Busca obtener altos rendimientos de extracción del mucilago de la penca de tuna mediante la aplicación de un diseño de experimentos, caracterizarlo químicamente y utilizarlo eficientemente en la remoción de la turbidez en aguas turbias. Determina, mediante un análisis de los trabajos de la literatura especializada, los factores más influyentes en el proceso de extracción del mucílago del Opuntia ficus Indica. Aplica un diseño factorial fraccionado para obtener un alto rendimiento en la extracción del mucilago. Realiza la caracterización del mucilago por medio de técnicas químicas y/o físicas. Determina la concentración óptima por medio de la prueba de jarras, aplicando el diseño factorial por bloques para obtener el máximo de remoción de la turbidez del agua. / Tesis

Les orientations de la politique agricole marocaine, notamment le Plan Maroc Vert, encouragent la valorisation des zones arides et le développement de cultures qui s’adaptent au réchauffement climatique. Le figuier de Barbarie est une plante qui s'adapte au climat aride et semi-aride mais il reste encore sous-exploité au Maroc. Les cladodes du figuier de Barbarie sont largement consommées au Mexique et elles contiennent des composants bioactifs qui ont des effets bénéfiques sur la santé. Le jus extrait à partir des cladodes des deux espèces Opuntia ficus-indica (inerme) et Opuntia megacantha (épineuse) a fait l’objet de ce travail. Les cladodes ont été récoltées dans la région de Marrakech (commune rurale Ouled Dlim) au Maroc durant trois saisons entre 2013 et 2014 (printemps, été et hiver) afin d’évaluer l’effet du temps de récolte sur la composition physico-chimique et biochimique ainsi que sur les propriétés antioxydantes. Le rendement en jus des cladodes varie en fonction des saisons et des espèces (20,83 – 63,39 %). Les analyses physico-chimiques et biochimiques ont montré que le jus de cladode est riche en polyphénols (455,65 ± 7,63 – 542,70 ± 1,35 µg EGA/ mL), en acide ascorbique (17,60 ± 1,87 – 22,88 ± 0,62 mg /100 mL) et en potassium (44,23 – 409,35 mg /100 mL), mais pauvre en sucre (0,66 ± 0,01 – 1,45 ± 0,03 g /100 mL). L’analyse HPLC sur les composés phénoliques a montré que le jus de cladode est riche en flavonols à savoir l’isoquercetine et l’hyperoside (645,90 µg/mL et 164,50 µg/mL respectivement). L’activité antioxydante du jus de cladode a été mesurée avec le test FRAP (1,74 ± 0,07 – 3,33 ± 0,02 µmol ET/mL) et l’activité antiradicalaire a été réalisée avec le test DPPH (1,78 ± 0,03 – 4,10 ± 0,02 µmol ET/mL) et le test ABTS (12,78 ± 1,69 – 23,10 ± 0,17 µmol ET/mL). La corrélation entre les analyses a montré qu'il y avait une relation significative (p<0,05) entre les méthodes d’analyses, les espèces et les saisons. Le jus de cladode extrait à partir de l’espèce épineuse (Opuntia megacantha) et la récolte effectuée au mois d’août nous ont donné les plus grandes valeurs en composants biochimiques et pour l’activité antioxydante. L’analyse quantitative du jus de cladode du mois de mars par HPLC-DAD à montré la présence d’une quantitié importante de flavonoïdes essentiellement l’isoquercetine et l’hyperoside. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré la richesse du jus en nutriments et son potentiel antioxydant. Le jus de cladode peut être conservé durant 42 jours à 4°C, après une pasteurisation à 95°C pendant 3 min dans un bain-marie et un abaissement du pH à 3,5 avec de l’acide citrique. Le jus peut être commercialisé sous forme de nectar, thé glacé ou boisson gazeuse, sans oublier une valorisation de ses coproduits (confiture, soupe, poudre, etc.). / The orientations of the Moroccan agricultural policy concerning the Green Morocco Plan, promote the development of the arid zones and the development of crops that adapt to global warming. The prickly pear cactus is a plant which is adapted to the arid climate and still untapped in Morocco. Prickly pear cladodes contain bioactive components that have beneficial health effects. The juice extracted from cladodes of both species Opuntia ficus-indica(spineless) and Opuntia megacantha(spiny) was the subject ofthis work. The cladodes were harvested in the region of Marrakech (Ouled Dlim) in Morocco for three seasons (spring, summer and winter) between 2013 and 2014 to assess the effect of harvest time on the physico-chemical and biochemical composition and antioxidant activity. The yield of cladode juice varies within the seasons and species (63,39 –20,83 %). The physico-chemical and biochemical analyzes showed that cladode juice is rich in polyphenols (543 ± 1–456 ± 8mg GAE/mL), in ascorbic acid (17,60 ± 1,87 –22,88 ± 0,62 mg/100 mL) and in potassium (409,35 –44,23 mg/100mL) but poor in sugar (0,66 ± 0,01–1,45 ± 0,03 g/100 mL). HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds has shown that cladode juice is rich in flavonols namely isoquercetin and hyperoside (645,90 mg/mL and 164,50 mg/mL respectively). The antioxidant activity of cladode juice was measured with FRAP test (1,74 ± 0,07 –3,33 ± 0,02 μmol TE/mL) and the antiradical activity was carried out with the DPPH test (1,78 ± 0,03 –4,10 ± 0,02 μmol TE/mL ) and the ABTS test (12,78 ± 1,69 –23,10 ± 0,17 μmol TE/mL ). The correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant relationship (p<0,05) between the methods of analysis, species and seasons.Quantitative analysis of cladode juice harvested in March HPLC-DAD showed the presence of a significant quantity of flavonoids essentially isoquercetin and hyperoside. Results of these analyzes showed that cladode juice is rich in nutriments and has an antioxidant activity potential. The juice can be stored for 42 days at 4°C, after pasteurization at 95°Cfor 3 min in a water bath and lowering the pH to 3,5 with citric acid. Cladode juice can be used as nectar, iced tea or soft drink and with a valorization of its coproducts (jam, soup, powder etc.).

