Fingers should demonstrate my filmmaking ability and encourage future employers to hire me to direct a project. This paper will explore in details what methods were used during the production with focus on working within the means of the budget. In the following chapters, I will discuss Fingers, including the writing, preproduction, directing, cinematography, editing, and the final product.

Iranian film has in recent decades comprised an increasingly important and influential cinema. The Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979 paved the way for freedom of artistic and literary expression, communicating a new generation of unheard voices in Iranian society. More specifically Iranian cinema has progressed in maintaining an identity that reflects both a contemporary nation and auteuristic cinematics. Abbas Kiarostami is one of the more recent and leading film directors rewarded with critical and filmmaking acclaim out of Iran, producing contemporary snapshots of society and culture. His filmmaking methods and ideals are very much reflective of the style of post Second World War Italian Neorealism. In context and filmmaking principles Kiarostami adapts the conventions of Neorealism in exploring contemporary Iranian socio-cultural problems in a similar manner. This project aims to explore the relationship between the style and context of his filmmaking in terms of mise-en-scène, themes and socio-cultural concerns. It shows how Kiarostami creates a distinctive form of Neorealist filmmaking to get at the ‘truths’ of contemporary Iranian life in a particular way. In doing so an emergent strand of a modern-Neorealism becomes apparent.

No description available.

xii, 315 p. / Independent filmmaking in China, with the directors' reiteration of literary and cinematic realism carried on from May Fourth, reflects the nation's social uneasiness triggered by the enlarging division between the enlightenment indenture and the unidirectional modernization project. Resisting the national allegories and Hollywood-style big budget fantasies made by the Fifth Generation, independent filmmakers bring back to the screen the unadorned life of city inhabitants. The meaning of "independent" and "alternative" does not exclusively lie in the production and distribution venues but is galvanized by film directors' perception and cinematic depiction of what constitutes the social realities of contemporary China. The locality of hometown and the corporeality of the filmed subjects help to sustain a legitimate image-space for the socially underrepresented, at a time when the Party co-opts the discourse of nation-state to renew their regime. Directors employ the politics of sexuality, where body is the only thing remaining in their control, to usher in a redefinition of the Party and reassure the agency of Chinese intellectuals who were betrayed during the June Fourth massacre. The exegesis of the independent generation extends to the digital video (DV) filmmakers, whose cinematic language features the increased sense of interrogation between the camera and the characters. For the directors' claims of neither representing the people nor wrestling against the Party, nonetheless, DV films retreat to a safe but enclosed space, in which the aggrandized size of the body on screen displays a fractioned and diminished self cutting off from the outside world and falling short of its full potential. Independent filmmaking in China derives its policy-shaping capacity from its increasing participants (domestic audiences, amateur filmmakers, critics, and scholars) and multiplying operative channels (film funds, online forums, and non-official archives), collectively converting filmmaking from a privilege exclusive to the state apparatus and its elite delegates to a right of self-expression belonging to each individual. / Committee in charge: Alison M. Groppe, Chairperson; Tze-Lan Sang, Member; Alisa D. Freedman, Member; David Li, Outside Member

