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Fitness level and trait anxiety were used as "independent" variables in a multiple regression study with physiological arousal and self-reported anxiety to a stressor as the "dependent" variables. Fitness level was determined by an established rating system of frequency, type, and duration of aerobic activity in which the subject reportedly engaged. Trait anxiety level was assessed by the trait portion of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Sixty undergraduate subjects were exposed to a situational stressor of reciting a memorized paragraph while viewing themselves being videotaped. Outcome measures of systolic blood pressure and self-reported distress were taken at various points throughout the study. Multiple regression/correlation was done to determine the relationship between fitness level and trait anxiety, and the relationship between systolic blood pressure and self-reports of distress. Significant finding included unique and joint contributions of fitness and trait anxiety to a lowering of Likert scale scores after the stressor. It was also found that sex and age uniquely and jointly contributed to the total change in blood pressure from the baseline to the posttreatment.

AbstractIntroduction: Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, and the risk increases as ageincreases. Additionally, chronic inflammation is highly prevalent in older adults, and isassociated with cancer. In this respect, physical activity (PA) seems to act as a preventive toolof both cancer, and chronic inflammation, by exerting anti-inflammatory properties. However,current knowledge on links between physical activity and inflammatory biomarkers in olderadults remains limited. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the associationbetween objectively assessed time in different physical activity intensities and pro-, and antiinflammatoryintermediated biomarkers of cancer risk in older European adults. Material and Methods: Men and women older adults (aged 65-79 years; N = 888) wererecruited from four European centers. Accelerometer-based assessment of daily time spentsedentary (SED), in light (LPA), and in moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) PA was conducted.The inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6,tumor growth factor-β1, leptin, interleukin-10 and adiponectin were assessed in bloodsamples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and standardized procedureswere used to define indicators of the metabolic syndrome. Linear regression analysis based onisotemporal substitution modelling with 30-minutes periods of different physical activityintensities was used and the analysis was stratified by biological sex. Results: Replacing 30 minutes of either SED or LPA with a corresponding time in MVPAwas associated to reduced CRP levels in older men and women (P < 0.05). In older women,reduced leptin levels were associated with reallocation of time spent in SED with both LPAand MVPA, and with reallocation of time spent in LPA with MVPA (P < 0.05). In older men,replacing time in SED with either LPA or MVPA (P < 0.01) resulted in significantly reducedleptin levels. Finally, reallocation of 30 minutes in either SED or LPA with MVPA wasassociated with elevated adiponectin levels in older women only (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that different important cancer-related biomarkers of chronicinflammation in older adults are affected by different intensity thresholds of physical activityand that the impact of physical activity is independent of several important confoundingfactors, including smoking, disease risk and medication.Key words: Inflammatory markers; systemic inflammation; chronic inflammation; exercise;training

