Jag fångades av dekorsnickeriets sinnrika konstruktioner och dess strävan att finna pragmatiska lösningar anpassade till teaterrummets särskilda krav på mångsidighet, flexibilitet och hanterbarhet. I mitt arbete redovisar och resonerar jag kring ett urval av grundläggande teknikeroch metoder. Samt vad som är kännetecknande för arbetet i ateljéverkstaden. Hur detta tillsammans skulle kunna tillämpas inom möbelkonstruktion och utformande av offentliga miljöer. Dessa egenskaper, tekniker och tillvägagångssätt skapar tillsammans med mina egna erfarenheter inom möbelsnickeri ett ramverk kring en undersökande formgivnings och tillverkningsprocess av en möbel. Jag ser detta arbete som en riktning i min utvecklingsprocess som konstruktör och möbelsnickare. Vidare ser jag ett ökat behov av flexibla och slitstarkamöbler för att möta framtida krav på ökad resurshushållning av våra gemensamma tillgångar. / I was caught up in the ingenious constructions of décor carpentry and its efforts to find pragmatic solutions adapted to the theatre room’s particular demands for versatility, flexibility and manageability. In my work, I present and discuss a selection of basic techniques and methods. And what is characteristic of the work in the studio workshop. How this could be applied together in furniture construction and the design of public environments.These characteristics, techniques and approaches, together with my own experience in furniture carpentry, create a framework for an investigative design and manufacturing process of a piece of furniture. I see this work as a direction in my development process as a designer and furniture carpenter. Furthermore, I see an increased need for flexible and durable furniture tomeet future demands for increased resource management of our common assets.

This thesis focuses on the tribological performance of tool surfaces in two steel working operations, namely wire drawing and hot rolling. In all forming operations dimensions and surface finish of the products are of utmost importance. Forming basically includes three parts – forming conditions excluded – that may be changed; work material, tool and (possibly) lubricant. In the interface between work material and tool, the conditions are very aggressive with – generally or locally – high temperatures and pressures. The surfaces will be worn in various ways and this will change the conditions in the process. Consequently, the surface finish as well as the dimensions of the formed product may change and in the end, the product will not fulfil the requirements of the customer. Therefore, research and development in regard to wear, and consequently tribology, of the forming tools is of great interest. The investigations of wire drawing dies focus on coating adhesion/cohesion, surface characteristics and material transfer onto the coated steel both in laboratory scale as well as in the wire drawing process. Results show that it in wire drawing is possible to enhance the tribological performance of drawing dies by using a lubricant together with a steel substrate coated by a polished, dual-layer coating containing both hard and friction-lowering layers. The investigations of hot rolling work rolls focus on microstructure and hardness as well as cracking- and surface characteristics in both laboratory scale and in the hot strip mill. Results show that an ideal hot work roll material should be made up of a matrix with high hardness and a large amount of complex, hard carbides evenly distributed in the microstructure. The surface failure mechanisms of work rolls are very complex involving plastic deformation, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, mechanical and thermal induced cracking, material transfer and oxidation. This knowledge may be used to develop new tools with higher wear resistance giving better performance, lower costs and lower environmental impact.

Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is the state of the art ceramic top coat material used for TBC applications. The desire to achieve a higher engine efficiency of agas turbine engine by increasing the turbine inlet temperature has pushed YSZ toits upper limit. Above 1200°C, issues such as poor phase stability, high sinteringrates, and susceptibility to CMAS (calcium magnesium alumino silicates) degradation have been reported for YSZ based TBCs. Among the new materials,gadolinium zirconate (GZ) is an interesting alternative since it has shown attractive properties including resistance to CMAS attack. However, GZ has a poor thermo-chemical compatibility with the thermally grown oxide leading to poor thermal cyclic performance of GZ TBCs and that is why a multi-layered coating design seems feasible.This work presents a new approach of depositing GZ/YSZ multi-layered TBCs by the suspension plasma spray (SPS) process. Single layer YSZ TBCs were also deposited by SPS and used as a reference.The primary aim of the work was to compare the thermal conductivity and thermal cyclic life of the two coating designs. Thermal diffusivity of the YSZ single layer and GZ based multi-layered TBCs was measured using laser flash analysis (LFA). Thermal cyclic life of as sprayed coatings was evaluated at 1100°C, 1200°C and 1300°C respectively. It was shown that GZ based multi-layered TBCs had a lower thermal conductivity and higher thermal cyclic life compared to the single layer YSZ at all test temperatures. The second aim was to investigate the isothermal oxidation behaviour and erosion resistance of the two coating designs. The as sprayed TBCs were subjected toisothermal oxidation test at 1150°C. The GZ based multi-layered TBCs showed a lower weight gain than the single layer YSZ TBC. However, in the erosion test,the GZ based TBCs showed lower erosion resistance compared to the YSZ singlelayer TBC. In this work, it was shown that SPS is a promising production technique and that GZ is a promising material for TBCs.

Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) has found a wide use in demanding applications such as offshore, chemical and petrochemical industries thanks to its excellent combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Welding of SDSS, however, is associated with the risk of precipitation of secondary phases and formation of excessive amounts of ferrite in the weld metal and heat affected zone. The present study was therefore aimed at gaining knowledge about the effect of multiple welding thermal cycles on the microstructure and possible sensitization to corrosion of welds in SDSS.Controlled and repeatable thermal cycles were produced by robotic welding. Oneto four autogenous TIG-remelting passes were applied on 2507 type SDSS plates using low or high heat inputs with pure argon as shielding gas. Thermal cycles were recorded using several thermocouples attached to the plates. Thermodynamic calculations and temperature field modelling were performed in order to understand the microstructural development and to predict the pitting corrosion resistance. Etching revealed the formation of different zones with characteristic microstructures: the fused weld zone (WZ) and the heat affected zone composed of the fusion boundary zone (FBZ), next to the fusion boundary, and further out Zone 1 (Z1) and Zone 2 (Z2). The WZ had a high content of ferrite and often nitrides which increased with increasing number of passes and decreasing heati nput. Nitrogen content of the WZ decreased from 0.28 wt.% to 0.17 wt.% after four passes of low heat input and to 0.10 wt.% after four passes of high heatinput. The FBZ was reheated to high peak temperatures (near melting point) and contained equiaxed ferrite grains with austenite and nitrides. Zone 1 was free from precipitates and the ferrite content was similar to that of the unaffected base material. Sigma phase precipitated only in zone 2, which was heated to peak temperatures in the range of approximately 828°C to 1028°C. The content of sigma phase increased with the number of passes and increasing heat input.  All locations, except Z1, were susceptible to local corrosion after multiplere heating. Thermodynamic calculations predicted that a post weld heat treatment could restore the corrosion resistance of the FBZ and Z2. However, the pitting resistance of the WZ cannot be improved significantly due to the nitrogen loss. Steady state and linear fitting approaches were therefore employed to predict nitrogen loss in autogenous TIG welding with argon as shielding gas. Two practical formulas were derived giving nitrogen loss as functions of initial nitrogen content and arc energy both predicting a larger loss for higher heat input and higher base material nitrogen content. A practical recommendation based on the present study is that it is beneficial to perform welding with a minimum number of passes even if this results in a higherheat input as multiple reheating strongly promotes formation of deleterious phases.

Heat generated in a machining process is a common and critical obstacle faced in today's machining industries. The heat generated in the cutting zone has a direct negative influence on the tool life which, in turn contributes to increase the manufacturing costs. Especially, in machining of Heat Resistant Super Alloys, HRSA this is a very limiting factor. HRSA are capable of retaining their mechanical strength and hardness at elevated temperatures. This property is advantageous in the application in e.g. aero-engines but also a disadvantage, since it also lowers the machinability significantly. This work is an attempt to improve the heat transfer from the cutting zone, which would lead to an increase in the tool life. To achieve this goal, the cutting tool has been modified to create an improved interface between the coolant and tool in the high-temperature areas. Two generations of inserts have been designed and investigated. Firstly, an insert with surface texture features has been created with the purpose of increasing the available surface area for heat dissipation: First generation, Gen I. Secondly, a GenII was designed as a further improvement of Gen I. Here, several channel features on the rake face were added, reaching out from the contact zone to the near proximity of the cutting edge. This with the purpose of improving access of the coolant closer to the cutting edge. The experiments were conducted in facing operations of Alloy 718 with uncoated round carbide inserts. All experiments were carried out with high-pressure coolant assistance, with a pressure of 16 MPa on the rake face and 8 MPa on the flankface, respectively.The two generations of inserts, Gen I and Gen II, were experimentally evaluated by tool wear analysis in comparison with a regular insert. The results shows that the tool life increased significantly for the Gen I insert, compared to a catastrophic failure of the regular insert at the same conditions. Regarding the Gen II insert,an increase in tool life by approximately 30 to 40 percent compared to Gen I insert was observed.

