Un spectre hante l’histoire de l’art : « la paralysie du sommeil ». Ce trouble pourtant confidentiel a hanté l’esthétique des multiples représentations du cauchemar, de l’Antiquité jusqu’au cinéma contemporain. À travers de nombreux exemples tirés de films de fantômes japonais, puis de genres et de pays différents, cette étude se propose de traquer ce motif et d’analyser l’effet de stupéfaction qu’il peut provoquer sur le corps du spectateur. Cet état de corps particulier (sous-motricité et sur-perception) est en effet commun au cinéma et à la paralysie du sommeil, à des degrés et selon des modalités diverses. Le trouble du sommeil ne pourrait-il pas alors devenir un nouvel outil d’analyse esthétique permettant de comprendre l’un des modes d’apparition de la stupéfaction et de son effet kinesthésique sur le spectateur de cinéma ? Nous proposons d’inscrire cette hypothèse dans un contexte d’analyse où s’imposent les deux concepts du « figural » et de la « survivance ». / A spectre is haunting the art history : the spectre of sleep paralysis. This confidential trouble has haunted the aesthetic of multiple nightmare representations, from Antiquity to contemporary cinema. Through various examples from Japanese ghost movies, then different genre and countries, this study tend to track down this figure and analyse the stupefaction effect it cause on its viewer. This particular body state (under-motricity and over-perception) is common to cinema and sleep paralysis, in diverse degrees and modes. The sleep trouble could be a new aesthetic analysis tool allowing to understand one of the appearance mode of the stupefaction and its kinesthesic effect on the cinema spectator. We suggest this hypothesis in an analysis context where the concepts of “figural” and “survivance” are essential.

Murilo Rubião é visto como um caso raro na literatura brasileira: poucos autores produziram como ele uma ficção tão decididamente marcada por situações insólitas, eventos estranhos, cenas inusitadas. Não à toa, sua literatura é estudada a partir de discussões em torno do chamado fantástico contemporâneo (ou neofantástico, ou realismo fantástico, ou realismo mágico, ou realismo maravilhoso). Por agora, no entanto, a questão é outra: alguns engenhos em Rubião potencializam um horizonte de pensamento que promove reflexões sobre a noção de não-senso (não-significado). O não-senso é uma possibilidade, por assim dizer, transgenérica - ainda que por vezes possa ser decidido em melhores circunstâncias no que se convencionou chamar, genericamente, literatura nonsense, literatura do absurdo e mesmo literatura fantástica. A fim de fazer jus a este horizonte, esta dissertação cruza os contos, animada por uma lógica do acontecimento, buscada fora das tradições platônicas e aristotélicas, criando ao longo dos capítulos cenários e instâncias associativas que, por sua vez, solicitam algumas distinções: explicação laboratorial e experiência lógica, senso-significado e senso-sentido, imagem e imagem pura, ser e extra-ser. A discussão aqui travada visa contribuir para a prática de uma experiência na literatura de Rubião. / Murilo Rubião is seen as a rare case in Brazilian literature: few authors have produced a fiction so strongly marked by unusual situations, strange events, and unusual scenes. Not for nothing, his literature is studied starting by discussions on the so-called contemporary fantastic (or neo-fantastic, or fantastic realism, or magic realism, or marvelous realism). For now, however, the question is another one: some of Rubiãos pyrotechnics empower a horizon of thought that promotes reflections on the notion of nonsense (non-meaning). The nonsense is, so to speak, a transgender possibility - though sometimes it can be determined, in the best circumstances, in what is generically called nonsense literature, literature of the absurd, and even fantastic literature. In order to make justice to this horizon, this dissertation travels the tales, it animated by a logic of the event, outside of the Platonic and Aristotelian traditions, creating, throughout the chapters, sceneries and associative instances which, in turn, ask for some distinctions: laboratorial explanation and logic experience, sense-meaning and sense-sense, image and pure image, being and extra-being. The discussion promoted here aims to contribute to the practice of an experience in the literature of Rubião.

