Temperature-dependent weight gain of Gulf coast and northern strain walleye Sander vitreus fingerlings was determined by rearing fish in flow-through aquaria at different water temperatures (range 15-32°C). Maximum growth of Gulf coast and northern strain walleye occurred between 20 and 26°C, and weight gain of northern walleye exceeded that of the Gulf coast strain by 1.5 times. An acclimated chronic exposure method to assess upper thermal limits determined that walleye survived 35, 9, and 1 days at 33, 34, and 35°C, respectively. A post pond-rearing feed-training practice (21 d) at a mean density of 6,290 ± 1,247 fish/m3 using formulated feeds was successful (32-85% survival), and walleye continued to consume a formulated diet feed after stocked at densities of 12,250 and 24,700/ha into 0.04 ha earthen ponds. After 125 days, survival in ponds was poor (< 30%) and production varied substantially.

Catfish aquaculture is the largest cultured food fish industry in the United States, accounting for approximately $375 million in sales annually, with Mississippi leading the industry with 36,200 surface acres of production. However, infectious diseases such as enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) are decreasing production efficiencies, creating losses of $40-60 million annually. Live-attenuated oral ESC vaccines are effective in preventing ESC infections, but have not been widely adopted by the catfish industry due to the lack of a system to administer the oral vaccine at the scale seen in commercial catfish production systems. An automated system was developed to administer a dosage of 220.5 ml of a live-attenuated ESC vaccine per kg of catfish feed, adapting commercial catfish feeder design to include a screw conveyor for mixing vaccine and feed in a continuous process, pulse-width modulated spray nozzle control for precise vaccine application, and a programmable automation controller to regulate and monitor system performance. Initial performance evaluations demonstrated system operation within the desired design specifications. System feed rates were determined to be a function of the rotational speed (RPM) of the screw conveyor and to be linear across the operational range. Feed rates were observed to decrease by 45% over dry feed when applying liquid vaccine to the feed stream at the 220.5 ml/kg (100 ml/lb) rate, resulting in a feed rate range of 6.80-34.02 kg/min (15-75 lb/min) (95% CI). Uniform pellet-level vaccine distribution is crucial to efficacy as pellet consumption is directly correlated with fish size, with more criticality in smaller fish fed at low rates. Pellet vaccine concentrations at 6.80, 20.41, and 34.02 ml/kg were highly variable and vaccine application at all rates were observed to be statistically different (less) than the target 220.5ml/kg rate (95% CI), pointing to potential issues with vaccine delivery system configuration or inadequacies in sampling methodology. Further evaluation at the pellet level with live-attenuated vaccine to obtain viable cell counts within individual pellets would provide data necessary to address uniformity of coverage questions more fully and to develop operational protocols that maximize system capabilities and vaccine efficacy.

No description available.

Fontes alternativas de alimentos vem sendo estudadas em substituição à farinha de peixe na aquicultura, podendo acarretar diferença na incorporação de carbono e nitrogênio decorrentes da disponibilidade e do valor nutricional da fonte. Três experimentos tiveram o objetivo de quantificar a participação das diferentes fontes protéicas nos tecidos de juvenis e pós-larvas através da composição isotópica de C e N e sua influência no crescimento. Além disso, a digestibilidade aparente das dietas contendo mistura de plantas C3 e C4 foi estudada usando o 13C nas fezes como traçador. As dietas consistiram de quatro ingredientes protéicos. Farelo de soja FS, farelo de coco FC, farinha de vísceras de aves FVA e farinha de peixe FP que compuseram cinco combinações diferentes: FS100; FS60FC40; FS60FVA40; FS60FP40; FS19F10FP10FVA11. No primeiro experimento duzentos juvenis de tilápia com peso médio de 3,4 ± 0,20 g foram distribuídos em 20 gaiolas flutuantes e após serem alimentados com as dietas experimentais, foram coletados amostras aos 0, 22, 44, 66 e 88 dias para estimar a contribuição de C e N das dietas no tecido. Foi observada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre peso final (PF), ganho em peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), rendimento de filé (RFL), taxa de eficiência protéica (TEP) e fator de condição (FC). No entanto, não observou diferença entre o consumo alimentar (CO), peso do filé (PF) e índice de perfil (IPERF). Para o experimento dois, trezentas pós-larvas de 20 dias com peso médio inicial de 0,07 ± 0,020 g, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente, perfazendo cada unidade experimental com quinze animais. Foram realizadas coletas aos 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 e 30 dias para C e N. Neste experimento foi demonstrada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre as variáveis PF, GP, CO, CA e TEP. Para o comprimento total e padrão; IPERF e FC n(Pão foi observado diferença (P>0,05). Juvenis e pós-larvas atingiram o equilíbrio isotópico de 13C e 15N com suas respectivas dietas, permitindo assim que estes sejam usados para estimar a quantificação de nitrogênio e carbono, com excessão para a dieta FS60FC40. Em ambos os experimentos, houve aumento percentual de ganho de peso em juvenis e pós-larvas, sendo observada maior porcentagem de nitrogênio no músculo e carcaça total pelas dietas com farinha de peixe FS60FP40 e farinha de vísceras de aves FS60FVA40. Posteriormente, para o experimento de digestibilidade, 2500 juvenis com peso médio de 5,0 ± 1,0 g foram utilizados para determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente CDA,% de componentes de origem C3 e C4 contidos nas dietas experimentais. Os valores de CDA apresentaram valores inferiores para os componentes de origem C3 em relação aos de origem C4. A avaliação dos isótopos estáveis do C e do N nas dietas permitiu estimatimar a contribuição entre as diferentes fontes, o que sugeriu que a ingestão de nutrientes está relacionados com a qualidade da dieta. Verificou-se que fontes de proteína, quando combinadas, podem apresentar resultados superiores do que quando usada sozinha na composição. / Alternative sources of food have been studied in substitution for fishmeal in aquaculture, and it may result in a difference in incorporation of carbon and nitrogen, depending on the nutritional value and availability of the source. Two experiments were designed to quantify the participation of different protein sources in the muscle tissue in juvenile and post larvae through isotopic composition and its influence on growth and body composition. In addition, the apparent digestibility of feedingstuffs containing mixture of C3 and C4 plants has been studied using 13C as tracer. The experiments were conducted in a random design with five treatments and four repetitions. Diets consisted of by four sources of protein ingredients. soybean meal SBM, coconut meal CM, poultry product meal PPM, meal and fish meal FM, composed five different combinations of diets: SBM100 SBM60CM40 SBM60PPM40 SBM60FM40 SBM19CM10FM10PPM11. In the first experiment, it used 200 juveniles with an average weight of 3.4 ± 0.20 g, distributed in 20 vinyl cages. Fish collections were held after being fed the experimental diets for 0, 22, 28, 38, 44, 66 and 88 days. In this assay, it was observed significant difference (P<0.05) for final weight, weight gain, feed conversion, fillet yield, protein efficiency ratio and condition factorHowever, there was no difference between food consumption, weight and content of the fillet profile. For the experiment two, 300 post-larvae, 20 days old and with average weight starting at 0.07 ± 0.020g, were randomly distributed in the five treatments, making each experimental unit with twenty animals. Six fish collections were held at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 days. This assay also showed significant difference (P<0.05) for final weight, weight gain, food intake, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio. It was observed that juvenile and post larvae did reach the isotopic equilibrium of 13C and 15N with their own diets, thus allowing it to be used for estimating the quantification of nitrogen and carbon incorporated into fish tissue, with exception for the SBM60CM40 diet. The higher percentage of nitrogen in the muscle and carcass were obtained by total diets with fish meal SBM60FM40 and poultry product meal SBM60PPM40To test the digestibility of the diets, 2,500 juvenile with average weight 5.0 ± 1.0 g were used for determination of apparent digestibility coefficient ADC, % of source components C3 and C4 contained in the experimental diets. The values of CDA constituents of experimental diets of fingerling showed lower values for source components C3 in respect of C4 origin. The evaluation of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen contained in protein ingredients permitted the estimation of contributions among the different sources, which suggests that the intakes of nutrients are related to the higher quality of the diet. It was noted that protein sources when combined can present superior results when used alone in the composition. The contribution of different protein sources in feed of Nile Tilapia, through the natural variation of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, proved promising.