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the vine mealybug, is of economic importance to the wine and table grape (viticulture) industries, as it characteristically causes more damage than other mealybug species. Mealybug infestations contaminate grapes with their waxy secretions, egg-sacs and honeydew production, on which sooty mould grows, resulting in the fruit being unmarketable. Many export grapes are rejected, prior to shipment, as a result of infestations and phytosanitary concerns with regard to mealybug infestations. They are also vectors for various plant viruses. Up to date, the most common method of mealybug control in South Africa has been the use of chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, mealybugs are difficult to control chemically, due to their secretive/hidden lifestyle, where chemicals do not reach them. Of great concern is the ability of mealybugs to rapidly build up resistance to insecticides as well as the negative environmental effects associated with chemical pesticide use. Alternatively, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), belonging to the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae, have been identified as lethal insect pathogens and their insecticidal action, towards a variety of insect pests, has proven them to be valuable and effective biocontrol agents. Laboratory bio-assays, to determine the ability of eight different EPN isolates to infect and kill P. ficus, were conducted. Six of the isolates were indigenous species and the other two, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, were produced in Germany and are commercially available in South Africa. Planococcus ficus was highly susceptible to two indigenous species, Heterorhabditis zealandica and Steinernema yirgalemense; responsible for 96% ± 2% and 65% ± 10% mealybug mortalities, respectively. Biological studies illustrated that both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense are able to complete their life cycles within adult female P. ficus. There was no significant difference in the pathogenicity of commercially produced H. bacteriophora, recycled through an insect host, and those from the formulated commercial product. However, commercially produced S. feltiae individuals, that were recycled through an insect host, were statistically more effective than those that were not. The LC50 and LC90 values for H. zealandica, in the current study, were 19 and 82 infective juveniles (IJs) respectively, which were similar to the LC50 and LC90 values for S. yirgalemense at 13 and 80, respectively. The LC50 and LC90, for commercially available H. bacteriophora, were greater than they were for both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense, with values of 36 and 555, respectively. Such results indicate that there is a definite positive relationship which exists between the concentration of IJs of all three nematode species, used for inoculation, and the percentage mortality of P. ficus. Sand column tests resulted in S. yirgalemense outperforming H. zealandica significantly, with average mortalities of 95% ± 1.4% and 82% ± 4.1%, respectively. As a result S. yirgalemense was chosen for further studies in the field. IJs of commercially produced H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae were exposed to imidacloprid in laboratory bioassays to determine the effect on survival and infectivity. This study established the fact that these two EPN species can be applied, in combination with imidacloprid, in an integrated pest management scheme. Soil application field trials at Welgevallen and Nietvoorbij, using S. yirgalemense and mealybugs in Eppendorf tubes, buried 15 cm in the soil, resulted in 50% ± 10% and 52% ± 12% mealybug mortalities, respectively, when applying IJs at a concentration of 80 IJs/cm2. No significant difference was found between mealybug mortalities as a result of the three IJ concentrations applied (20, 40 and 80 IJs/cm2) for both vineyards. Persistence trials indicated that after four months post application, Cydia pomonella larval mortalities showed no significant reduction in infectivity on the Welgevallen vineyard, while on the Nietvoorbij vineyard there were no larval mortalities. Tests to establish whether or not S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica produced ant deterrent factors, showed no significant differences between the number of intact cadavers for both nematode species and for cadavers that were either four or six days old. There is, however, indication that deterrent factors may be in action in cadavers that were used six days after inoculation with 60% and 49% remaining intact for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense infected cadavers respectively. All freeze killed cadavers were consumed by Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentine ant). The effects of low temperatures on EPN movement and infectivity were tested for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense in the laboratory. The mortality of P. ficus at 14˚C, as opposed to 25˚C, for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica were found to be 9.1% ± 2.6% and 2.5% ± 1.2% respectively. Vertical sand column tests were also conducted at 14˚C for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica, which produced low mealybug mortalities of 3.5% ± 2.4% and 8.5% ± 1.4% respectively. This illustrates the low infectivity of the two local species at low temperatures. Laboratory persistence trials, conducted over a period of four months with S. yirgalemense, showed steady persistence of 100%, while H. zealandica had a statistically significant decrease of codling moth mortalities to 44% ± 5%. A three armed olfactometer was designed to establish if S. yirgalemense responds and moves towards chemical cues in the soil. A significant greater average number of IJs moved towards the grape vine roots (246 ± 0.124 IJs), than to the mealybugs (133 ± 