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo filmes brasileiros contemporâneos que têm professores e/ou a escola como personagens/cenários em seus conteúdos. Para a análise desses filmes, realiza-se, inicialmente, a apresentação do desenvolvimento da atividade cinematográfica no Brasil e seu funcionamento como indústria, a partir de três etapas: produção, distribuição e exibição. Todas essas etapas envolvem grandes investimentos que podem ser públicos ou privados. Atualmente, o Estado brasileiro financia de forma indireta a produção fílmica, através de parcerias com o mercado. As fases de distribuição e exibição, por sua vez, só recebem investimentos de instâncias privadas, o que contribui para um processo de monopolização da atividade cinematográfica brasileira por indústrias culturais, sejam americanas ou nacionais. A partir da relação cinema e indústria, apresenta-se o conceito de indústria cultural, desenvolvido por Adorno e Horkheimer, abordando os interesses econômicos e ideológicos que permeiam a criação de produtos culturais. No intuito de explicitar, ainda mais, a importância dos interesses ideológicos, busca-se o conceito de hegemonia, de Gramsci, a partir do qual se afirma que a indústria cultural pode funcionar como um aparelho privado de hegemonia, contribuindo para hegemonizar valores comuns aos parceiros. No Brasil, o foco está posto nas Organizações Globo como indústria cultural e aparelho privado de hegemonia, com a discussão de suas práticas econômicas e sociais. A Globo Filmes é a empresa das Organizações Globo responsável pelo cinema, atuando na produção e divulgação de filmes nacionais. Os filmes escolhidos para análise nesse trabalho foram produzidos ou apoiados por essa empresa e são eles: Verônica (2009), Uma Professora Muito Maluquinha (2011) e Qualquer gato vira-lata (2011). Todos eles têm o professor como personagem principal e os dois primeiros apresentam a escola como cenário. A análise do discurso na abordagem tridimensional apresentada por Fairclough é utilizada como proposta teórico-metodológica, para abordar os filmes como texto, prática discursiva e prática social, permitindo a aproximação do objeto expresso no título da tese / This research analyzes the discourse of three Brazilian films that present the teacher and/or school as characters/main scenarios: Veronica (2009), Uma Professora Muito Maluquinha (2011) and Qualquer gato vira-lata (2011). The Critical Discourse Analysis, proposed by Fairclough (2001), was the theoretical and methodological framework chosen. Approaching the movies as text, starting from screenplay and film language, discourse and social practices. Regarding the text, preference was given to three points of entry: semantic, involving lexical choices; syntactic, which corresponds to the relations between words and also shots of the film; and pragmatic, which concerns the relationship of producers with text. Both in textual analysis and in discursive and social practices, several concepts of Cultural Industry and Hegemony, related to movies and other means of communication and education were referred to. To perform the analysis was established first a social-historical characterization of Globo Organizations, main responsible for production and dissemination of selected films, as a Cultural Industry and Private Hegemony Apparatus. Aiming at point out the main conceptions of teacher and school that this company wanted to hegemonize through its films, along with its economic partners and the State itself. Like semiformation, from Adorno (1996), in which the films extolled the annulment of teaching, in the teaching- learning process, focusing on an uncritical learning content from the learner autonomy. And conformism, from Gramsci (1982), where such placement is stimulated facing the presentation of problems related to teaching practice. Therefore, based on Critical Discourse Analysis of films, this research approaches the film not only as a work of art, but as a social practice that hegemonizes ideologies of the culture industry which produces it

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo filmes brasileiros contemporâneos que têm professores e/ou a escola como personagens/cenários em seus conteúdos. Para a análise desses filmes, realiza-se, inicialmente, a apresentação do desenvolvimento da atividade cinematográfica no Brasil e seu funcionamento como indústria, a partir de três etapas: produção, distribuição e exibição. Todas essas etapas envolvem grandes investimentos que podem ser públicos ou privados. Atualmente, o Estado brasileiro financia de forma indireta a produção fílmica, através de parcerias com o mercado. As fases de distribuição e exibição, por sua vez, só recebem investimentos de instâncias privadas, o que contribui para um processo de monopolização da atividade cinematográfica brasileira por indústrias culturais, sejam americanas ou nacionais. A partir da relação cinema e indústria, apresenta-se o conceito de indústria cultural, desenvolvido por Adorno e Horkheimer, abordando os interesses econômicos e ideológicos que permeiam a criação de produtos culturais. No intuito de explicitar, ainda mais, a importância dos interesses ideológicos, busca-se o conceito de hegemonia, de Gramsci, a partir do qual se afirma que a indústria cultural pode funcionar como um aparelho privado de hegemonia, contribuindo para hegemonizar valores comuns aos parceiros. No Brasil, o foco está posto nas Organizações Globo como indústria cultural e aparelho privado de hegemonia, com a discussão de suas práticas econômicas e sociais. A Globo Filmes é a empresa das Organizações Globo responsável pelo cinema, atuando na produção e divulgação de filmes nacionais. Os filmes escolhidos para análise nesse trabalho foram produzidos ou apoiados por essa empresa e são eles: Verônica (2009), Uma Professora Muito Maluquinha (2011) e Qualquer gato vira-lata (2011). Todos eles têm o professor como personagem principal e os dois primeiros apresentam a escola como cenário. A análise do discurso na abordagem tridimensional apresentada por Fairclough é utilizada como proposta teórico-metodológica, para abordar os filmes como texto, prática discursiva e prática social, permitindo a aproximação do objeto expresso no título da tese / This research analyzes the discourse of three Brazilian films that present the teacher and/or school as characters/main scenarios: Veronica (2009), Uma Professora Muito Maluquinha (2011) and Qualquer gato vira-lata (2011). The Critical Discourse Analysis, proposed by Fairclough (2001), was the theoretical and methodological framework chosen. Approaching the movies as text, starting from screenplay and film language, discourse and social practices. Regarding the text, preference was given to three points of entry: semantic, involving lexical choices; syntactic, which corresponds to the relations between words and also shots of the film; and pragmatic, which concerns the relationship of producers with text. Both in textual analysis and in discursive and social practices, several concepts of Cultural Industry and Hegemony, related to movies and other means of communication and education were referred to. To perform the analysis was established first a social-historical characterization of Globo Organizations, main responsible for production and dissemination of selected films, as a Cultural Industry and Private Hegemony Apparatus. Aiming at point out the main conceptions of teacher and school that this company wanted to hegemonize through its films, along with its economic partners and the State itself. Like semiformation, from Adorno (1996), in which the films extolled the annulment of teaching, in the teaching- learning process, focusing on an uncritical learning content from the learner autonomy. And conformism, from Gramsci (1982), where such placement is stimulated facing the presentation of problems related to teaching practice. Therefore, based on Critical Discourse Analysis of films, this research approaches the film not only as a work of art, but as a social practice that hegemonizes ideologies of the culture industry which produces it

