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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1978. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 104-111. / by Nathan Hawley. / Ph.D.

The objective of this thesis is to determine the effectiveness of Federal, state and local government interactions in administration of tidal wetland protection measures in Virginia. Federal protection for wetlands is authorized by the Clean Water Act [33 U.S.C.A. 1251 et seq. (1986), as amended (Supp. 1987)] and the Rivers and Harbors Act [33 U.S.C.A. 401 et seq. (1986), as amended (Supp. 1987)]. State and local authority is provided by the Virginia Wetlands Act [Va.Code Ann., sec. 62.1-13.1 et seq. (1987)]. Because of overlapping jurisdictions of the statutes, Federal, state, and local governments must interact while implementing wetland protection programs. Effective interactions between the various levels of government are important for the preservation and protection of tidal wetlands. If the three levels of government are able to efficiently administer a program that provides adequate protection of wetlands, similar programs may be applied in other areas such as non-point source pollution control. A history of the development of the wetlands protection program is presented along with a description of applicable statutes, regulations, and permitting requirements. Included is an analysis of the implementation of the wetland statutes by case studies of program operations, a comparison of decisions on applications made by the three different government agencies, and identification of impacts and future trends of the wetland protection programs. / Master of Science

Over one million hectares of pocosins and wet flats in the southeastern coastal plain are intensively managed for the production of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. These management activities may have adverse effects on soil physical properties, site hydrology, and overall site productivity. Substantial quantities of wood residues are often left on these sites by timber harvesting operations, and it was hypothesized that the incorporation of this slash into the soil could improve the soil physical properties and site hydrology. One organic pocosin site and one mineral wet flat site were chosen post-harvest for treatment. The wet flat study was organized as an incomplete block design having four blocks and six treatments: (i) conventional bedding, (ii) strip surface mulching with bedding, (iii) strip surface mulching with tillage and bedding, (iv) broadcast mulch without bedding, (v) broadcast mulch with bedding, and (vi) flat planted control. The pocosin study was organized as a randomized complete block design with four blocks and four treatments. The treatments are identical to those of the wet flat site without the broadcast mulch treatments (iv and v). Soil physical property data was analyzed pre- and post-treatment, while post-treatment site hydrology and soil water chemistry data was analyzed periodically for one year. Seedling survival and height data were analyzed after one growing season. The treatments had little effect on soil physical properties, site hydrology, soil water nutrients, or seedling survival on the wet flat study site. Bedding in general significantly increased tree height growth, but mulching had no significant effects. The treatments had little effect on soil physical properties on the pocosin study site except for soil macroporosity, which was significantly increased by bedding. Site hydrology and soil water nutrients were not significantly affected by the treatments, but seedling survival and height growth were significantly increased by bedding. Mulching had no significant effects on any of the parameters studied. / Master of Science

Wet pine flats are some of the most productive and intensively-managed wetland forests in the eastern United States. Wet-weather logging of these sites causes extensive rutting and churning of the soil surface and may alter the subsurface flow of soil water. An operational-scale experiment was established in 20-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations to determine the hydrologic response of wet pine flats to wet- and dry-weather harvesting operations. Three 19-ha treatment blocks were established in the coastal plain near Charleston, South Carolina. Site hydrology was monitored monthly with a 20 x 20 m grid of water table wells for 18 months prior to treatment installation. Three treatments were applied to each block: wet-weather harvesting, dry-weather harvesting, and a control (nonharvested). Prior to harvesting, the water table depths followed a uniform pattern throughout the sites with seasonal fluctuations between 5 and 75 cm below the soil surface. The uniform pattern and poor inherent drainage of the site prior to harvest was due to lack of surface topography and impedance of internal vertical drainage by a restricting Btg soil horizon. After harvesting, the hydrologic pattern changed by the degree of soil disturbance as defined by soil physical properties and microtopographic changes. Such hydrologic changes could influence long-term site productivity and interfere with management of this wetland ecosystem. / Master of Science