0.168 IJs) and to the control (4 ± 1.02 IJs). This demonstrates that S. yirgalemense does actively seek out its hosts and that volatile cues produced by damaged grape vine roots, are more attractive to the EPN than cues produced by P. ficus. This study illustrates that S. yirgalemense has great potential as a biopesticide for controlling P. ficus in the soil of South African grape vineyards. Emphasis was placed on soil application of S. yirgalemense in the field, which produced good results, while laboratory tests indicate the potential for further aerial field application trials on grape vines. As the EPNs are not negatively affected by the agrochemical imidacloprid, the simultaneous use and combined action of both agents will potentially provide the farmer with excellent control against P. ficus. Further field- and aerial application studies will complement the current study and hopefully provide positive results for the efficient control of P. ficus found on grape vines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), die wingerd witluis, is van groot ekonomiese belang vir die wyn en tafeldruif industrieë, aangesien dit kenmerkend meer skade veroorsaak as enige ander witluis spesies. Witluis infestasies besmet druiwe met hulle wasagtige afskeidings, eierssakke en heuningdou produksie, waarop swamme groei, wat tot gevolg het dat die druiwe onbemarkbaar is. Baie besendings druiwe, bestem vir uitvoer, word afgekeur weens witluis besmettings en ook as gevolg van fitosanitêre oorwegings. Hulle tree ook op as vektore van verskeie plantvirusse. Die mees algemene manier waarmee witluis in Suid-Afrika beheer word, is chemiese behandeling. Ongelukkig is witluis baie moeilik om chemies te beheer vanweë hulle verskuilde lewenswyse wat dit moeilik maak vir chemikalieë om hulle te bereik. Die vermoë van witluis om vinnig weerstand op te bou teen insekdoders, asook die negatiewe effek van chemiese middels op die omgewing, is kommerwekkend. Alternatiewelik, kan entomopatogeniese nematodes (EPNs) van die families Heterorhabditidae en Steinernematidae gebruik word vir die beheer van witluis. Hierdie nematodes is geïdentifiseer is as dodelike insek patogene, vir ʼn groot verskeidenheid van pes insekte en daar is bewys dat hulle as waardevolle en effektiewe biologiese beheer agente kan optree. Laboratorium biotoetse is gedoen om die vermoë van agt EPN isolate te evalueer om P. ficus te beheer. Ses van die EPN isolate is inheems, terwyl die ander twee, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en Steinernema feltiae, in Duitsland produseer is en kommersieel beskikbaar is in Suid-Afrika. Planococcus ficus is hoogs vatbaar vir die twee inheemse EPN spesies, naamlik Heterorhabditis zealandica en Steinernema yirgalemense en hulle is verantwoordelik vir 96% ± 2% en 65% ± 10% van witluis mortaliteit. Biologiese studies het aangetoon dat beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense in staat is om hul lewensiklus te voltooi in volwasse wyfies van P. ficus. Daar is geen beduidende verskil gevind in die patogenisiteit van die geformuleerde kommersiële produk H. bacteriophora en dié wat in vivo geproduseer is nie. Daar is egter in die geval van S. feltiae, gevind dat die nematodes, wat in insekte produseer is, statisties beduidend meer effektief was, as dié wat kommersieel beskikbaar was. Die LC50 en die LC90 waardes van H. zealandica, in die huidige studie, was 19 en 82 infektiewe larwes (IJs), wat baie naby die LC50 en LC90 waarders van S. yirgalemense van 13 en 80 was. Die LC50 en LC90 vir die kommersieel beskikbare H. bacteriophora was groter as vir beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, met waardes van 36 en 555 onderskeidelik. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat daar ʼn positiewe verwantskap bestaan tussen die konsentrasie van die IJs van drie EPN spesies en die persentasie mortaliteit van P. ficus. Sand kolomtoetse dui daarop dat S. yirgalemense baie beter vaar as H. zealandica met gemiddelde mortaliteite van 95% ± 1.4% en 82% ± 4.1% onderskeidelik. Op grond van hierdie resultate is S. yirgalemense gebruik vir verdere veld studies. IJs van kommersieel geproduseerde H. bacteriophora en S. feltiae is in laboratorium biotoetse blootgestel aan imidacloprid om die effek op die oorlewing en infektiewe vermoë vas te stel. Hierdie studie het aangetoon dat die twee EPN spesies aangewend kan word saam met imidacloprid in ʼn geïntegreerde plaagbestuur opset. Grond aanwendings is in veld proewe by Welgevallen en Nietvoorbij gedoen deur gebruik te maak van S. yirgalemense en P. ficus volwasse wyfies in Eppendorf buisies, 15 cm in die grond begrawe, het albei 50% ± 10% en 52% ± 10% witluis mortaliteit, respektiewelik, tot gevolg gehad, met die toediening van nematodes teen ʼn konsentrasie van 80 IJs/cm2. Geen beduidende verskille is gevind tussen die witluismortaliteit en die resultate van die verskillende EPN konsentrasies (20, 40 en 80 IJs/cm2) wat op beide wingerde toegedien is nie. Oorlewings toetse het aangedui dat, drie maande na toediening, met Cydia pomonella as indikator, geen beduidende verskille in die infeksie potensiaal van die Welgevallen wingerd to gevolg gehad het nie, terwyl daar op die Nietvoorbij wingerd geen verdere larvale mortaliteit gevind is was nie. Toetse om vas te stel of S. yirgalemense en H. zealandica afkrikmiddels vir miere in besmette insek kadawers produseer het aangetoon dat daar geen beduidende verskil is tussen die getal kadawers wat intakt is vir beide EPN spesies en kadawers wat vier of ses dae oud is nie. Daar is egter aangetoon dat die afskrikmiddels wel ses dae na infeksie deur insek kadawers afgeskei word; aangesien 60% en 49% van die oorblywende kadawers nog volledig was toe dit geïnfekteer was met H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, onderskeidelik. Al die insek kadawers, wat deur bevriesing doodgemaak is, was deur Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentynse mier) verorber.

