Estudos foram conduzidos relativamente ao desempenho dos sistemas de análises em fluxo quando configurados como sistemas inteligentes, associados às técnicas de calibração multivariada ou empregando nanocristais como sensibilizadores. Ainda, melhorias relacionadas às modificações dos fluxos foram avaliadas, especialmente no que se refere à diálise em linha. Neste sentido, foi proposta uma nova estratégia para implementar determinações simultâneas de ferro e vanádio em ligas metálicas envolvendo cinética diferencial. O método baseava-se nas diferentes influências exercidas por Fe2+ e por V4+ na taxa de oxidação de íons iodeto por íons Cr6+ sob condições ácidas. Três diferentes alíquotas de amostra eram inseridas em um fluxo transportador / reagente de KI, confluindo posteriormente com um fluxo de K2Cr2O7. A sobreposição entre as três zonas de amostra estabelecidas resultava em uma zona de amostra complexa com diversos valores de absorbância. Medidas realizadas nos pontos de máximos e minímos do sinal registrado eram mais precisas e continham informações acerca dos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da reação e de diferentes condições de concentrações. Em outra estratégia, um sistema MPFS inteligente foi proposto para a determinação turbidimétrica sequencial de sulfato e cloreto em águas naturais. Ambos os métodos foram implementados no mesmo módulo de análises, proporcionando facilidades relativas ao: preparo de amostra em linha; adição de íons sulfato ou cloreto ao meio reacional para melhoria das condições de supersaturação; decisão em tempo real acerca da necessidade ou não da próxima análise. Inicialmente, determinava-se a concentração de cloreto presente na amostra, e este resultado era comparado com um valor pré-determinado. Se este fosse superior, a amostra era analisada novamente visando à determinação de sulfato. Caso contrário, uma nova amostra era analisada. A estratégia resultou em aumento da velocidade analítica e em boas figuras de mérito analítico. Estudos relativos à natureza do fluxo foram conduzidos avaliando-se o desempenho dos fluxos pulsados provenientes de bombas solenóide em relação à eficiência do transporte de massas, dispersão da zona de amostra relacionada com a mudança de sentido do fluxo e eficiência do processo de diálise quando comparados aos fluxos tipicamente laminares. Embora fosse observada a presença de vórtices, o número de Reynolds experimentalmente obtido demonstrou que o fluxo resultante não era turbulento. Porém seu perfil exibia características de mescla turbulenta, melhorando assim o desempenho relativo ao transporte de massas e redução da dispersão da zona de amostra. Entretanto, beneficios relativos a melhorias no processo de diálise foram ausentes devido provavelmente à alta pressão exercida dentre da câmara de diálise, com consequente deformação dos poros da membrana. Nestas situações, um sistema de análises híbrido (com fluxo laminar e mescla turbulenta) seria fortemente recomendado. Finalmente, a implementação de nanocristais quantum dots (QDs) como sensibilizadores em um sistema MPFS envolvendo reação quimioluminescente foi proposta para a determinação de glipizida e gliclazida em formulaçoes farmacêuticas. O método fundamentava-se na oxidação dos íons S2- por Ce4+ em meio ácido. Na presença dos analitos, a intensidade da radiação emitida era inibida. A influência do diâmetro médio dos nanocristais foi avaliada, e os critérios utilizados para o dimensionamento do sistema foram a repetibilidade, a reprodutibilidade e a sensibilidade analítica. Os analitos foram quantificados no mesmo módulo de análises, e boas figuras de mérito analítico foram verificadas. Os resultados obtidos se apresentaram concordantes com aqueles obtidos pela Farmacopéia Britânica / Studies focusing on performance of intelligent analytical flow systems, association with multivariate calibration or use of nanocrystals as sensitizers were carried out. Moreover, improvements related to modifications in flow pattern were evaluated with emphasis to in-line dialysis. To this end, a strategy for implementing simultaneous determinations of iron and vanadium in alloys relying on differential kinetics was proposed. The method was based on the influence of Fe2+ and V4+ on the rate of iodide oxidation by Cr6+ under acidic conditions. Three different plugs of the sample were sequentially inserted into an acidic KI reagent carrier stream, and a confluent K2Cr2O7 solution was added downstream. Overlap