Esta pesquisa sustenta a hipótese de que o conceito do figural, amplamente desenvolvido pelo filósofo Jean-François Lyotard em sua tese de doutorado Discours, Figure de 1971, possui raízes mais arcaicas do que as colocadas em marcha pela discussão estética. Sem suplantar a importância do conceito para a estética, nossa hipótese buscará nos primeiros trabalhos publicados e em arquivos inéditos do autor a ideia de que as questões fundamentais que o conceito busca resolver já estavam colocadas desde 1954, e essas questões eram de cunho político. Assim, buscamos retraçar o caminho que vai da crise do marxismo e da problemática da relação entre teoria e prática ao problema da relação da arte com a política. Mostraremos também que a ponte que uni esses dois momentos é construída através da teoria psicanalítica freudiana. Podemos afirmar que este trabalho constitui-se como uma gênese do conceito do figural. / This research supports the hypothesis that the concept of figural, largely developed by the philosopher Jean-François Lyotard in his 1971s doctoral thesis Discours, Figure has roots more archaic than those put in motion by the aesthetic discussion. Without supplanting the importance of the concept for the aesthetic, our hypothesis will examine the first published works and unpublished author\'s archives the idea that the fundamental questions that the concept seeks to address were already in place since 1954, and these issues were political in nature. Thus, we seek to retrace the path from the crisis of Marxism and the issue of the relationship between theory and practice to the problem of the relashionship between art and politics. We also will show that the bridge that unite these two moments is constructed through Freudian psychoanalytic theory. We can say that this work is constituted as a genesis of the figural concept.

Esta pesquisa sustenta a hipótese de que o conceito do figural, amplamente desenvolvido pelo filósofo Jean-François Lyotard em sua tese de doutorado Discours, Figure de 1971, possui raízes mais arcaicas do que as colocadas em marcha pela discussão estética. Sem suplantar a importância do conceito para a estética, nossa hipótese buscará nos primeiros trabalhos publicados e em arquivos inéditos do autor a ideia de que as questões fundamentais que o conceito busca resolver já estavam colocadas desde 1954, e essas questões eram de cunho político. Assim, buscamos retraçar o caminho que vai da crise do marxismo e da problemática da relação entre teoria e prática ao problema da relação da arte com a política. Mostraremos também que a ponte que uni esses dois momentos é construída através da teoria psicanalítica freudiana. Podemos afirmar que este trabalho constitui-se como uma gênese do conceito do figural. / This research supports the hypothesis that the concept of figural, largely developed by the philosopher Jean-François Lyotard in his 1971s doctoral thesis Discours, Figure has roots more archaic than those put in motion by the aesthetic discussion. Without supplanting the importance of the concept for the aesthetic, our hypothesis will examine the first published works and unpublished author\'s archives the idea that the fundamental questions that the concept seeks to address were already in place since 1954, and these issues were political in nature. Thus, we seek to retrace the path from the crisis of Marxism and the issue of the relationship between theory and practice to the problem of the relashionship between art and politics. We also will show that the bridge that unite these two moments is constructed through Freudian psychoanalytic theory. We can say that this work is constituted as a genesis of the figural concept.

Murilo Rubião é visto como um caso raro na literatura brasileira: poucos autores produziram como ele uma ficção tão decididamente marcada por situações insólitas, eventos estranhos, cenas inusitadas. Não à toa, sua literatura é estudada a partir de discussões em torno do chamado fantástico contemporâneo (ou neofantástico, ou realismo fantástico, ou realismo mágico, ou realismo maravilhoso). Por agora, no entanto, a questão é outra: alguns engenhos em Rubião potencializam um horizonte de pensamento que promove reflexões sobre a noção de não-senso (não-significado). O não-senso é uma possibilidade, por assim dizer, transgenérica - ainda que por vezes possa ser decidido em melhores circunstâncias no que se convencionou chamar, genericamente, literatura nonsense, literatura do absurdo e mesmo literatura fantástica. A fim de fazer jus a este horizonte, esta dissertação cruza os contos, animada por uma lógica do acontecimento, buscada fora das tradições platônicas e aristotélicas, criando ao longo dos capítulos cenários e instâncias associativas que, por sua vez, solicitam algumas distinções: explicação laboratorial e experiência lógica, senso-significado e senso-sentido, imagem e imagem pura, ser e extra-ser. A discussão aqui travada visa contribuir para a prática de uma experiência na literatura de Rubião. / Murilo Rubião is seen as a rare case in Brazilian literature: few authors have produced a fiction so strongly marked by unusual situations, strange events, and unusual scenes. Not for nothing, his literature is studied starting by discussions on the so-called contemporary fantastic (or neo-fantastic, or fantastic realism, or magic realism, or marvelous realism). For now, however, the question is another one: some of Rubiãos pyrotechnics empower a horizon of thought that promotes reflections on the notion of nonsense (non-meaning). The nonsense is, so to speak, a transgender possibility - though sometimes it can be determined, in the best circumstances, in what is generically called nonsense literature, literature of the absurd, and even fantastic literature. In order to make justice to this horizon, this dissertation travels the tales, it animated by a logic of the event, outside of the Platonic and Aristotelian traditions, creating, throughout the chapters, sceneries and associative instances which, in turn, ask for some distinctions: laboratorial explanation and logic experience, sense-meaning and sense-sense, image and pure image, being and extra-being. The discussion promoted here aims to contribute to the practice of an experience in the literature of Rubião.