Submitted by JACKSON MIRELLYS AZEVÊDO SOUZA null (jackson.mirellys@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-24T18:46:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese finalizada.pdf: 4728990 bytes, checksum: 5e74304574432935af960aa08a9f90c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-24T20:53:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_jma_dr_bot.pdf: 4728990 bytes, checksum: 5e74304574432935af960aa08a9f90c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T20:53:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_jma_dr_bot.pdf: 4728990 bytes, checksum: 5e74304574432935af960aa08a9f90c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O Brasil é o segundo maior exportador de figos do mundo e tem a maior produtividade média mundial. O emprego de técnicas agronômicas subsidiárias de cultivo é sempre importante, pois tais técnicas podem promover avanços tecnológicos na cultura. Dessa forma, trabalhos que avaliem o uso de tais técnicas nesta cultura são de grande importância. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar técnicas de propagação e de manejo cultural da figueira ‘Roxo de Valinhos’. Foram conduzidos três experimentos. O primeiro foi em casa de vegetação e avaliaram-se os teores de carboidratos e diferentes épocas de coleta (junho, julho, agosto e setembro) de estacas para realização da técnica de estaquia. O delineamento foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repetições de 30 estacas por época de coleta. As características avaliadas foram: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, brotadas, sem broto e raiz; número de brotos, folhas e raízes por estaca; comprimento da maior raiz e do maior broto; diâmetro do broto; massa fresca e seca de brotos e raízes; volume de raízes e teores de carboidratos. O segundo experimento foi realizado em viveiro com cobertura plástica e avaliou-se o uso de reguladores vegetais no desenvolvimento das mudas. O delineamento foi em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mL L-1 de Stimulate®, aplicado via foliar, e as subparcelas 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação do produto. Foram utilizados quatro blocos de 20 mudas. Avaliou-se o comprimento do ramo e da maior raiz; diâmetro do ramo; número de folhas e área foliar; massa de folhas, ramos e raízes secas e frescas; volume de raízes; e teores de clorofilas a, b e total. O terceiro experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel/SP, em que se avaliou o uso de cianamida hidrogenada (Dormex®) e fertilizante foliar nitrogenado (Erger®) associado ao nitrato de cálcio na superação da dormência das gemas e qualidade dos frutos. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em fatorial 2x5 [(Dormex® e Erger®) X (0, 1, 2, 3, e 4 %)]. Foram utilizados quatro blocos de três plantas para cada tratamento. Avaliou-se o número de gemas brotadas, comprimento e diâmetro dos ramos, número de folhas e entrenós por ramo, área foliar, número de frutos por planta em cada colheita, número de frutos por planta, massa dos frutos, produção, produtividade e os atributos físicos e físico-químicos dos frutos. Verificou-se que a melhor época para a estaquia da figueira ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ é o mês de agosto, na qual as estacas possuem maior teor de carboidratos, maior porcentagem de enraizamento e melhor desenvolvimento. A aplicação dos reguladores vegetais, nas doses de 100 a 150 mL L-1, promove melhor desenvolvimento das mudas. Enquanto que o uso de cianamida hidrogenada e fertilizante nitrogenado aumentou o número de gemas brotadas após a poda, além de promover melhor desempenho vegetativo e produtivo das plantas, contudo, os resultados obtidos com a cianamida hidrogenada são superiores. / Brazil is the second largest exporter of figs in the world, besides its highest average productivity. Choosing the best crop management practice is important to promote technological improvements. The current study aimed to evaluate techniques for propagation and management of ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree. Therefore, three experiments were conducted. The first was carried in a greenhouse to evaluate carbohydrates levels and different seasons of cuttings and cutting technique; being a randomized completely block design with four replicates and 30 cuttings per treatment; percentage of rooted, sprouted and without bud/root cuttings; number of branches, leaves and roots per cuttings; length of the largest root and largest branch; branch diameter; fresh and dry matter of branch and roots; roots volume and carbohydrate levels. In a nursery with plastic cover, a second experiment was carried out by using plant regulators on the seedlings development. The experimental design was subdivided into Stimulate® plots (at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mL L-1) by leaf application; and subplots of days after product application (0, 7, 14 and 21). Four blocks of 20 seedlings were used, being evaluated the length of the branch; the largest root; branch diameter; number of leaves and leaf area; branches, leaf and roots dry and fresh matter; root volume; a, b and total chlorophyll levels. The third experiment was carried out at the São Manuel Experimental Farm by using hydrogenated cyanamide (Dormex®) and nitrogen fertilizer (Erger®) associated with calcium nitrate to break dormancy; fruit quality was evaluated. A randomized block was laid out in 2x5 factorial design [(Dormex® and Erger®) X (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%)]. Each treatment consisted of four blocks with three plants to evaluate the number of sprouted buds; length and diameter of branches; number of leaves and internodes per branch; leaf area; number of fruits per plant in each harvest; total number of fruits per plant; fruit weight; production; yield and fruits physical and physicochemical traits. Results indicated that August is the best time for propagating ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree, since its cuttings presented the highest carbohydrate level, as well as, rooting percentage and better development. Plant growth regulators in a range of 100-150 mL L-1 promoted better seedling development. Although there was an increase in the number of buds sprouted after pruning, as well better vegetative and productive plant performance by using nitrogen fertilizer and hydrogenated cyanamide; the last one provided the best results. / CNPq: 140420/2014-2