between the established plugs led to a complex sample zone with several regions of maximal and minimal absorbance values. Measurements performed on these regions were more precise and revealed the different degrees of reaction development. In another strategy, an intelligent MPFS was proposed for sequential turbidimetric determination of sulphate and chloride in natural waters. Both methods were implemented in the same manifold, providing facilities for: in-line sample cleanup; addition of low amounts of sulphate or chloride ions to the reaction medium for improving supersaturation conditions and real-time decision on the need for next assay. The sample was initially run for chloride determination, and the analytical signal was compared with a preset value. If higher, the sample was run again, now for sulphate determination. Otherwise, next sample was assayed. The strategy led to an increased sample throughput and good analytical figures of merit. Studies focusing on the flow pattern were carried out aiming at the evaluation of the influence of the pulsed flows delivered by solenoid pumps in relation to the efficiency of mass transfer, dispersion related to changes in flow direction of the sample zone and dialysis process as compared with typical laminar flow. Although the establishment of vortices were noted, the experimentally obtained Reynolds number showed that a turbulent flow was not established. Its pattern exhibited characteristics which improved the performance due to the enhanced radial mass transport inherent in turbulent mixing. Comparatively to laminar flow, beneficial aspects were noted in relation to sample dispersion and mass transfer. In relation to dialysis efficiency however process the benefits were not noted probably due to the high pressure inside the dialysis chamber, with consequent membrane pore deformation. In this situation, a hybrid flow analysis system (with laminar flow and turbulent mixing) might be recommended. Implementation of quantum dots nanocrystals (QDs NC) as sensitizers in a MPFS with chemiluminometric detection was proposed for the determinations of gliclazide and glipizide in pharmaceutical formulations. The method relied on the oxidation of sulphite by Ce4+ in acidic medium and, in the presence of the analytes, the emitted radiation of the Ce4+-SO3 2--CdTe QDs system was inhibited. Influence of crystal size was investigated, and the criteria for system optimization were the analytical repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity. Both analytes were quantified in the same manifold, resulting in good analytical figures of merit. The results were in fairly good agreement with those obtained by the British Pharmacopoeia reference method

Estudos foram conduzidos relativamente ao desempenho dos sistemas de análises em fluxo quando configurados como sistemas inteligentes, associados às técnicas de calibração multivariada ou empregando nanocristais como sensibilizadores. Ainda, melhorias relacionadas às modificações dos fluxos foram avaliadas, especialmente no que se refere à diálise em linha. Neste sentido, foi proposta uma nova estratégia para implementar determinações simultâneas de ferro e vanádio em ligas metálicas envolvendo cinética diferencial. O método baseava-se nas diferentes influências exercidas por Fe2+ e por V4+ na taxa de oxidação de íons iodeto por íons Cr6+ sob condições ácidas. Três diferentes alíquotas de amostra eram inseridas em um fluxo transportador / reagente de KI, confluindo posteriormente com um fluxo de K2Cr2O7. A sobreposição entre as três zonas de amostra estabelecidas resultava em uma zona de amostra complexa com diversos valores de absorbância. Medidas realizadas nos pontos de máximos e minímos do sinal registrado eram mais precisas e continham informações acerca dos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da reação e de diferentes condições de concentrações. Em outra estratégia, um sistema MPFS inteligente foi proposto para a determinação turbidimétrica sequencial de sulfato e cloreto em águas naturais. Ambos os métodos foram implementados no mesmo módulo de análises, proporcionando facilidades relativas ao: preparo de amostra em linha; adição de íons sulfato ou cloreto ao meio reacional para melhoria das condições de supersaturação; decisão em tempo real acerca da necessidade ou não da próxima análise. Inicialmente, determinava-se a concentração de cloreto presente na amostra, e este resultado era comparado com um valor