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate how football academies work with talent identification and especially in regard to different physiological tests and if they are used in the work of talent identification. The main research questions were: • How are youth players identified and selected into the football academy? • What purpose does physiological tests have in regard to identification and selection? • Are different biases considered, for example Relative Age Effect, when identifying and selecting players? Method In order to adequately answer the purpose and questions, a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews has been applied. Eight representatives from Swedish football academies participated in the study. The results from the interviews were analysed utilizing a thematic analysis. Results The results of the study show that football academies mainly use coaches' subjective assessments to both identify and select young players. Physiological tests have no significance for academies for talent identification or selection purposes, but are mainly used for rehabilitation and the design of requirement profiles. The majority of the participating football academies do not consider various types of biases such as relative age effect, in the context of talent identification and selection. Conclusions The conclusion of this study is that football academies do not use tests in relation to talent identification and that they currently exclusively rely on coaches' subjective assessments. Academies should apply a multidimensional approach to talent identification and need to consider placing greater emphasis on finding early predictors.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka simtränares erfarenheter, kunskaper och inställning till axelskador och dess prevention inom ungdomssimning. Frågeställningarna som använts är, vilken inställning till axelskador har simtränare och hur ser deras kunskap ut? Hur ser simtränarens roll ut i det preventiva arbetet mot axelskador? Vilka hinder upplever man som simtränare i det preventiva arbetet? Metod Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie där fem simtränare från samma förening med olika erfarenheter och utbildningar fick svara på frågor som ställdes från en intervjuguide. Det var en semistrukturerad intervju och analysmetoden tematisk. Till hjälp att tolka resultatet användes teorin KASAM Resultat Ur undersökningen växte sju olika teman fram vilka respondenterna lyfte fram som viktiga i arbetet kring axelskador, dess prevention och rehabilitering. De olika teman är Teknik, varför, stöd, begränsning, rehab, variation och tidsaspekt. För att kunna hjälpa simmarna att motiveras till prevention och rehabilitering arbetar man mycket med de begrepp som KASAM innefattar, begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Slutsats Respondenterna i studien har olika syn på förekomsten av axelskador men ändå en samsyn på prevention och rehabilitering av simmare med axelproblem. Varierad träning som är individuellt anpassad där glädje och lust styr är vad samtliga förespråkar. Behov av att uppdatera sina kunskaper på olika sätt tycks vara knutet till ålder och erfarenhet men ur ett enat team har simmarna en bred stab att få kunskap och information ifrån. Genom att kontinuerligt ha med vad, hur och varför i dialogen med simmarna ökar man begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet för de val av moment som görs och därigenom får man en mer motiverad simmare som trivs och mår väl i sitt sammanhang. Det ökar chansen att simsporten får behålla simmaren under en längre tid. Hinder som stress på grund av tidspress och lokalbrist förhåller man sig till då det är faktorer som är svåra att ändra i dagsläget.

Syftet med denna studie är att utforska hur könsfördelningen ser ut på gymnasiala esportutbildningar samt ifall jämställdhet är en i av utbildningen. Bakgrunden till denna studie är den tydliga saknaden av kvinnliga figurer, både som spelare och personal påevenemang. På senare tid har en förbättring setts och fler kvinnor har tagit plats inom esporten, ofta då som kommentatorer eller streamers. Teorin som ligger till grund för denna studie är en blandning av Yvonne Hirdmans Genuskontrakt samt Grundad Teori som tillsammans ger studien ett problem och en potentiell förklaring till problemet. Metoden som använts i studien är semi-strukturerade intervjuer där e-sportscoacher på olika gymnasiala utbildningar har intervjuats. Med hjälp av dessa intervjuobjekt hoppas studien få en stadig grund av vad som händer inom svensk e-sport när det kommer till jämställdhet och könsfördelning inom området. Resultatet blev olika teman, trygghet, trakasserier, intagningskrav och brist på coacher som tillsammans kunde påverkar unga tjejers intresse att delta inom e-sporten. Även Hirdmans teori om Genuskontraktenkunde identifieras och därmed bekräftas ligga som grund till problemen som studerats. Samtliga utbildningar rapporterade om att arbete med jämställdhet och könsfördelning är problem som utbildningarna jobbar aktivt med för att tjejer ska kunna utöva e-sport på gymnasial nivå.

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Objective: The injury incidence in youth soccer remains high, and the incidence pattern suggests an increased susceptibility to injury during fatigue. However, the support for the recovery modalities used in professional soccer, such as cold/hot water immersion (CWI/HWI), is either conflicting or lacking. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of (1) a simulated soccer match (SSM) on neuromuscular function (peak force [PF], time-to-fatigue [TTF], PF immediately post-TTF [PFpost-TTF], and the hamstrings-to-quadriceps [H:Q] ratio of all measures), and (2) CWI and HWI compared to placebo on the recovery of neuromuscular function and systemic immune response (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR]). Methods: All outcome measures were assessed before and up to 45 hours post-SSM in 40 professional male youth soccer players randomly assigned to CWI, HWI, or placebo. PF was assessed through maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVICs), TTF through a sustained isometric voluntary contraction performed at 60% MVIC, and PFpost-TTF by performing a MVIC immediately post-TTF. H:Q ratios were calculated from all isometric measurements. NLR was calculated based on neutrophil and lymphocyte counts obtained through venous blood samples. Results: PF and TTF was significantly reduced immediately post-SSM. A small reduction in PFpost-TTF was observed in the hamstrings, but not the quadriceps, and no change for any H:Q ratio was found. There was no group or group × time interaction on neuromuscular function or immune markers, but within-group analyses displayed a shorter recovery time of TTF and PF following HWI and CWI than following placebo. Conclusion: The SSM induced a significant reduction in PF and TTF, but no difference between recovery modalities was observed in any outcome measure. However, by analysing the pattern of recovery, our results suggest a possible benefit of water immersion on the restoration of PF and TTF, but further research is required to make any definitive conclusions.