Natural contamination of groundwater by arsenic (As) has become a critical public health threat in many parts of the world. The well-known regions associated with As contamination of groundwater are Bangladesh and West Bengal, India where approximately 100 million people are exposed to high levels of arsenic by drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater and about 35 million are already affected. Long-term drinking of arsenic-contaminated water leads to arsenicosis, which is characterized by cancers of the skin, organ disease and certain other types of cancer. Affected developing communities are at higher risk because they may not have access to conventional water treatment facilities. This problem has focused research efforts on providing accessible arsenic removal technologies. In this study, cactus mucilage, an extract from the Opuntia ficus-indica (also known as Nopal and Prickly Pear cactus), is investigated as a natural agent for As removal from water. Cactus mucilage is a natural hydrocolloid with known flocculant abilities and a demonstrated interaction with As. Two mucilage fractions were extracted - a gelling extract (GE) and a non-gelling extract (NE). Two As removal systems were studied: the cactus mucilage acting alone and a hybrid mucilage and iron treatment system. The mechanism of action of the mucilage's interaction with arsenic was also studied. Batch experiments were used to study the arsenic removal systems. Total As was determined with Hydride Generation - Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (HGAFS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectroscopy (ICPMS). In the hybrid system, iron (Fe) was also determined by ICP-MS. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis was used to determine mucilage concentration. Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UVVIS) were used to study the molecular composition. Additionally, the mucilage was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for physical morphology and by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for inorganics and sugars composition. Both cactus extracts showed an interaction with As by binding and transporting As to the air-water interface of the treatment container, with GE and NE causing a 14% and 9% respective increase in As concentration at the air-water interface. TOC analysis showed that the mucilage migrated to the top of the treatment container but also settled on the bottom. This interaction with As was shown to be pH dependent - optimal performance was at pH 5.5 and 9. The mucilage interaction with As was also dependent on the ionic strength of the solution. ATR-FTIR showed the role of the carboxyl functional group as the binding site for the As(V). The hybrid iron-mucilage treatment system was studied in order to capitalize on the strong affinity of iron for As, as well as to exploit the flocculant properties of the mucilage. Mucilage was successfully applied as a coagulant aid in the removal of As by Fe(III) salt, achieving between 75% to 96% As removal. The process depended on the hydrolysis of the Fe(III) salt to form iron hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, which reacted with and adsorbed the dissolved As(V). The iron arsenate colloidal precipitate which formed was then adsorbed onto the mucilage surface forming larger, heavier, denser flocs. The As removal increased with increasing mucilage concentration reaching a maximum at 100 mg/L GE. Increasing Fe(III) concentration increased the As removal reaching an optimum concentration at 40 mg/L Fe. The As removal had rapid kinetics, achieving visual separation within 10 minutes and completing the majority of the removal within 30 minutes. These results are important because they demonstrate that the mucilage is the versatile basis for an As removal treatment, being able to interact as a complexant for the arsenic as well as an effective coagulant aid for iron arsenate precipitation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3459199 bytes, checksum: ea24760008f9bcd3a0a4a612ab8f61e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ficus L., with about 750 species, is the richest of the family Moraceae, widely distributed in tropical regions of the world. The genus is characterized by lactescentes plants, woody, shrubs and lianas, often hemiepiphytes growing on tree branches or in the leaf axils of palms. In Brazil, there are about 100 species of Ficus, popularly known as "figueiras" and/or "gameleiras", many of which are exploited as sources of textiles, food and used in folk medicine. This study aimed to conduct an analysis of leaf morpho-anatomy of three species of Ficus sugb. Urostigma (Gasp.) Miq. Found in Paraíba: Ficus cyclophylla (Miq.) Miq., Ficus elliotiana S. Moore and Ficus caatingae R. M. Castro, and a review of the ethnomedicine of the species of the genus. Cross sections of leaves (blade and petiole) were performed in microtome in material embedded in methacrylate, stained with toluidine blue. The study of venation, epidermal cells, histochemical analysis and SEM were carried out using standard methods for each analysis. A review of the ethnomedicine of Ficus was performed, through literature search and various databases. The three species share the following characters: dorsiventral mesophyll, collateral vascularization, the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions of druses and prismatic crystals type (distributed in all tissues of the leaf), angular collenchyma, epidermis with straight polygonal anticlinal walls, hypostomatic and anomocytic stomata. They have characters that distinguish them from their related species, particularly with respect to the structural organization of the mesophyll, board, border and vascularization of the petiole. With respect to etnomedicinal revision, 27 species were reported (23.3%) used in traditional medicine in Brazil. Among the most common therapeutic indications, the most important were those reported for the digestive system and against intestinal worms (29%). The plant parts are used more sheets (63%), followed by the use of latex (51.8%). The oral use was the main route of administration (72.7%). Leaf anatomy was more relevant than the external morphology and can be used for the characterization of the three species and to support quality control of his herbal drugs, as it provided for the same distinctive characters. In addition, the survey provided the record etnomedicinal plants with popular uses that can serve as a basis for the election of species that can be employed as a source of biologically active compounds. / Ficus L., com cerca de 750 espécies, é o mais rico da família Moraceae, com ampla distribuição nas regiões tropicais do mundo. O gênero caracteriza-se por possuir plantas lactescentes, hábito arbóreo, arbustivo e lianas, muitas vezes hemiepífitas crescendo em ramos de árvores ou nas axilas das folhas de palmeiras. No Brasil, ocorrem cerca de 100 espécies de Ficus, popularmente conhecidas como figueiras e/ou gameleiras , muitas das quais aproveitadas como fontes de produtos têxteis, alimentícios e de uso na medicina popular. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo da morfoanatomia foliar de três espécies de Ficus sugb. Urostigma (Gasp.) Miq. encontradas na Paraíba: Ficus cyclophylla (Miq.) Miq., Ficus elliotiana S. Moore e Ficus caatingae R.M. Castro, e uma revisão da etnomedicina das espécies brasileiras do gênero. Secções transversais de folhas (lâmina e pecíolo) foram realizadas em micrótomo, em material incluído em metacrilato, posteriormente coradas com azul de toluidina. O estudo da venação, das células epidérmicas, testes histoquímicos e MEV foram realizados seguindo os métodos usuais para cada análise. Foi realizada uma revisão da etnomedicina de Ficus, mediante uma pesquisa na bibliografia e em vários bancos de dados. As três espécies estudadas compartilham os seguintes caracteres: mesofilo dorsiventral, feixes vasculares colaterais, presença de inclusões citoplasmáticas do tipo drusas e cristais prismáticos (distribuídas em todos os tecidos da folha), colênquima do tipo angular, epiderme com paredes anticlinais poligonais retas, anfígena, hipoestomática e estômatos anomocíticos. Possuem caracteres diferencias que as distinguem de suas espécies afins, principalmente com relação à organização estrutural do mesofilo, bordo, contorno e vascularização do pecíolo. Com relação à revisão etnomedicinal, foram registradas 27 espécies (23,3%) utilizadas como medicinais no Brasil. Dentre as indicações terapêuticas mais comuns, destacaram-se aquelas referidas para o sistema digestório e contra verminoses intestinais (29%). As partes da planta mais utilizadas foram folhas (63%), seguidas do uso do látex (51,8%). O uso oral foi a principal via de administração (72,7%). A anatomia foliar foi mais relevante que a morfologia externa e pode ser usada para a caracterização das três espécies e para subsidiar o controle de qualidade de suas drogas vegetais, uma vez que forneceu caracteres distintivos para as mesmas. Além disso, o levantamento etnomedicinal forneceu o registro de plantas com usos populares que podem servir de base para a eleição de espécies que poderão ser empregadas como fonte de compostos biologicamente ativos.

Orientador: Luiz de Souza Corrêa / Banca: Kuniko Iwamoto Haga / Banca: Heloiza Ferreira Alves do Prado / Banca: Fabiano Guimarães Silva / Banca: Flávia Dionísio Pereira / Resumo: A figueira (Ficus carica L.), pertencente à família Moracea, é uma frutífera de grande expansão mundial, constitui-se numa das mais importantes frutíferas cultivadas, elevando o Brasil à condição de décimo produtor e exportador de figos do mundo. Porém, a ficicultura tem alguns problemas fitossanitários como insetos pragas e doenças como nematóides e viroses, patógenos esses que se encontram presentes em grande parte dos plantios comerciais e, juntamente com a propagação exclusivamente vegetativa, pelo método da estaquia, contribuem para disseminação dos mesmos, reduzindo a qualidade final das mudas, as quais contribuem de modo marcante para a redução da produção por área, bem como da área plantada. A utilização de mudas de alta qualidade é um dos requisitos mais importantes para implantação de pomares com maior longevidade e elevada produtividade. Assim, a propagação in vitro pode auxiliar na produção eficiente de mudas de figueira com alta qualidade fitossanitária e genética. Entretanto, para a cultura da figueira, são escassos os trabalhos realizados in vitro, conhecendo-se pouco sobre o comportamento da planta, e principalmente como é realizado o estabelecimento desta, de forma que a maioria dos trabalhos já realizados por outros autores utilizam plantas já estabelecidas in vitro, tornandose necessários outros ensaios, buscando a otimização de um protocolo para micropropagação da figueira. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estabelecer um protocolo de propagação in vitro por meio de gemas apicais, envolvendo as etapas de desinfestação, multiplicação e enraizamento in vitro da figueira (Ficus carica L.) / Abstract: The fig (Ficus carica L.) belonging to the Moraceae family, is a fruit of great global expansion, it constitutes one of the most important fruit crops, bringing Brazil to the position of the tenth largest producer and exporter of figs in the world. However, ficicultura presents some problems as plant diseases and insect pests as nematodes and viruses, these pathogens that are present in most commercial crops, and together with exclusively vegetative propagation by the method of cutting, contributing to the spread of these, reducing the final quality of seedlings, which contribute markedly to the reduction of production per hectare and area planted. The use of high quality seedlings is one of the most important requirements for implementation of orchards with greater longevity and high productivity. Thus, in vitro propagation can assist in efficient production of fig seedlings with high quality and plant genetics. However, for the cultivation of the fig tree, there are few studies performed in vitro, knowing little about the plant behavior, and especially how this is done setting so that most of the work already done by other authors using already established plants in vitro, making it required further testing, trying to optimize a protocol for micropropagation of fig. This study aimed to establish a protocol for in vitro propagation through apical buds, involving the steps of disinfection, in vitro multiplication and rooting of fig (Ficus carica L.) / Doutor