pré-determinado. Se este fosse superior, a amostra era analisada novamente visando à determinação de sulfato. Caso contrário, uma nova amostra era analisada. A estratégia resultou em aumento da velocidade analítica e em boas figuras de mérito analítico. Estudos relativos à natureza do fluxo foram conduzidos avaliando-se o desempenho dos fluxos pulsados provenientes de bombas solenóide em relação à eficiência do transporte de massas, dispersão da zona de amostra relacionada com a mudança de sentido do fluxo e eficiência do processo de diálise quando comparados aos fluxos tipicamente laminares. Embora fosse observada a presença de vórtices, o número de Reynolds experimentalmente obtido demonstrou que o fluxo resultante não era turbulento. Porém seu perfil exibia características de mescla turbulenta, melhorando assim o desempenho relativo ao transporte de massas e redução da dispersão da zona de amostra. Entretanto, beneficios relativos a melhorias no processo de diálise foram ausentes devido provavelmente à alta pressão exercida dentre da câmara de diálise, com consequente deformação dos poros da membrana. Nestas situações, um sistema de análises híbrido (com fluxo laminar e mescla turbulenta) seria fortemente recomendado. Finalmente, a implementação de nanocristais quantum dots (QDs) como sensibilizadores em um sistema MPFS envolvendo reação quimioluminescente foi proposta para a determinação de glipizida e gliclazida em formulaçoes farmacêuticas. O método fundamentava-se na oxidação dos íons S2- por Ce4+ em meio ácido. Na presença dos analitos, a intensidade da radiação emitida era inibida. A influência do diâmetro médio dos nanocristais foi avaliada, e os critérios utilizados para o dimensionamento do sistema foram a repetibilidade, a reprodutibilidade e a sensibilidade analítica. Os analitos foram quantificados no mesmo módulo de análises, e boas figuras de mérito analítico foram verificadas. Os resultados obtidos se apresentaram concordantes com aqueles obtidos pela Farmacopéia Britânica / Studies focusing on performance of intelligent analytical flow systems, association with multivariate calibration or use of nanocrystals as sensitizers were carried out. Moreover, improvements related to modifications in flow pattern were evaluated with emphasis to in-line dialysis. To this end, a strategy for implementing simultaneous determinations of iron and vanadium in alloys relying on differential kinetics was proposed. The method was based on the influence of Fe2+ and V4+ on the rate of iodide oxidation by Cr6+ under acidic conditions. Three different plugs of the sample were sequentially inserted into an acidic KI reagent carrier stream, and a confluent K2Cr2O7 solution was added downstream. Overlap between the established plugs led to a complex sample zone with several regions of maximal and minimal absorbance values. Measurements performed on these regions were more precise and revealed the different degrees of reaction development. In another strategy, an intelligent MPFS was proposed for sequential turbidimetric determination of sulphate and chloride in natural waters. Both methods were implemented in the same manifold, providing facilities for: in-line sample cleanup; addition of low amounts of sulphate or chloride ions to the reaction medium for improving supersaturation conditions and real-time decision on the need for next assay. The sample was initially run for chloride determination, and the analytical signal was compared with a preset value. If higher, the sample was run again, now for sulphate determination. Otherwise, next sample was assayed. The strategy led to an increased sample throughput and good analytical figures of merit. Studies focusing on the flow pattern were carried out aiming at the evaluation of the influence of the pulsed flows delivered by solenoid pumps in relation to the efficiency of mass transfer, dispersion related to changes in flow direction of the sample zone and dialysis process as compared with typical laminar flow. Although the establishment of vortices were noted, the experimentally obtained Reynolds number showed that a turbulent flow was not established. Its pattern exhibited characteristics which improved the performance due to the enhanced radial mass transport inherent in turbulent mixing. Comparatively to laminar flow, beneficial aspects were noted in relation to sample dispersion and mass transfer. In relation to dialysis efficiency however process the benefits were not