Raymond Queneau, né en 1903, grandit et vit au rythme du cinématographe, à peine plus âgé que lui. Toute sa vie il rendra compte dans ses écrits intimes, journaux et lettres, de sa vie de spectateur assidu au Havre, puis à Paris. Il peuplera sa langue, sa poésie et ses romans, de l’univers foisonnant des salles de cinéma, des stars de l’écran et de ses œuvres mythiques. Il fera apparaître un monde rêvé et pensé, fait de ses ombres et de sa lumière. Nourri de cinéma, il sera aussi nourri par lui. Parallèlement à son travail de poète en littérature, il pratiquera tout au long de sa vie, et sans jamais se défaire de son humour légendaire, le travail, parfois ingrat, d’écrivain de cinéma, art dans lequel il occupera plusieurs postes : critique cinématographique, juré de festivals, auteur de commentaires de films, scénariste, dialoguiste, auteur de chansons… A l’occasion, il deviendra même réalisateur ou acteur. Rendre compte de manière chronologique puis analytique de l’ensemble de ses travaux, appréhender le traitement de l’art cinématographique dans son œuvre littéraire, c’est ce que se propose cet ouvrage : partir à la recherche de Raymond Queneau, écrivain du vingtième siècle et « homo-cinématographicus ». / Raymond Queneau, who was born in 1903, grew up and lived at the pace of cinematograph that was hardly older than him. Througout his life, in his journals and letters, he reported his life as a regular movie-watcher. He filled his writings, his poetry and his novels with the blossoming universe of movie theatres, movie stars and masterpeices. In his work appears a dreamed and thougt out world, made of his shadows and his lights. Fed with cinema, he also fed it. Aside from his work as a poet in literature, he also, all along his life and without losing his legendary sense of humour, worked as a cinema writer. In this sometimes ungrateful job, he occupied many different positions : film critic, juryman in festival, writer of comments on movies, script writer, dialogue writer, songwriter, etc... He even occasionally became a filmmaker or an actor. To report chronologically of the totality of his work, to approach the treatment of the cinematographic art in his literary work, is what we suggest in this study : looking for Raymond Queneau writer of the twentieth century and “homo-cinematographicus”.