Fontes alternativas de alimentos vem sendo estudadas em substituição à farinha de peixe na aquicultura, podendo acarretar diferença na incorporação de carbono e nitrogênio decorrentes da disponibilidade e do valor nutricional da fonte. Três experimentos tiveram o objetivo de quantificar a participação das diferentes fontes protéicas nos tecidos de juvenis e pós-larvas através da composição isotópica de C e N e sua influência no crescimento. Além disso, a digestibilidade aparente das dietas contendo mistura de plantas C3 e C4 foi estudada usando o 13C nas fezes como traçador. As dietas consistiram de quatro ingredientes protéicos. Farelo de soja FS, farelo de coco FC, farinha de vísceras de aves FVA e farinha de peixe FP que compuseram cinco combinações diferentes: FS100; FS60FC40; FS60FVA40; FS60FP40; FS19F10FP10FVA11. No primeiro experimento duzentos juvenis de tilápia com peso médio de 3,4 ± 0,20 g foram distribuídos em 20 gaiolas flutuantes e após serem alimentados com as dietas experimentais, foram coletados amostras aos 0, 22, 44, 66 e 88 dias para estimar a contribuição de C e N das dietas no tecido. Foi observada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre peso final (PF), ganho em peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), rendimento de filé (RFL), taxa de eficiência protéica (TEP) e fator de condição (FC). No entanto, não observou diferença entre o consumo alimentar (CO), peso do filé (PF) e índice de perfil (IPERF). Para o experimento dois, trezentas pós-larvas de 20 dias com peso médio inicial de 0,07 ± 0,020 g, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente, perfazendo cada unidade experimental com quinze animais. Foram realizadas coletas aos 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 e 30 dias para C e N. Neste experimento foi demonstrada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre as variáveis PF, GP, CO, CA e TEP. Para o comprimento total e padrão; IPERF e FC n(Pão foi observado diferença (P>0,05). Juvenis e pós-larvas atingiram o equilíbrio isotópico de 13C e 15N com suas respectivas dietas, permitindo assim que estes sejam usados para estimar a quantificação de nitrogênio e carbono, com excessão para a dieta FS60FC40. Em ambos os experimentos, houve aumento percentual de ganho de peso em juvenis e pós-larvas, sendo observada maior porcentagem de nitrogênio no músculo e carcaça total pelas dietas com farinha de peixe FS60FP40 e farinha de vísceras de aves FS60FVA40. Posteriormente, para o experimento de digestibilidade, 2500 juvenis com peso médio de 5,0 ± 1,0 g foram utilizados para determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente CDA,% de componentes de origem C3 e C4 contidos nas dietas experimentais. Os valores de CDA apresentaram valores inferiores para os componentes de origem C3 em relação aos de origem C4. A avaliação dos isótopos estáveis do C e do N nas dietas permitiu estimatimar a contribuição entre as diferentes fontes, o que sugeriu que a ingestão de nutrientes está relacionados com a qualidade da dieta. Verificou-se que fontes de proteína, quando combinadas, podem apresentar resultados superiores do que quando usada sozinha na composição. / Alternative sources of food have been studied in substitution for fishmeal in aquaculture, and it may result in a difference in incorporation of carbon and nitrogen, depending on the nutritional value and availability of the source. Two experiments were designed to quantify the participation of different protein sources in the muscle tissue in juvenile and post larvae through isotopic composition and its influence on growth and body composition. In addition, the apparent digestibility of feedingstuffs containing mixture of C3 and C4 plants has been studied using 13C as tracer. The experiments were conducted in a random design with five treatments and four repetitions. Diets consisted of by four sources of protein ingredients. soybean meal SBM, coconut meal CM, poultry product meal PPM, meal and fish meal FM, composed five different combinations of diets: SBM100 SBM60CM40 SBM60PPM40 SBM60FM40 SBM19CM10FM10PPM11. In the first experiment, it used 200 juveniles with an average weight of 3.4 ± 0.20 g, distributed in 20 vinyl cages. Fish collections were held after being fed the experimental diets for 0, 22, 28, 38, 44, 66 and 88 days. In this assay, it was observed significant difference (P<0.05) for final weight, weight gain, feed conversion, fillet yield, protein efficiency ratio and condition factorHowever, there was no difference between food consumption, weight and content of the fillet profile. For the experiment two, 300 post-larvae, 20 days old and with average weight starting at 0.07 ± 0.020g, were randomly distributed in the five treatments, making each experimental unit with twenty animals. Six fish collections were held at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 days. This assay also showed significant difference (P<0.05) for final weight, weight gain, food intake, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio. It was observed that juvenile and post larvae did reach the isotopic equilibrium of 13C and 15N with their own