noted probably due to the high pressure inside the dialysis chamber, with consequent membrane pore deformation. In this situation, a hybrid flow analysis system (with laminar flow and turbulent mixing) might be recommended. Implementation of quantum dots nanocrystals (QDs NC) as sensitizers in a MPFS with chemiluminometric detection was proposed for the determinations of gliclazide and glipizide in pharmaceutical formulations. The method relied on the oxidation of sulphite by Ce4+ in acidic medium and, in the presence of the analytes, the emitted radiation of the Ce4+-SO3 2--CdTe QDs system was inhibited. Influence of crystal size was investigated, and the criteria for system optimization were the analytical repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity. Both analytes were quantified in the same manifold, resulting in good analytical figures of merit. The results were in fairly good agreement with those obtained by the British Pharmacopoeia reference method

Today,   most traditional method used in the research of immune cells, such as flow   cytometry and microscopy, are based on average values of cell responses.   However, immune cells are heterogeneous and respond differently to a given   stimuli. There is also a risk that important, but rare, behaviors of   individual cells are missed when a larger population of immune cells is   analyzed. Also, flow cytometry and microscopy do not allow long-term survival   of cells; these methods lack the ability to do dynamic long-term analysis of   motile immune cells, i.e. studies of cell-cell interactions, morphology and proliferation.   In a   patient who is affected by cancer, the cell heterogeneity contributes to the   ability to battle various types of cancer or virus infections. In an   outbreak, immune cells recognize and kill tumor cells. However, the number of   specific immune cells is sometimes too few to kill all the tumor cells in a   successful way. One way to help these patients is to isolate, select out and   cultivate the active immune cells with capacity to kill tumor cells.   The   Cell Physic Laboratory (a part of the department of Applied Physics) at the   Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) has developed a method for single-cell   analysis where the immune cells are trapped in microwells in a silicon chip.   The immune cells are then studied by using fluorescence microscopy in an   inverted setup. The method enables high-throughput experiments due to the   parallelization. Furthermore, since the immune cells survive long periods in   the chip, the cells can be analyzed over several days up to weeks. The   research group has also developed a semi-automatic ‘cell-picker’. The   cell-picker will be used in combination with the developed method for   single-cell analysis, which enables picking of cells of interest. In this report, experiments for the characterization and evaluation of the biocompatibility of two generations of the cell-picker will be presented. The experiments include development of a protocol for the cell-picking process, studies of the survival time of transferred cells for both generation of the cell-picker and studies of surface coating in the chip in order to increase the biocompatibility. The preliminary results indicate that the cell-picker has potential to be used as a selection tool for immune cells of interest.

Venous disease will affect 1-3% of the western world at some point in their lives, yet there are few effective treatments for the venous system [1]. One such disease is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), a painful and debilitating illness that affects the superficial and deep vein valves of the legs. When the valves become incompetent they allow reflux and subsequent pooling of blood. Current clinical therapies are only moderately; and therefore, the need for a better solution remains. Prosthetic venous valves were constructed from a novel hydrogel biomaterial patented by Georgia Tech. The valves had flexible cusps similar to normal, anatomic venous valves. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the thrombotic potential of the GT venous valve in an in vitro study and to design a percutaneous delivery system. In vitro thrombosis model provides an appropriate intermediate step between valve development and in vivo analysis, which is necessary to determine the biocompatibility of the prosthetic device. The flow system was modified from a one-pass, flow-through thrombosis assay using whole blood [2] to mimic pulsatile physiologic conditions. Cessation of flow indicated thrombotic obstruction. Histological analysis was performed using H and E staining and Carstairs stain (specific for platelets). A group of valves were lined with Dacron to confirm the thrombotic potential of the system. All Dacron valves were occluded by thrombus connecting the polymer fibers with adherent platelets. Whole blood perfused through the GT prosthetic valves exhibited no thrombosis or platelet adherence. All GT valves were patent and competent after blood perfusion. H and E staining revealed no thrombus deposition on the GT vein valves. A percutaneous delivery system was designed after evaluating the GT valves for their compressibility and plastic deformation over time. Appropriate stents, catheters and sheaths were selected. As designed, this system will be utilized in an ovine trial of the valve. Due to the low in vitro thrombotic potential and strong history of PVA as a medical implant material, positive trial results are expected. With successful animal and human trials this valve can provide a potential intervention for the 7 million people suffering from CVI.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonatasALJ_TESE.pdf: 9049452 bytes, checksum: dd9b668c8bc7791108be8a6bbc44e152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-28 / A self-flotator vibrational prototype electromechanical drive for treatment of oil and water emulsion or like emulsion is presented and evaluated. Oil production and refining to obtain derivatives is carried out under arrangements technically referred to as on-shore and off-shore, ie, on the continent and in the sea. In Brazil 80 % of the petroleum production is taken at sea and area of deployment and it cost scale are worrisome. It is associated, oily water production on a large scale, carrier 95% of the potential pollutant of activity whose final destination is the environment medium, terrestrial or maritime. Although diversified set of techniques and water treatment systems are in use or research, we propose an innovative system that operates in a sustainable way without chemical additives, for the good of the ecosystem. Labyrinth adsor-bent is used in metal spirals, and laboratory scale flow. Equipment and process patents are claimed. Treatments were performed at different flow rates and bands often monitored with control systems, some built, other bought for this purpose. Measurements of the levels of oil and grease (OGC) of efluents treaty remained within the range of legal framework under test conditions. Adsorbents were weighed before and after treatment for obtaining oil impregna-tion, the performance goal of vibratory action and treatment as a whole. Treatment technolo-gies in course are referenced, to compare performance, qualitatively and quantitatively. The vibration energy consumption is faced with and without conventional flotation and self-flotation. There are good prospects for the proposed, especially in reducing the residence time, by capillary action system. The impregnation dimensionless parameter was created and confronted with consecrated dimensionless parameters, on the vibrational version, such as Weber number and Froude number in quadratic form, referred to as vibrational criticality. Re-sults suggest limits to the vibration intensity / Um prot?tipo vibr?til autoflotador de acionamento eletromec?nico para tratamento de ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo e emuls?o cong?nere ? apresentado e avaliado. A produ??o de petr?leo para refinamento e obten??o de derivados ? realizada sob modalidades tecnicamente referidas como on-shore e off-shore, isto ?, no continente e no mar. No Brasil 80% da produ??o petrol?-fera ? feita no mar e ?rea de implanta??o e escala de custo s?o preocupantes. Associa-se ?gua oleosa de produ??o, efluente abundante em larga escala, carreadora de 95% do potencial polu-idor da atividade cujo destino final ? o meio ambiente mar?timo ou terrestre. Embora diversi-ficado conjunto de t?cnicas e sistemas de tratamento d ?gua encontram-se em uso ou pesqui-sa, prop?e-se um sistema inovador que opera de forma sustent?vel sem aditivos qu?micos, pa-ra o bem do ecossistema. Utilizou-se labirinto adsorvente, em espirais met?licos, e escala la-boratorial de fluxo. Patentes de equipamento e processo s?o reivindicadas. Realizaram-se tra-tamentos em vaz?es e faixas de frequ?ncia distintas, monitoradas com