SILVA, Francisco Limeira da. Ambiência e biofertilização no cultivo orgânico de figo, em condições semiáridas. 2012. 123 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação, 2012. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T15:21:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_flsilva.pdf: 1590067 bytes, checksum: e5b2c38772b3e5e5a8bcb7435eeb6112 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T15:22:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_flsilva.pdf: 1590067 bytes, checksum: e5b2c38772b3e5e5a8bcb7435eeb6112 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T15:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_flsilva.pdf: 1590067 bytes, checksum: e5b2c38772b3e5e5a8bcb7435eeb6112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / This study aimed to identify cultivation techniques with biofertilizer in greenhouse and open field with fig culture in Limoeiro do Norte-CE, including three production cycles, from October 2010 to December 2011. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plot with four replications. Treatments included a combination of 3 cultivation environments: greenhouse (EST), trellis (LT) and open field (CA), which constituted the plots with 4 treatments in sub plots, consisting of 4 concentrations (biofertilizer: water) in the following way : T0 (0% biofertilizer: 100% water); T1 (20% biofertilizer: 80% water), T2 (40% biofertilizer: 60% water), T3 (60% biofertilizer: 40% water), in which there were applied 3,0 L of biofertilizer per plant every 15 days. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant by F test, average tests were conducted by the tukey test at 5% probability and those concerning to biofertilizer levels were submitted to regression analysis. The amount of N in the leaf dry matter increased 19%, 21% and 11%, with the growth in biofertilizer doses, for three cycles, respectively. As for P and K, increments were 25.0%, 7.0% and 13% and 12.6%, 10.5% and 29.4%, respectively, following the cycles. In the first cycle there was no significant difference between the average yield of 10.44 and 10.14 t ha-1 observed in the LT and in the EST, respectively, but they were statistically higher to that one obtained in CA with 9.62 t ha-1. In the second cycle environment did not affect significantly the variable productivity. In the third cycle the LT showed fruit yield of 6.47 t ha-1, significantly higher than those detected in EST and in CA with 4.37 and 3.81 t h-1, respectively. As for the total yield there was no significant difference between the averages 18.83 and 18.27 t ha-1, obtained in the EST and in the CA, respectively, however, they were statistically lower than that one obtained in the TL with 22.49 t ha-1. Based on the analysis of the three cycles, it can be stated as a general conclusion, that there is viability of fig organic cultivation with biofertilizer in protected low-cost type trellis, in the semiarid. And as specific conclusions, it can be stated that: the maximum temperature in the trellis environment is up to 3.1 oC lower than the one in the greenhouse, but up to 1.7 oC higher than that one observed in the open field; the relative humidity in the open atmosphere is up to 4.1% higher than the one in the greenhouse, and up to 3.7% higher than the one in the trellis. Water consumption in the trellis represented 87.3% of the registered in open field, but it was 16.4% higher of the registered in the greenhouse; plants grown in protected fields showed higher growth especially those grown in greenhouses; the biofertilizer applied to the soil increased the N, P2O5 and K2O concentration in the leaf dry matter and the 60% dose was the one that provided the best nutritional adequacy for the plant; the fruit weight, the fruit yield per plant and the fruit yield increased with the growth of biofertilizer dose applied to the soil and showed greater increases in plants grown on trellis; cultivation under greenhouse conditions allowed increased productivity and diseases more efficient control, especially rust; yields decreased in the second and third cycles due to LAI increase observed in these two cycles compared to the first one / Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar técnicas de cultivo com biofertilizante em ambiente protegido e a campo aberto com a cultura do figo em Limoeiro do Norte, CE, contemplando três ciclos de produção, no período de outubro de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de 03 ambientes de cultivo, estufa (EST), latada (LT) e campo aberto (CA), que constituíram as parcelas, com 4 tratamentos nas sub parcelas, constituídos de 04 concentrações (biofertilizante:água) na seguinte forma: T0 (0% de biofertilizante : 100% de água); T1 (20% de biofertilizante : 80% de água); T2 (40% de biofertilizante : 60% de água); T3 (60% de biofertilizante : 40% de água), onde aplicaram-se 3,0L da solução biofertilizante por planta a cada 15 dias. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos pelo teste F, realizaram-se testes de médias pelo teste de tukey a 5% de probabilidade e os referentes aos níveis de biofertilizante foram submetidos à análise de regressão. Os teores de N na matéria seca foliar aumentaram em 19%, 21% e 11%, com o crescimento das doses de biofertilizante, para os três ciclos, respectivamente. Quanto ao P e o K os incrementos foram de 25,0 %, 7,0 % e 13 % e de 12,6%, 10,5% e 29,4%, respectivamente, na sequência dos ciclos. No primeiro ciclo não houve diferença significativa entre as produtividades médias de 10,44 e 10,14 t ha-1 verificadas na LT e na EST, respectivamente, mas que foram estatisticamente superiores à obtida em CA com 9,62 t ha-1. No segundo ciclo o ambiente não influenciou significativamente a variável produtividade. Já no terceiro ciclo a LT apresentou rendimento de fruto de 6,47 t ha-1, significativamente superior aos detectados na EST e a CA com 4,37 e 3,81 t h-1, respectivamente. Quanto ao rendimento total não houve diferença significativa entre as médias 18,83 e 18,27 t ha-1 desta obtidas na EST e a CA, respectivamnte, contudo, foram estatisticamente inferiores à obtida na LT, com 22,49 t ha-1. Com base na análise dos três ciclos, pode-se afirmar, como conclusão geral, que há viabilidade de cultivo orgânico de figo com biofertilizante em ambiente protegido de baixo custo, tipo latada, no semiárido. E como conclusões específicas podem-se afirmar que: a temperatura máxima do ar no ambiente latada é inferior em até 3,1 oC em relação a estufa, mas superior em até 1,7 oC à observada a campo aberto; a umidade relativa do ar no ambiente campo aberto é superior em até 4,1% em relação a estufa, e em até 3,7 % à observada na latada. O consumo de água na latada representou 