Cette étude aborde l’œuvre de Toni Morrison à travers le prisme du sacré. Elle explore comment les romans offrent, d’un point de vue thématique et littéraire, une toile structurelle et formelle permettant l’accès au sacré – à cette transcendance dont le lecteur ne revient pas indemne. L’acte sacrificiel et la violence sont au cœur de la diégèse des romans. La reproduction du geste sacrificiel dans l’acte de « lecture-écriture » (terme emprunté à Henri Meschonnic) élabore le passage, au fil des romans, de la mise à mort des personnages au don (de l’être, de l’œuvre), comme en atteste le titre du dernier roman, A Mercy. L’idée de séparation véhiculée par l’étymologie du mot « sacré » est explorée à travers la dichotomie du pur et de l’impur ; le positionnement systématique des personnages d’un côté et de l’autre d’un écran de « pureté » participe au processus de sacralisation et tisse le fil rouge de la contagion, générée dans le texte même. Ce travail explore dans quelle mesure le sacré se répercute sur l’écriture, au point de devenir la condition du dé-pli et de l’expérience figurale du texte. La composition à l’œuvre dans les romans orchestre une écriture vivante, à haute voix, à l’orée du sentiment, qui rend très souvent compte de l’élément non rationnel du « divin ». Celui-ci est à même de souligner l’impact de l’écriture morrisonienne sur le lecteur, alors que le ressenti commun entre écrivain et lecteur, propre à l’écriture dialogique, génère la pulsion d’écrire. / This study investigates Toni Morrison’s oeuvre from the standpoint of the sacred, and in particular how the sacred bears upon the writing itself, thus transforming the text into the locus and condition of the reader’s experience. Morrison’s work is thematically and formally predicated upon an access to the sacred/holy. The concept of the sacred is indeed highly relevant in Toni Morrison’s work, since the very act of composing/conducting the novels is heard and set in an affective language which often renders the non-rational element of the divine, referred to here as the “holy”. Its ability to move and astound the reader is rendered through actual or textual sacrifice. As the title of her latest novel, A Mercy, suggests, the sacrificial gesture which is reproduced in the reading/writing experience (following Meschonnic’s concept of “lecture-écriture”) creates an intimate link between the characters’ sacrificial deaths and the gift of the book, thereby inscribing sacrifice and violence at the very heart of the novels. The idea of separation conveyed by the etymology of the word “sacred” is explored through the dichotomy of “purity” versus “impurity” in the novels, where characters labelled as either pure or impure participate in the sacralising process. The concept of the sacred/holy not only accounts for the impact of Toni Morrison’s writing on the reader; it also sheds light on the dialogical nature of her work from which arises the shared impulse that is the reading/writing of the book.

! ! Dissertation Abstract ! ! This research presents examination of the figural theory as established by Jean-François Lyotard in his work Discourse, figure (1971). Figural theory groundwork proved to be underpinned within the psychoanalytical framework as in the classical dreamwork and concept of transitional space as elaborated by D. Winnicott. We argue that the specific figural intermediary space defines a type of space that allows the image and the viewer to explore the individuation processes, as established by G. Simondon (1992) and thus create potential new series of the image which instigate and challenge new perceptive patterns of the viewer. Figural backdrop has been detected within the work of Gilles Deleuze, precisely in Logic of Sensation (1981) where Deleuze examines the diagrammatic system. As a result of the in-depth exploration of Lyotardian poetic transgressions as we have applied on the film intertitles we have proved a presence of a specific mobile integral title. This type of inter title brings forth the coalescence of text-image that resurfaces the image's resources. The pictorial transgression was examined on the example of Nicolas Roeg's color- events in Don't Look Now 1973 and the cinematic transgression was explored on the example of William Kentridge' s video work Automatic...

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Cette thèse propose une approche de la communauté dans l’œuvre de William Faulkner éclairée notamment par la notion bakhtinienne de dialogisme et de la réflexion contemporaine sur le figural. La communauté chez Faulkner s’avère une présence d’autant plus marquante qu’elle n’existe pas comme objet mais comme effet de discours au niveau de la diégèse comme au niveau du texte. Il s’agit d’abord d’examiner comment au cœur de la démarche faulknérienne l’écriture procède à une réinvention de la communauté. En un second temps la thèse explore les diverses stratégies grâce auxquelles le texte faulknérien se fait le lieu d’une élaboration avec le lecteur produisant une communauté esthétique exigeante. Les lectures de l’espace romanesques montrent ensuite les rapports étroits existant entre l’espace du texte et l’espace représenté et mettent à jour des jeux de mise en abyme qui, du reste, rendent difficile, voire impossible toute distinction entre l’un et l’autre. Enfin le corps est examiné comme enjeu d’inscription idéologique. La thèse met en lumière deux stratégies de représentation différentes, correspondant à deux types de rapport au langage. / This thesis addresses the issue of community in William Faulkner’s work in the light of Bakhtine’s theory of dialogism and of the contemporary reflection on the figural. In Faulkner’s work the community is all the more prominent as it does not exist as an object but as a discursive effect on the level of diegesis and on the level of the text. Our thesis first examines the place of community in relation to the ways in which Faulkner conceives his writing project, and to the creation of a « cosmos of his own ». Then it investigates the various strategies which define the Faulknerian text as the locus of a collaboration with the reader resulting in an esthetic community. The third section explores the space of the novel and shows the close relationship between diegetic (or passive) and textual (active) spaces. Eventually the issue of the body as a basic for ideological inscription is examined, and the thesis identifies two distinct strategies of representation related to two ways of approaching language.