Introduction Soccer requires athletes to perform frequently and participate in matches several times per week, placing high demands on physical recovery, neuromuscular function, and the stretch-shortening-cycle (SSC). Performance indicators of sprints, countermovement-jumps (CMJ), modified reactive strength index (RSI-mod) and maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) have been impacted following a soccer match. Water-immersion strategies such as cold (CWI) and hot-water immersion (HWI) are argued to blunt the post-exercise inflammation and aid metabolite clearance, reducing the onset of fatigue and effects on voluntary activation and the SSC-function. Efficacy of these strategies on short-term recovery of performance-indicators is unclear. Aim To evaluate the effect of CWI and HWI on post-exercise recovery of maximal voluntary isometric strength, counter movement jump and sprint performance in response to a simulated football match in pre-elite youth soccer players. Method Forty healthy, male pre-elite youth soccer-players, ages 15-19 years old participated in a randomized control trial, following randomized allocation to CWI, HWI or placebo conditions. The study consisted of four timepoints of Pre, Post (0-h), Post (21-h) and Post (45-h). Participants performed a 90-min simulated football match (SFM) following baseline measures of sprint, MVIC and CMJ performance. The same tests were performed at 0-h following the SFM, followed by being subjected to the assigned recovery condition. Subjects returned at 21-h and 45-h to evaluate recovery differences.Results The main findings were characterized by a significant decrease in MVIC, CMJ and 20-m sprint-performance immediately following the SFM, while RSI-mod and 10-m sprints were not fatigued at any timepoint. All parameters initially affected by fatigue remained depressed at 21-h and 45-h and did not recover within the duration of the study, no significant differences between-groups were detected. Conclusion CWI or HWI after a pre-elite youth football match does not improve recovery of performance-indicators warranting regular use with the goal of aiding post-exercise recovery.

Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) patients can start developing micro- and macrovascular complications during childhood and are known to have vascular impairments such asendothelial dysfunction, vessel stiffness and reduced capillary density. Angiogenesis is theformation of new blood vessels from existing ones and is well documented to occur in healthyindividuals in response to various exercise modalities. In T1DM, angiogenesis can however bealtered and studies on exercise induced angiogenesis in adolescents with T1DM are lacking.The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three different exercise modalities onmolecular markers of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle of adolescent males with T1DM.Materials and Methods: Eight adolescent males (17.5 ± 0.8 years) with T1DM duration >1yearattended four sessions, namely a control session followed by exercise tests (VO2max, 1RM) andthree randomized exercise sessions (Continuous Exercise (CE), Intermittent Exercise (IE) andStrength Exercise (SE)). One hour after exercise and control a muscle biopsy was taken from thevastus lateralis muscle. RNA was extracted followed by one colour microarray-based geneexpression analysis as well as enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes forbiological processes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways.Results: Biological Processes related to angiogenesis (blood vessel development, angiogenesis,blood vessel endothelial cell migration, cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis) werehighlighted following all three exercise modalities, with no exercise specific response beingobserved. A total 7 KEGG pathways were highlighted across all the conditions, with AGERAGEsignaling in diabetic complications as well as Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosispathways including angiogenesis.Conclusion: In skeletal muscle of adolescent males with T1DM, CE, IE and SE all elicited acuteangiogenic response and KEGG pathways that may provide some insight into interplay of otherfactors in angiogenic signaling in T1DM skeletal muscle.