Hot-pressed aluminium and silicon coated boron steel is used in the car industry where high tensile strength is of great importance, such as in the safety cage of a car where deformation has to be kept to a minimum in case of a collision. After hot-pressing the AlSi-boron steel shows excellent properties with high tensile strength, minimal spring back and also shows good protection against corrosion. A thickness of the AlSi coating of 150 [g/m2] for AlSi coated boron steel is typically used by the car industry today. However the coating thickness would be desirable to be minimized to 80 [g/m2]. Welding of this boron steel with 80 [g/m2]have shown difficulties; and it’s not clear why this occurs. In this report the metallurgical properties of the different coating layers will be investigated, simulations with Thermocalc module Dictra will be used, SEM/EDS will be used to characterize phases in coating layers and correlate to weldability. Resistance spot welding tests will also be performed where the welding parameters of pre-pulse, pulse time, time in between pulses and current will be varied to achieve desirable weld plug diameter without expulsion. Hardness testing in form of micro Vickers will executed. The Materials used will be USIBOR® 1500, AS80 with four different annealing times and one sample of AS150.

When transporting a sea cable, what is commonly called a caterpillar is used, but the most common said is a cable tensioner. These machines can be found in a flurry of different variants, where there are a multitude of competitors, which applies demands to having an extremely distinctive machine. Therefore  from  a  market  analysis  it  have  been  identified  that  a  lack  of  quality  regarding  the machines are a factor. A poor quality shortage that usually occurs in hard weather conditions, but this is something that should not happen as it may lead to machine breakdown. Semcon AB in Karlskrona constructs and then collaborates with Ronneby Svets & Smide, who manufacture cable carousels, armrests and other equipment for the cable industry but not the cable tensioner that are ordered separately by external companies. This is the background to why the project is created because Semcon sees a need to eliminate this bottleneck and also expand their product portfolio for customer recovery. The aim it therefore, together with Semcon, develop a new concept for a completely  new cable tensioner with given preferences, rough drawing and selection of qualitative features for the machine in order to be competitive with its future overall solution for the cable industry.    To find a solution to the described problem, a product development process has been followed to establish  structure.  The  process  include  a  planning,  concept  development,  design  and  detailed development phase. From the first phase, a wide understanding of how the complex machine works and where its deficiencies may be. Even hidden customer needs in form of interviews with cable manufacturers in Karlskrona and with industries that handle sea cable were conducted to get a broader spectrum. The needs are transformed into specifications to generate concepts based on the rankings of the measurably formulated specifications. Followed up by an evaluation where the best concepts were taken to the design phase and detailed development. All design calculations have been made, either by hand or with computer-based programs.   The work has resulted in an innovative concept of a whole cable tensioner with all key components, rough drawing, together with a new thinking solution regarding the contact face between the cable and the machine, developed through experiments and theory studies. As this project is very broad, the overall project has been divided into two master thesis works and all electronics are handles by  an  electrical/automation  company.  Therefore,  for  a  broader  understanding  and  information about functionality, reference is made to the second project “Konceptutveckling kring funktionerna hos en kabeldragare” authored by Anton Hansson.   It is extremely important to mention that the outcome of this project is intended to be a concept for a new innovative cable tensioner. This means that with future work on the concept, which includes  continued  depth  of  calculation  and  further  contact  with  suppliers,  can  provide  an opportunity  to  manufacture  the  generated  concept.  Another  development  area  Semcon  must proceed with is to review the safety routines of the machine. The authors of this report believe that a highly competitive solution has been presented, and that work contributes to a strong foundation for  the  development  of  transporting  sea  cable  technology  in  the  future  with  the  help  of  this innovative concept.