87,3% do registrado a campo aberto, mas foi superior em 16,4% ao registrado na estufa; plantas cultivadas nos ambientes protegidos apresentaram maior crescimento com destaque para as cultivadas em estufa; o biofertilizante aplicado ao solo incrementou a concentração de N, P2O5 e K2O na matéria seca foliar e a dose de 60% foi a que proporcionou a melhor adequação nutricional à planta; o peso de fruto, a produção de fruto por planta e o rendimento de fruto, aumentaram com o crescimento da dose de biofertilizante aplicada ao solo e apresentaram maiores incrementos em plantas cultivadas na latada; o cultivo sob condições de ambiente protegido possibilitou o aumento da produtividade e o controle mais eficiente de doenças, especialmente a ferrugem; as produtividades diminuiram no segundo e no terceiro ciclos em função do aumento do IAF observado nestes dois ciclos em relação ao primeiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:46:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 palu_eg_dr_ilha.pdf: 415663 bytes, checksum: c997c1abd6761572ffe769e2c15fcb03 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A figueira (Ficus carica L.), pertencente à família Moracea, é uma frutífera de grande expansão mundial, constitui-se numa das mais importantes frutíferas cultivadas, elevando o Brasil à condição de décimo produtor e exportador de figos do mundo. Porém, a ficicultura tem alguns problemas fitossanitários como insetos pragas e doenças como nematóides e viroses, patógenos esses que se encontram presentes em grande parte dos plantios comerciais e, juntamente com a propagação exclusivamente vegetativa, pelo método da estaquia, contribuem para disseminação dos mesmos, reduzindo a qualidade final das mudas, as quais contribuem de modo marcante para a redução da produção por área, bem como da área plantada. A utilização de mudas de alta qualidade é um dos requisitos mais importantes para implantação de pomares com maior longevidade e elevada produtividade. Assim, a propagação in vitro pode auxiliar na produção eficiente de mudas de figueira com alta qualidade fitossanitária e genética. Entretanto, para a cultura da figueira, são escassos os trabalhos realizados in vitro, conhecendo-se pouco sobre o comportamento da planta, e principalmente como é realizado o estabelecimento desta, de forma que a maioria dos trabalhos já realizados por outros autores utilizam plantas já estabelecidas in vitro, tornandose necessários outros ensaios, buscando a otimização de um protocolo para micropropagação da figueira. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estabelecer um protocolo de propagação in vitro por meio de gemas apicais, envolvendo as etapas de desinfestação, multiplicação e enraizamento in vitro da figueira (Ficus carica L.) / The fig (Ficus carica L.) belonging to the Moraceae family, is a fruit of great global expansion, it constitutes one of the most important fruit crops, bringing Brazil to the position of the tenth largest producer and exporter of figs in the world. However, ficicultura presents some problems as plant diseases and insect pests as nematodes and viruses, these pathogens that are present in most commercial crops, and together with exclusively vegetative propagation by the method of cutting, contributing to the spread of these, reducing the final quality of seedlings, which contribute markedly to the reduction of production per hectare and area planted. The use of high quality seedlings is one of the most important requirements for implementation of orchards with greater longevity and high productivity. Thus, in vitro propagation can assist in efficient production of fig seedlings with high quality and plant genetics. However, for the cultivation of the fig tree, there are few studies performed in vitro, knowing little about the plant behavior, and especially how this is done setting so that most of the work already done by other authors using already established plants in vitro, making it required further testing, trying to optimize a protocol for micropropagation of fig. This study aimed to establish a protocol for in vitro propagation through apical buds, involving the steps of disinfection, in vitro multiplication and rooting of fig (Ficus carica L.)

Orientador: Luiz de Souza Corrêa / Banca: Aparecida Conceição Boliani / Banca: José Luis Susumu Sasaki / Banca: Omar Jorge Sabbag / Banca: Wilson Itamar Maruyama / Resumo: A cultura da figueira (Ficus carica L.) vem apresentando expansão mundial devido às suas características de rusticidade, elevado vigor, produtividade e adaptabilidade às mais diversas condições climáticas, sendo cultivada no Brasil, especialmente nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, devido às condições climáticas de invernos amenos e verões quentes/úmidos. Se considerarmos que a ficicultura nacional está voltada para um único cultivar - Roxo-de-Valinhos, que os problemas fitossanitários que esse cultivar vêm apresentando, principalmente com relação aos nematóides, o que acarretou a diminuição das áreas produtivas, tornam-se primordiais novos estudos sobre a propagação desta cultura, a fim de que possa selecionar e introduzir novos cultivares, com o intuito de estabelecer novos sistemas para o cultivo de figos no Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi de gerar, sistematizar e disponibilizar informações que permitam a produção de mudas sadias, com qualidade, em várias épocas do ano. / Abstract: The culture of fig trees (Ficus carica L.) has presented world expansion due their rusticity characteristics, high energy, productivity and adaptability to the most different climatic conditions. They are cultivated in Brazil especially in the South and Southeast, regions due to the climatic conditions of soft winters and hot and humid summers. If one consider that the national culture of figs is concentrated in only one cultivar - Purple-of-Valinhos, and the fitosanitary problems this cultivar has presented, mainly regarding to nematodes, what provoked the decrease of the productive areas, it becomes primordial new studies about the propagation of this culture, so that it can select and introduced cultivars, with the intention of establishing new systems for the cultivation of figs in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to generate, to systematize and to make available information to allow the production of healthy seedlings, with quality, in several periods of the year. / Doutor