Thesis (DPhil (Afrikaans Culture))—University of Stellenbosch, 1994. / Up to the arrival of the so-called "Second Wave" of German settlers to the Cape, the cape Flats was to a great extent uninhabited because it was seen as an inhospitable semi-desert. The colonial Government of the late nineteenth century however felt dat such an area of land in so close a vicinity of an urban region should be made usefull. As a result of the success the German settlers had who arrived in the years 1858/62 in the Eastern Cape (the so-called "First Wave" of German immigrants), it was decided to try the same in the Western Cape. A few German settlers together with their families have already settled themselves on the edge of the Cape Flats and showed that one could farm with vegetabels in this region. They were Germans who were brought to the Cape by the Hamburgh shipping company Godeffroy and Son. They came under contract and had to work for a fixed period at certain appointed employers. These Godeffroy immigrants settled in the vicinity of Wynberg after the expiration of their contracts because a Lutheran church was already established there. They indirectly formed the basis of the German settlement to follow. In 1877/78 the next group consisting of families and part of a Colonial immigratioh project, arrived. Many of these immigrants were settled on Crown Land in the Boland, but a significant number were settled on the Cape Flats. The third group arrived in 1883, again consisting of family groups and as part of a Colonial iimmigration project. Most of the members of this group were allocated on land and the Cape Flats. The last two groups were part of the "Second Wave" of German immigrants. By far mast of the immigrants were peasants and artisans originating from Northern Germany. The Godeffroy immigrants were mostly Prussians and the immigrants of the Second Wave mostly Heidjern from the Luneburger Heath in Lower Saxony. These three groups would fuse into a close community thanks to their common background and religion, as well as the first years' struggle for survival on the then inhospitable Flats. The settlers established three Lutheran congregations and three schools. This study looks at the settlement, the life and work of these settlers and their immediate descendants, as well as the way of life of generations to follow, who had to combat other problems than those their ancestors had to deal with. The Colonial government's belief that the Flats could be a source of fresh produce for the growing Cape Town, proved to be right. The region established itself as the "Fresh produce larder of cape Town". Today many descendants find themselves in all the different social spheres throughout South Africa. A substantial number of descendants of the settlers however still live and farm on the properties their forefathers established. The farming area, although considerably smaller than the original settlement area, is of strategical and economical importance today because of the huge amount of vegetables which is being produced almost inside the city boundaries for the daily growing population of Cape Town.