diets, thus allowing it to be used for estimating the quantification of nitrogen and carbon incorporated into fish tissue, with exception for the SBM60CM40 diet. The higher percentage of nitrogen in the muscle and carcass were obtained by total diets with fish meal SBM60FM40 and poultry product meal SBM60PPM40To test the digestibility of the diets, 2,500 juvenile with average weight 5.0 ± 1.0 g were used for determination of apparent digestibility coefficient ADC, % of source components C3 and C4 contained in the experimental diets. The values of CDA constituents of experimental diets of fingerling showed lower values for source components C3 in respect of C4 origin. The evaluation of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen contained in protein ingredients permitted the estimation of contributions among the different sources, which suggests that the intakes of nutrients are related to the higher quality of the diet. It was noted that protein sources when combined can present superior results when used alone in the composition. The contribution of different protein sources in feed of Nile Tilapia, through the natural variation of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, proved promising.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 477916 bytes, checksum: 7f60ab95e78394c4ee61871a9c31bd74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The current study was aimed at investigating the crude protein reduction and the methionine+cystine and threonine to lysine ratios, based on the ideal protein concept in diets for reverted Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus), of the thailand line. Four hundred twenty Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average initial weight of 1.83 ± 0.02 g, were allotted in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (seven replications per treatment and twelve fishes per experimental unit) in a 37-days trial. Treatment one consisted of a diet with 32.0% of crude protein (CP), methionine+ cystine:lysine ratio of 63.0% and threonine:lysine of 74.0%. In treatment two, the level of CP was reduced in four percentiles points and the amino acids ratios were the same of the treatment one, except the triptofan that was reduced in three percentiles points to ensure the minimum level of this amino acid. In treatment three the methionine+cystine:lysine ratio of 60.0% was used. In treatment four the methionine+ cystine:lysine ratio was 63.0% and the threonine:lysine ratio was 69.0%. The treatment five was similar to the treatment two, however was added 3.0% of glutamic acid, to verify a possible deficiency of nonessential amino acids. The fishes were maintained into 35 aquariums of 130 liters supplied with single-pass flow-through water, controlled temperature and indivudual aeration; and they were fed ad libitum six times per day. The fishes from treatment one had lower protein efficiency ratio and nitrogen efficiency ratio, whereas all the others parameters had no significant differences. The CP level of the diet is 28.0% since it is supplemented with limiting essential amino acids. The methionine+cystine and threonine to lysine ratios are 60.0% and 69.0%, respectively. / Objetivando-se avaliar a redução de proteína bruta e as relações dos aminoácidos metionina+cistina e treonina digestíveis com a lisina digestível, com base no conceito de proteina ideal, em rações para alevinos revertidos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), da linhagem tailandeza, foi realizado um experimento, com duração de 37 dias. Foram utilizados 420 alevinos, com peso inicial de 1,83 ± 0,02 g, distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, composto por cinco tratamentos, sete repetições por tratamento e doze peixes por unidade experimental. O tratamento um consistiu-se de uma dieta com 32,0% de proteína bruta (PB), relação de metionina+cistina com a lisina de 63,0% e de treonina:lisina de 74,0%. No tratamento dois, o nível de PB foi reduzido em quatro pontos percentuais e as relações aminoacídicas foram as mesmas do tratamento um, exceto do triptofano que foi reduzida em três pontos percentuais, garantindo-se o nível mínimo deste aminoácido. No tratamento três foi usada a relação da metionina+cistina com a lisina de 60,0%. No tratamento quatro a relação da metionina+cistina foi de 63,0% e a relação da treonina com a Lisina foi de 69,0%. O tratamento cinco foi constituído de uma ração semelhante a do tratamento dois, porém foi acrescentado 3,0% de ácido glutâmico, para verificar uma possível deficiência de aminoácidos não essenciais. Os peixes foram mantidos em 35 aquários de 130 litros dotados de abastecimento de água, temperatura controlada e aeração individual; e alimentados ad libitum em seis refeições diárias. O tratamento um proporcionou menores eficiência protéica para ganho e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio, porém todos os outros parâmetros não tiveram diferenças significativas. O nível de PB da ração é de 28,0%, desde que seja suplementada com aminoácidos essenciais limitantes. As relações de metionina+cistina digestível e treonina digestível com a lisina são de 60,0% e 