Informationen gällande dilatationsfogar är i dagsläget otydlig ochkonstruktörer ifrågasätter användandet av dem. Avsaknaden aven tydlig standard medför att användandet blir inkonsekvent.Behovet av att standardisera eller utförligt beskriva de viktigafaktorerna som spelar in är efterfrågat. Den främstaproblematiken ligger i avståndet mellan dilatationsfogar och när,eller om de är nödvändiga.Detta examensarbete har utförts i samarbete med avdelningenProperty & Buildings på WSP Uppsala i syfte om att spridakunskap om användandet av dilatationsfog inom konstruktion.Målet med arbetet är att effektivisera byggbranschensanvändande av dilatationsfogar. Studien framför ett antal nugällande rekommendationer från olika källor i litteraturstudiensamt tre intervjuer med erfarna konstruktörer. Denna informationsammanställs sedan i resultatet och slutsatsen, där en egen teoriframförts i förhoppning om att klargöra otydligheter inom ämnetsamt inspirera till vidare studier.Studien visar att sprickbildning är den främsta anledningen tillbehovet av en dilatationsfog och att många olika faktorer påverkaruppkomsten av sprickor. De faktorer som påverkar mest ärbyggnadens underlag och geometrin på betongkonstruktionen dådessa kan leda till rörelser i betongen och tvång. Utöver dessatekniska faktorer inverkar projektets ekonomi på användandet avdilatationsfogen. Detta leder till att varje enskilt fall börundersökas för att använda fogen effektivt, men studien visar påatt ett avstånd på 30 meter kan anses säkert. / Today's information regarding expansion joints is lacking and construction engineersare questioning the use of them. The absence of a distinct standard results ininconsistent usage.A standardization or a thorough description of the important factors taking place in thesubject is requested. The main issue regards the distance between expansion joints andwhen or if they are necessary.The purpose of this study is to spread knowledge regarding the use of expansion jointswithin construction and the work has been done in cooperation with the Property &Buildings department at WSP Uppsala. The end goal is to increase efficiency of the usageof expansion joints within construction. This study features several presentrecommendations from different written sources as well as three interviews withknowledgeable construction engineers. The information gathered is concluded andpresented in the results and conclusion parts of the report. To clarify the ambiguitiesregarding the subject and to inspire further research a theory has been presented aswell.The study shows that cracking is the main reason for usage of expansion joints and theorigin of cracks depends on many different elements. Mainly it is the buildingsgroundwork and the geometry of the different concrete construction units that lead tovarious movement and constrain damage. Alongside these elements the project's budgetdirectly affects usage of expansion joints. These factors all indicate that every uniquecase should be studied to assess the necessity and effective usage of expansion joints,however the study has shown that 30 meters between joints can be considered safe.

In the production of glass, the addition of more cullet to the batch of glass and the reduction of the thickness of glass are means to reduce energy consumption and raw material usage. This contributes towards improved energy efficiency targets of the European Union. This thesis investigated the energy consumed for the process of strengthening thinner glass as well the environmental implications of thinner and stronger compared to conventional glass across the life cycle of glass. The life cycle phases also included a recycling phase where 70% of the used glass was recycled with the remaining 30% being landfilled. The functional unit selected for this study was 1m2 of SLS glass, 4mm thick, with an average light transmittance of 91%. This corresponds to 10kg of clear float glass as per general rule. The findings of this thesis showed that one of the major contributing factors to high energy consumption in the melting phase of SLS glass is low efficiency of the furnace; this led to significant energy losses in the production of SLS glass. Recycling of flat glass, at a 70% rate, led to a 12% reduction in total global warming potential, a 10% reduction in the Acidification Potential, a 13% reduction in the Eutrophication Potential in marine environs, and a 7% reduction in the Eutrophication Potential in terrestrial habitats. The chemical and thermal strengthening process consumed 2.24 and 2.37 kWh/m2 respectively. The consequential impact of this is dependent on the source of the electricity for the strengthening processes. It was concluded that the energy used for the strengthening of the thinner glass is considerably less than the energy used in the production of a conventional glass that satisfies the same strength parameters.

Manufacturing of aero engine components requires attention to residual stress and final shape of the product in order to meet high quality product standards.This sets very high demands on involved manufacturing steps to meet design requirements. Simulation of manufacturing processes can therefore be animportant tool to contribute to quality assurance.The focus in this work is on simulation of a manufacturing process chain comprising of sheet metal forming, welding and a stress relief heat treatment.Simulation of sheet metal forming can be used to design a forming tool design that accounts for the material behaviour, e.g. spring back, and avoid problems such as wrinkling, thinning and cracking. Moreover, the simulation can also show how the material is stretched and work hardened. The residual stresses after forming may be of local character or global depending on the shape that is formed. However, the heat affected zone due to welding is located near the weld.The weld also causes large residual stresses with the major component along the weld. It is found that the magnitude of the residual stresses after welding is affected by remaining stresses from the previous sheet metal forming. The final stress relieve treatment will relax these residual stresses caused by e.g. forming and welding. However, this causes additional deformations.The main focus of this study is on how a manufacturing process step affects the subsequent step when manufacturing a component of the nickel-based super alloy 718. The chosen route and geometry is a simplified leading edge of an exhaust case guide vane. The simulations were validated versus experiments. The computed deformations were compared with measurements after each manufacturing step. The overall agreement between experiments and measurement was good. However, not sufficiently accurate considering the required tolerance of the component. It was found from simulations that the residual stresses after each process affects the subsequent step. After a complete manufacturing process chain which ends with a stress relief heat treatment the residual stresses were not negligible. VIII Special experiments were performed for studying the stress relief in order to understand how the stresses evolve through the heat treatment cycle during relaxation. It was found that the stresses were reduced already during the beginning of the heating up sequence due to decreasing Young´s modulus and yield stress with increasing temperature. Relaxation due to creep starts when a certain temperature was reached which gave a permanent stress relief.