Thesis (MEdPsych (Educational Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, which is the most common cause of mental and learning disabilities in the world, is totally preventable. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is not a genetic or inherited condition; however, it is permanent and reduces human potential. There is no cure or treatment. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder does not distinguish between race, class or culture and can affect children from all socio-economic groups. It is however more prevalent amongst poor, uneducated, uninformed and marginalised (minority groups) or aboriginal communities due to a variety of historical, sociopolitical and economic reasons. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder has become a public health problem in South Africa in provinces like the Western and Northern Cape (winegrowing areas), where substantial research has been conducted and where alcohol abuse can be traced back to the ‘dop’ system. The highest documented prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the world has been identified in these provinces amongst a marginalised group of people classified in South Africa as ‘coloured’. A substantial amount of research has been conducted on the characteristics, manifestation and prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in South Africa, but no research has yet been done to ascertain educators’ knowledge of and attitude to learners with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. In view of the high prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in South Africa, and the possibility that many of the learners with learning and behavioural problems in our schools could be victims of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (also known as a ‘hidden disability’) I concentrated my research on schools situated in low socio-economic areas on the Cape Flats where poverty and unemployment are high and shebeens are plentiful. Through this research I firstly wished to establish how much knowledge educators have of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and what their attitudes are toward learners manifesting the disorder. Secondly, my aim was to ascertain to what extent educators are able to support and identify these learners. Qualitative research methods and an interpretive constructivist paradigm were used to conduct the study. Data was primarily collected through the use of interviews, focus group discussions, observations and a research journal. Nine participants, from three different low socio-economic schools (one from each educational phase) on the Cape Flats, were involved. Themes that emerged from the data were analysed and recorded through the constant comparative method. They are discussed together with the research findings. This study revealed important issues pertaining to educators’ knowledge of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and whether they are able to assist learners presenting with this disorder in mainstream education in South Africa. A number of recommendations are made for further research in this field. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom, wat as die algemeenste oorsaak van verstandelike en leergestremdhede in die wêreld beskou word, is ʼn sindroom wat voorkom kan word. Die sindroom is nie geneties of oorerflik nie, maar die skade is permanent omdat daar geen behandeling en teenmiddel is nie. Dit het gevolglik ʼn negatiewe impak op menslike vermoëns. Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom kan kinders van alle sosioekonomiese groepe affekteer en alhoewel dit nie kultuur-, ras- of klasgebonde is nie, is dit oorwegend ʼn algemene verskynsel onder groepe met ʼn lae opvoedingspeil, diegene wat oningelig en gemarginaliseer is (minderheidsgroepe) of dié wat as inboorlinggemeenskappe bekend staan, wat toegeskryf kan word aan verskeie historiese, sosio-politieke en ekonomiese redes. Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom is tans ʼn openbare gesondheidsprobleem in Suid-Afrika, veral in die wynstreke van die Wes- en Noord-Kaap. Omvattende navorsing is al in genoemde provinsies gedoen waar alkoholmisbruik ʼn lang aanloop het en verbind word met die dopstelsel. Die Wes-Kaap en Noord-Kaap is alombekend as provinsies met die hoogste voorkomsyfer van Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom FASD in die wêreld, veral onder ʼn gemarginaliseerde groep mense wat as die kleurlinge’ bekend staan. Alhoewel omvattende navorsing oor die karaktereienskappe, manifestasies en voorkoms van Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom in Suid-Afrika reeds gedoen is, kon geen navorsing gevind word wat die kennis van opvoeders en hul en houdings jeens leerders met Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom probeer vasstel nie. As die hoë voorkoms van Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom in ag geneem word, asook die moontlikheid dat baie leerders in ons skole leer- en gedragsprobleme manifesteer, kan daar waarskynlik slagoffers van Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom wees en wie se gestremdhede dus ‘onsigbaar’ is. My navorsing fokus daarom hoofsaaklik op skole in die lae sosio-ekonomiese areas van die Kaapse Vlakte, waar armoede en werkloosheid hoogty vier en waar daar ʼn hoë voorkoms van onwettige drankwinkels (‘sjebiens’) is. My primêre doel met hierdie navorsing was om die kennis van onderwysers oor Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom te bepaal en om die houding van opvoeders jeens leerders wat met kenmerke van hierdie sindroom vas te stel. Ek wou ook vasstel tot welke mate opvoeders bevoeg om is leerders met Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom te identifiseer en te ondersteun. Kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes en ʼn interpretatiewe konstruktivistiese paradigma is in die studie gebruik. Data is primêr ingesamel met behulp van onderhoude, fokusgroep-besprekings, observasies en ʼn navorsingsjoernaal. Nege deelnemers verbonde aan drie verskillende skole met lae sosio-ekonomiese vlakke (een opvoeder van elke opvoedingsfase), op die Kaapse Vlakte was by die studie betrokke. Temas wat blootgelê is deur die data is ontleed en by wyse van die konstante vergelykende metode opgeneem. Hulle word saam met die navorsingsbevindings bespreek. Die navorsing toon belangrike aspekte van opvoeders se kennis van Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom. Dit bevraagteken ook of hoofstroom-opvoeders in staat is om leerders met Fetale Alkohol Spektrumsindroom te ondersteun. Voortspruitend uit die bevindings word aanbevelings gemaak vir verdere ondersoeke op hierdie gebied.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The objectives of this study were: To review and understand flow and transport processes in unsaturated zones. In this study, particular emphasis is placed on understanding mechanisms that cause non-uniform (preferential) flow for two casestudies, namely the Cape Flats sandy environment and the Mpumalanga Highveld fractured rock environment. To evaluate the adequacy of models, in particular MACRO 5.0, in simulating flow and transport in the vadose zone, by making use of two case study sites (Cape Flats and Mpumalanga Highveld). Of particular importance is the evaluation of transfer coefficients to represent fluid and solute exchange between macropores and matrix. To run a sensitivity analysis with MACRO 5.0 in order determine which input model parameters are the most relevant in describing the effects of preferential flow in water and solute transport.