sistemas de controle, uns constru?dos, outros aquistados para tal. Medi??es do teor de ?leo e graxa (TOG) do eflu-ente tratado mantiveram-se dentro do intervalo de enquadramento legal nas condi??es de en-saio. Pesaram-se os adsorventes antes e ap?s o tratamento para obten??o da impregna??o de ?leo, meta de desempenho da a??o vibrat?ria e tratamento como um todo. Tecnologias atuais de tratamento s?o referenciadas para compara??o de desempenho, qualitativa e quantitativa-mente. Confrontou-se consumo energ?tico operando-se em vibra??o, com e sem flota??o con-vencional, e com autoflota??o. Vislumbram-se boas perspectivas de rendimento do sistema proposto, sobretudo, na redu??o do tempo de resid?ncia por a??o de capilaridade. Criou-se o par?metro adimensional de impregna??o e se lhe confrontou com consagrados par?metros a-dimensionais, na vers?o vibracional, como n?mero de Weber e n?mero de Froud quadr?tico, referido como criticalidade vibr?til. Resultados sugerem limites ? intensidade vibrat?ria

A associação dos métodos cinéticos de análises e dos sistemas de análises em fluxo foi demonstrada em relação à determinação espectrofotométrica de ferro e vanádio em ligas Fe-V O método se baseia na influência de Fe2+ e VO2+ na taxa de oxidação de iodeto por dicromato sob condições ácidas; por esta razão o emprego do redutor de Jones foi necessário. Um sistema de análises por injeção em fluxo (FIA) e um sistema multi-impulsão foram dimensionados e avaliados. Em ambos os sistemas, a solução da amostra era inserida no fluxo transportador / reagente iodeto, e a solução de dicromato era adicionada por confluência. Sucessivas medidas eram realizadas durante a passagem da zona de amostra processada pelo detector, cada uma relacionada a uma diferente condição para o desenvolvimento da reação. O tratamento dos dados envolveu calibração multivariada, particularmente o algorítmo PLS. O sistema FIA se mostrou pouco adequado para as determinações multi-paramétricas, uma vez que os elementos de fluído resultantes da natureza de escoamento laminar não continham informações cinéticas suficientes para compor as etapas de modelagem. Por outro lado, MPFS mostrou que a natureza do fluxo pulsado resulta em melhorias nas figuras de mérito devido ao movimento caótico dos elementos de fluído. O sistema proposto é simples e robusto, capaz de analisar 50 amostras por hora, significando em um consumo de 48 mg KI por determinação. A duas primeiras variáveis latentes contém ca 94 % da informação analítica, mostrando que a dimensionalidade dupla intrínsica ao conjunto de dados. Os resultados se apresentaram concordantes com aqueles obtidos por espectrometria de emissão optica com plasma induzido em argônio. / Differential kinetic analysis can be implemented in a flow system analyser, and this was demonstrated in designing an improved spectrophotometric catalytic determination of iron and vanadium in Fe-V alloys. The method relied on the influence of Fe2+ and VO2+ on the rate of the iodide oxidation by Cr2O7 under acidic conditions; therefore the Jones reductor was needed. To this end, a flow injection system (FIA) and a multi-pumping flow system (MPFS) were dimensioned and evaluated. In both systems, the alloy solution was inserted into an acidic KI solution that acted also as carrier stream, and a dichromate solution was added by confluence. Successive measurements were performed during sample passage through the detector, each one related to a different yet reproducible condition for reaction development. Data treatment involved multivariate calibration by the PLS algorithm. The FIA system was less recommended for multi-parametric determination, as the laminar flow regimen could not provide suitable kinetic information. On the other hand, a MPFS demonstrated that pulsed flow led to enhance figures of merit due to chaotic movement of its fluid elements. The proposed MPFS system is very simple and rugged, allowing 50 samples to be run per hour, meaning 48 mg KI per determination. The first two latent variables carry ca 94 % of the analytical information, pointing out that the intrinsic dimensionality of the data set is two. Results are in agreement with inductively coupled argon plasma – optical emission spectrometry.

This diploma work deals with description of pressure sewerage networks. First of all is focused on statistical evaluation of pressure sewerage operation in Káraný municipality where was evaluated waste water flow and pressure on sewerage network.