69,0%, respectivamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele M Albuquerque.pdf: 425418 bytes, checksum: 257e51c8fd4dccafbaa92e976f8b7c0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective was to evaluate the water quality, performance, phenotypic sexing, corporal indexes, macro and micro composition, proximate composition, partial operating cost of Nile tilapia, GIFT strain, fed with diets formulated with probiotic Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi and Bacillus subtilis C-3102, during 113 days of cultivation in the sex reversal and nursery. Had been used 1200 post-larvae with an average initial weight of 24.7±0.50 mg. Fish were randomly distributed to a system of 24 aquaria of 0.03 m³ in a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments and eight replications, consisting of two probiotics and without probiotic. Initially during the sex reversal was considered an experimental unit, a aquarium containing 50 fish with a volume of 0.03 m³ and during the nursery an aquarium with 30 fingerlings. The data of performance, body índices, indexes, macro and micro composition, partial operation costs were subjected to ANOVA with 5% significance level, and sex ratio data were subjected to chi-square (&#967;2). There were differences (p<0.05) in the parameters of final weight, weight gain, average daily weight gain, specific growth rate, final biomass, biomass gain during sex reversal and nursery. Except for the specific growth, the fishes of nursery showed values of performance higher than sexual reversion. There was no association between the proportion of males and females (&#967;2=1.42, p=0.4926) and inclusion of the probiotics. There were no differences (p<0.05) in the indexes, proximate composition of the fishes fed with probiotics or absent in the rations. The inclusion of any of probiotics was influenced (p=0.00458) on calcium levels under carcass of the juveniles in relation to fish absent of probiotics. The COP was affected significantly (p=0.02159) for the treatment with Bacillus subtilis in its formulation in comparison to fish that were not fed probiotics. There was an increased colonization by bacteria and total coliforms during the nursery in relation to sex reversal (p<0.05). The utilization of the Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus improves the performance and partial operating cost, and doesn t negatively affect the corporal indexes, intestinal microbiology, proximate composition, macro and micronutrients in the cultive fingerlings of Nile tilapia, GIFT strain. / Objetivou-se avaliar qualidade de água, desempenho produtivo, sexagem fenotípica, índices corpóreos, composição centesimal, macro micronutrientes, custos operacionais parciais (COP) e microbiologia intestinal de tilápia do Nilo, linhagem GIFT, alimentadas com ração formulada com probióticos Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi e Bacillus subtilis C-3102, durante 113 dias de cultivo nas fase de reversão sexual e alevinagem. Foram utilizados 1200 pós-larvas com peso médio inicial de 24,7±0,50 mg. Os peixes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um sistema de 24 aquários de 0,03 m³ num delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por três tratamentos e oito repetições, constituído por dois probióticos e, tratamento isento de probiótico. Inicialmente na fase de reversão sexual considerou-se uma unidade experimental um aquário contendo 50 peixes com volume útil de 0,03 m³ e, na fase de alevinagem um aquário contendo 30 peixes. Os dados de desempenho produtivo, índices corporais, composição centesimal, macro e micronutrientes, COP e microbiologia intestinal foram submetidos à ANOVA a 5% de significância e, sexo fenotípico foi submetido ao Qui-Quadrado (&#967;2). Houve diferenças (p<0,05) entre as fases de reversão sexual e alevinagem nos parâmetros peso final, ganho em peso médio diário, crescimento específico, ganho em biomassa. Exceto o crescimento específico, os peixes da fase de alevinagem apresentaram valores de desempenho superiores aos da fase de reversão sexual. Não houve associação entre a proporção de machos e fêmeas (&#967;2 =1,42; p=0,4926) e a inclusão de probióticos. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) nos índices corporais, composição centesimal dos peixes alimentados com probióticos ou ausentes nas rações. A inclusão de quaisquer dos probióticos foi influenciada (p=0,00458) sobre valores de cálcio na carcaça dos alevinos em relação aos peixes ausentes de probióticos. O COP foi afetado significantemente (p=0,02159) para o tratamento que continha na sua formulação Bacillus subtilis em comparação aos peixes que não foram alimentados de probióticos. Houve uma maior colonização por bactérias totais e coliformes totais na fase de alevinagem em relação à fase de reversão sexual (p<0,05). A utilização de Bacillus subtilis ou Bacillus cereus melhora o desempenho produtivo e custos operacionais parciais e, não afetam negativamente os indices córporeos, microbiologia intestinal, composição centesimal, macro e micronutrientes no cultivo de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, linhagem GIFT.