<p>Studiens syfte har varit att få kunskap om hemlösa klienters syn på sin boendesituation. Samt att få fördjupad kunskap om klienternas upplevelse av möjlighet till förändring och hur de beskriver att de bemöts och behandlas på Beroendeverksamhetens gruppboenden. En kvalitativ metod har använts för att besvara syftet. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer med sju personer som för närvarande bor på ett kommunalt gruppboende. Tolkningsramen har utgjorts av teorier och forskning kring förändringsprocesser och strategier för att motverka hemlöshet. Rollteori har också använts för att ge en djupare förståelse för interaktionen mellan individer och mellan individ och organisation.</p><p>Resultaten visar att det är svårt att trivas på en institution. Det har mycket att göra med den maktstruktur som präglar en sådan inrättning. I studien framkom att det skapas motståndsstrategier för att värja sig i en sådan situation. Resultatet visar också att motstånd skapas när man inte känner sig delaktig i sin egen förändringsprocess. Det är viktigt för de boende att kunna påverka sin boendesituation. Boende som tycker de får hjälp på boendet anser att de kan använda vistelsen till något positivt.</p><p>Personalens roll inskränker sig för de boendes del till att vara behjälpliga med praktiska saker, ett slags yttre förändring. Någon tycker att personalen även kan vara ett socialt stöd i en inre mening, att hjälpa de boende med strategier som gör att de kan fortsätta att leva ett drogfritt liv. Studien visar vidare att man både önskar mer av socialt stöd samtidigt som några upplever att man själv är det bästa verktyget i en förändringsprocess. Resultatet visar slutligen att institutionens strikta regler blir en viktig förändringsfaktor i klienternas liv. Kravet på drogfrihet gör att de boende får upp ögonen på ett alternativt sätt att leva. Slutsatsen är att institutionen bidrar till att förmedla känslan av att en förändring är möjlig.</p> / <p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Title: ”It’s not supposed to be a bloody hangout where you bring people and stuff” A study on how homeless clients feels about living in communal group homes provided to them by the social services.</p><p>The purpose of this paper has been to gain knowledge about homeless clients view on their housing situation. And also to learn more about how clients perceive the possibility to change and how they feel they are being treated at the social services collective housing facilities. A qualitative approach has been used in order to answer these questions. The empirical material consists of seven interviews with people currently staying at the communal homes mentioned above. The study’s frame of interpretation has consisted of theories and research about changing processes and strategies to counteract homelessness. Role theory has also been used in order to provide a deeper understanding of the interaction between individuals and between individual and organisation.</p><p>The results in general show that it is hard to feel at home in an institutional setting. This has mainly to do with the unequal power structure that exists in such places. The study shows that under such circumstances oppressed people develop resistance strategies in order to cope. Furthermore the results points to the fact that resistance is more likely to occur when you’re feeling that you have no influence on your own future life situation. It is vital for the residents’ well being to be able to have an active part in their living situation. Those who feel they get adequate help in the institution are most likely to see the stay as a positive experience.</p><p>The role of the staff is primarily limited to helping out with practical things. This can be seen as a way of helping the residents to adapt to society’s rules. Someone thinks that the staff also can function as a social support that helps them rethink their attitude towards their drug abuse. The results are somewhat ambiguous in that respect. The clients do want more of social support from the staff. At the same time they emphasises that the best agent in a successful changing process is the own self. The results finally show that the strict rules of the institution turn out to play an important role as a changing factor in the lives of the clients. The demand for total abstinence from drugs and alcohol helps in demonstrating for the clients an alternative way to live. The conclusion of this is that the institution contributes in conveying the message that change is in fact possible.</p>

<p><font face="Helvetica"> <p align="left">The objectives of this study were:&nbsp / To review and understand flow and transport processes in unsaturated zones. In this study, particular emphasis is placed on understanding mechanisms that cause non-uniform (preferential) flow for two casestudies, namely the Cape Flats sandy environment and the Mpumalanga Highveld fractured rock environment.&nbsp / To evaluate the adequacy of models, in particular MACRO 5.0, in simulating flow and transport in the vadose zone, by making use of two case study sites (Cape Flats and Mpumalanga Highveld). Of particular importance is the evaluation of transfer coefficients to represent fluid and solute exchange between macropores and matrix.&nbsp / To run a sensitivity analysis with MACRO 5.0 in order determine which input model parameters are the most relevant in describing the effects of preferential flow in water and solute transport.</p> </font></p>