Som följd av den pågående urbaniseringen har de naturliga förutsättningarna för regn och smältvattnet att infiltrera i marken och återgå till sitt kretslopp på naturlig väg försvunnit i städerna. I Stockholm leds ungefär hälften av dagvattnet via VA-nätet direkt och orenat till reningsverken. Dagvattenflödet varierar kraftigt vilket orsakar toppar som överbelastar VAnätet  och är svåra för reningsverken att hantera. Istället för att ledas ut i VA-nätet ska dagvatten strävas efter att hanteras lokalt. Arbetet lägger fokus på dagvattenhanteringen för takparken på ett nybyggnadsprojekt i Stockholm, projektet PARK 1. Projektet ritas av White arkitekter och ska certifieras enligt BREEAM och där nå den högsta klassningen Outstanding. Hållbar användning av mark och vatten är därför en av de viktiga frågorna i detta projekt. Syftet med arbetet är att omarbeta ett gestaltningsförslag av PARK1´s takpark samt att presentera lösningar för dess dagvattenhantering. Detta utförs med hänsyn till framtida klimatförändringar och byggnadens vattenkretslopp samt samordning och tillgänglighet. Arbetet utförs främst genom litteraturstudier, men har också kompletterats genom samtal, diskussioner och studiebesök. AutoCAD, SketchUp och Photoshop används för att illustera den planerade parken samt dess växter, funktioner och konstruktionslösningar. Dimensioneringen av brunnar och stammar görs med hänsyn till 100-årsregn för att klara framtida klimatförändringar. Med hjälp av nederbördsstatistik beräknas sannolik nederbörd för parken, denna mängd motsvara det dagvatten som ska hanteras lokalt. Avrinningsytan går från att vara en parkeringsplats där allt dagvatten belastar VA-nätet till att bli en takpark där dagvattnet utnyttjas till bevattning och 25 procent av byggnadens WCspolning. Dagvattnet blir direkt på platsen omvandlat till spillvatten och som följd blir tillförseln till vatten- och avloppsnätet från byggnaden jämn och stabil och färskvattenförbrukningen sänks. / As a result of ongoing urbanization, natural conditions for rain and meltwater to infiltrate in the ground and regress to the natural water cycle have disappeared in cities. About half of the stormwater in Stockholm is transported through the municipal water sewerage system directly to sewage treatment works. The flow of stormwater varies vigorously, causing flow peaks that overburden the system and treatment works. The aim should be to handle and use the stormwater locally instead of releasing it to the system. The focus of this bachelor thesis is how stormwater from a soon to be built construction project in Stockholm can be handled. The project, PARK 1, is designed by the architectural  firm White Arkitekter and is set to be BREEAM certified and to reach the classification outstanding. Therefore, sustainable use of land and water resources is one of the key matters in the project. The purpose of the study is to rework a existing design proposal for the rooftop garden planed on PARK1 and present solutions for stormwater usage. Consideration must be taken to future climate changes, coordination among disciplines and accessibility. The work was conducted mainly through literature studies and complemented by discussions and site visits to reference projects. AutoCAD, SketchUp and Photoshop were used to illustrate plans and details of the park proposal with its plantations, activities and technical solutions. Estimations of the quantity of roof outlets and dimensions of vertical downpipes were made for 100-year rain conditions. Through quantitative analysis of precipitation statistics the expected precipitation were calculated. Which after runoff covers the irrigation needs of the  park and 25 percent of the water needed for flushing of the buildings WC:s. The runoff surface is altered from being a parking lot where all stormwater ends up in the municipal water sewerage, to a rooftop garden where all of the stormwater is handled locally. This allows stormwater to be transformed into wastewater on sight, thereby contributing to a steady flow in sewer pipes in addition to help lower the buildings fresh water consumption.

No description available.

9 Abstract In this Ph.D. thesis possibilities of using our proposed potential programs for a multiple-pulse amperometry and a fast scan differential pulse voltammetry in combination with flow systems are presented. The development of new sensitive amperometric and voltammetric methods for the determination of oxidisable biologically active organic compounds is another aim of this work. In the first part of the work, the flow injection system and multiple-pulse amperometric detection were employed to develop and optimize a simple, low-cost, and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of natural and synthetic antioxidants. This technique involves the application of an appropriate potential waveform consisting of a suitable sequence of pulses on a single working electrode, thus allowing distinguish the analytes in a mixture with no need of separation. Conditions for the determination of antioxidants and modelling of the potential program were tested and studied, respectively. Second part of the work describes and characterizes the application of the fast scan differential pulse voltammetry (FSDPV) in combination with the flow systems. FSDPV is the electroanalytical technique that use high scan rate to record voltammograms within several milliseconds and ensures high temporal resolution. This technique...