Based on the premise that only in being accessible can the film reach its potential for history making, the contribution of the film archive to a particular film historical narrative is fragmented: the films that are extant are not necessarily available and the ones that are available are not necessarily publicly accessible. The contention of the thesis is that ‘doing’ film history in the context of the film archive should always be seen in light of an ever increasingly narrowing fragmentation of accessible material that takes place in the film archive. What is new about the contribution of this thesis is not that the film archive can be seen simultaneously as a result of a particular historical narrative as well as contributing to one, but that this debate is put in the context of copyright as a determining factor of why the accessible part of the film archive is only a partial picture. To this end, the thesis proposes a reorganisation of existing categories of analysis in the form of a cross-section of the film archive based on copyright ownership plotted against the material’s ‘availability’. By such practices as using a risk-managed approach to copyright clearance for archival digitisation projects, the film archive can be seen to act as a mediator between copyright and film historiography. On the one hand, the film archive is subjected to copyright law, against the constraints of which it can be seen to resist. On the other hand, the archive makes productive use of copyright in its involvement in the interplay between the ownership of the physical objects and the ability to control the subsequent use and dissemination of those objects. Some of these resistant and productive practices, such as found footage filmmaking as a historiographic intervention and providing access to public domain material, are analysed in the context of some of the digital access practices of EYE Film Institute Netherlands between 2002-2005, in which the film archive can be seen to actively shape access to its film archival holdings as well as a particular potential for film history writing.

This study examines the relationship between movie budgeting and the creative process in Hollywood filmmaking. To understand the effects of this relationship on the creative product, several films are analyzed within the production process where conflicts between the investors and creators are observed. A case study approach is guided by theories of the production of culture, which state that creative products manufactured in the cultural industry must be analyzed in relation to their surrounds society. Findings suggest previous indicators of box office success are becoming primary influences in the filmmaking process. The study also finds that financial standards in Hollywood potentially inhibit innovation among creative participants within a limited Hollywood creative sphere.

Antonio Pietrangeli (1919-1968) est une figure incontournable du paysage cinématographique italien, en tant que critique tout au long des années 1940, puis comme réalisateur à partir de 1953. Formé par les débats critiques qui ont accompagné l’élaboration du néoréalisme, il place son premier film (Le Soleil dans les yeux, 1953) sous les auspices d’une saison néoréaliste finissante, ensuite réélaborée à travers un réalisme conçu sous les termes de la perte et de l’inachèvement, dont on trouve un écho dans son attention à la condition féminine. La présente étude propose une première monographie en langue française sur l’œuvre de Pietrangeli, conduite d’après l’ambition d’établir un dialogue entre son œuvre critique et filmique. L’hypothèse d’une pensée pietrangelienne du réalisme cinématographique, en mettant au jour des modalités de pensée spécifiques à la critique et la création, permet d’établir un dialogue dans lequel la question réaliste apparaît comme un outil conceptuel, qui éclaire la contribution de Pietrangeli à l’élaboration d’une modernité cinématographique. Les trois premiers chapitres retracent un « combat réaliste » qui s’inscrit pleinement dans l’historiographie du néoréalisme italien et se caractérise par sa spécificité morale. Elle annonce une transition épistémologique d’après laquelle la pensée du cinéma s’éloigne d’une tradition idéaliste au profit de perspectives existentielles, incarnées dans une filmographie où le réel, devenu objet de doute, dessine une phénoménologie sceptique que nous aborderons dans les quatrième et cinquième chapitres. / Antonio Pietrangeli (1919-1968) has been a prominent figure in Italian cinema, as a critic throughout the 1940’s and as a director from 1953. As an actor in the critical debates during the elaboration of neorealism, Pietrangeli places his first film (Empty Eyes, 1953) under the auspices of a neorealist ending season. This style will evolve afterwards towards a realism conceived under the concepts of loss and incompleteness, which is particularly visible in the light of his concern to the condition of women. The present study proposes the first french-language monography about the work of Pietrangeli, with the ambition to establish a dialogue between his critical and filmic work. The hypothesis of a Pietrangelian conception of cinematographic realism, by revealing specific relations between critics and creation, established a dialogue where the realistic question appears as a conceptual tool, which enlightens Pietrangeli's contribution to the elaboration of a cinematic modernism. The first three chapters trace back a "realistic struggle", which is fully part of Italian neorealism’s historiography, and is characterized by its moral specificity. It announces an epistemological transition, meaning that the conception of cinema moves away from an idealistic tradition in favor of existential perspectives, embodied in a filmography where reality, becoming questionable, indicates a skeptical phenomenology, which constitutes the core of the fourth and fifth chapters.