódio e de gluconato de clorexidina têm sido utilizadas como agentes de limpeza e hemostasia na terapia pulpar conservadora. Alguns estudos têm indicado para o controle da hemorragia e sucesso do capeamento pulpar adesivo o hipoclorito de sódio (COX et al, 1998; COX et al., 1999). Além de ser bom agente antimicrobiano, o hipoclorito possui elevado Ph, o que implicaria na solubilização de fatores de crescimento da dentina, e conseqüentemente, na estimulação à formação de dentina (SMITH et al., 2002). No entanto, pesquisas também demonstram a atividade de dissolução tecidual do hipoclorito quando empregado a 5.25%. Porém esta é limitada às células superficiais pulpares sem efeitos adversos sobre o tecido pulpar subjacente (SENIA et al., 1971; ROSENFELD et al., 1978). Pouco se sabe a respeito da biocompatibilidade da clorexidina (THOMAS et al., 1995). Cox et al. (1998) sugeriram que esta substância poderia ser a causa de desastrosos resultados encontrados no estudo de Pameijer & Stanley (1998). Em contrapartida, a clorexidina a 0,2% utilizada no capeamento pulpar direto como agente hemostático e de limpeza, tem demonstrado boa performance em estudos em humanos (HORSTED et al., 2003) e em macacos (MURRAY et al. 2004) Diante das evidências apresentadas, pode-se observar que não há unanimidade entre os pesquisadores a respeito de qual dessas substâncias e suas respectivas concentrações seria mais efetiva na realização das terapias conservadoras vitais, especialmente no capeamento pulpar direto. Adicionalmente, as alterações na distribuição de componentes da matriz extracelular (ME) têm sido estudadas durante o desenvolvimento dentário e nos processos de reparo pulpar. As duas maiores glicoproteínas da ME, Fibronectina (FNC) e Tenascina (TNC) têm sido descritas como importantes para o estímulo e mobilidade celulares, durante a diferenciação de células odontoblastóides a partir de células multipotentes da polpa. No entanto, a participação da ME e sua interação com as reações celulares têm sido pouco exploradas e compreendidas. Desta forma, tornam-se fundamentais as investigações sobre a expressão dos componentes da 15 ME durante o processo de reparo pulpar, na tentativa de buscar melhor entendimento dos eventos de resposta deste tecido após o capeamento direto. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a biocompatibilidade do hipoclorito de sódio e do gluconato de clorexidina em diferentes concentrações, através de estudo in vitro de cultivo celular; a genotoxicidade dessas duas soluções, utilizando a reação de Feulgen para detecção e análise de micronúcleos e a expressão de componentes da matriz extracelular, através de estudo imunoistoquímico (técnica da estreptoavidina-biotina) em polpas humanas expostas, tratadas com os agentes hemostáticos hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25% e gluconato de clorexidina a 2%, empregados previamente ao capeamento pulpar direto. Para o ensaio de citotoxicidade do MTT será utilizada a linhagem celular NIH/3T3 (fibroblastos de rato). Este ensaio foi escolhido porque estudos prévios (COSTA, 2001; ZHANG et al., 2003) têm mostrado ser o mesmo apropriado para a avaliação da viabilidade ou citotoxicidade celulares, frente a materiais de uso odontológico. Serão testadas em diferentes tempos de exposição, as soluções de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5,25% e de gluconato de clorexidina a 0,12%, 0,2%, 1% e 2%, bem como a solução salina 0,9%, que funcionará como controle negativo dos testes. Para o ensaio de genotoxicidade, será feita a análise semi-quantitativa dos micronúcleos de amostras previamente emblocadas, oriundas de 45 espécimens com polpas humanas tratadas com hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25% (n=16), gluconato de clorexidina (n=15) e