Les études consacrées aux écrits poétiques d’Yves Bonnefoy, de Salah Stétié et d’Adonis ne parviennent pas vraiment à en fournir un modèle de décodage pratique. Ceci est principalement dû à leur enfermement herméneutique. Loin de nous opposer à ces études, nous entendons les compléter ou parfois les nuancer. Pour combler les lacunes qui persistent et endiguent l’accès au sens, nous proposons alors une nouvelle approche qui s’inspire des méthodes de l’archéologie et qui est capable de fédérer d’autres approches critiques dans le seul but de mieux comprendre le figural à l’œuvre dans le texte littéraire. En guise de prospection, nous choisissons d’analyser trois poèmes dont les titres font explicitement allusion à des vestiges archéologiques ou des cités antiques. Cette partie introductive qui s’apparente à une étude de l’archéologie dans l’imaginaire nous dirige vers la nécessité d’opérer une archéologie de l’imaginaire permettant de jeter les bases d’une archéocritique. Une fouille préventive de quelques poèmes d’Adonis, extraits pour la plupart de son recueil «Singuliers», projette d’en offrir une nouvelle lecture réorientant des articles et études publiés à leur sujet. Néanmoins, la partie consacrée à l’œuvre de Salah Stétié adopte plutôt une fouille extensive dans le but d’en éclairer de nouvelles facettes restées jusque-là dans la pénombre pour ne pas dire dans l’ombre. Au fil des chapitres et notamment à partir de l’analyse du poème « Le K », l’archéocritique permet d’élucider progressivement l’enjeu principal de la quête ontologique en déblayant les « interférences culturelles » que constituent les arrière-textes décelés. Enfin, « la traduction au sens large » illustrée dans un poème d’Yves Bonnefoy nous invite à une lecture minutieuse d’un autre poème où il est explicitement question de traduction. L’un des arrière-textes de ce poème nous pousse à relire « La longue chaîne de l’ancre (Ales Stenar) » déjà abordé au début du travail pour valider certaines hypothèses et conjectures formulées. Ainsi, cette étude – dont plusieurs passages croisent des textes des trois poètes et d’autres encore – permet-elle de déboucher sur une mise au jour des strates de la parole ontologique de chacun d’eux, et d’ébaucher une mise au point de la terminologie archéocritique. / Studies on the poetic writings of Yves Bonnefoy, Salah Stétié and Adonis did not really manage to provide a practical decoding model. This is mainly due to their confinement hermeneutics. Far from us to oppose these studies, we intend to complete or reorient them. In order to fill the gaps that remain and try to access to the meaning, we propose a new approach that draws on archaeological methods and is able to federate other critical approaches for the sole purpose of a better understanding of the figural at work in the literary text. As a prospection, we choose to analyze three poems referring explicitly to archaeological remains or ancient cities. This introductory part which may be considered as a study of archaeology in the imagination shows us the need to operate archaeology of the imagination to lay the foundations of archaeocriticism. A rescue excavation of some poems of Adonis, mostly from his collection "Singuliers", plans to offer a new reading redirecting articles and studies published about them. However, the section on the work of Salah Stétié adopts a rather extensive excavation in order to illuminate new facets remained in the shadow. Over the chapters, and particularly from the analysis of the poem “Le K”, archaeocriticism allows gradually elucidate the main issue of the ontological quest by clearing “cultural interferences” posed by the background-texts detected. Finally, “the translation writ large” illustrated in a poem by Yves Bonnefoy calls us to a careful reading of another poem in which it is explicitly question of translation. One of the background-text of the poem urges us to reread “La longue chaîne de l’ancre (Ales Stenar)” already analyzed in the beginning of our work, in order to validate certain assumptions and conjectures. Thus, this study – in which many passages intersect the texts of the three poets and others – leads to discover ontological strata of each poet work, and to draft an archaeocritic terminology.