Orientador: Elisabete Salay / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tolentino_ValeriaRuschid_D.pdf: 1056127 bytes, checksum: f1eaa7397955c8358d576aab8cebe99c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A alimentação fora de casa constitui um hábito cada vez mais freqüente no estilo de vida atual, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. Os restaurantes comerciais têm representado a forma mais freqüente de atendimento a essa demanda, compreendendo um setor cuja adoção de padrões para a garantia da segurança do alimento tem significado uma necessidade emergente para a saúde pública. A utilização de grandes quantidades e variedades de alimentos, preparados e distribuídos diretamente ao consumidor requer a adoção de procedimentos adequados. E, entre esses procedimentos, a aquisição das matérias primas é um fator determinante para a garantia da inocuidade das refeições produzidas. Desta forma, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi analisar as estratégias de abastecimento de carne bovina em restaurantes comerciais e o seu grau de influência na gestão da segurança do produto em agentes da cadeia produtiva. Ressalte-se a elevada freqüência da carne bovina no cardápio brasileiro, a relação desse produto com riscos sanitários e seu alto custo. O estudo foi conduzido em Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, município localizado no espaço brasileiro entendido como aquele onde se concentram os maiores mercados, e há melhor infra-estrutura urbana e mão-de-obra mais qualificada. Esta pesquisa é do tipo descritiva e englobou três fases. Primeiro, montou-se um banco de dados com unidades produtoras de refeições comerciais representadas pelas linhas de atuação self service, churrascarias e fast food. Em seguida, uma amostra de (n) 91 restaurantes dos três segmentos foi estudada com a finalidade de se obter a caracterização e a dimensão da política de abastecimento e da segurança para carne bovina. E, por último, foram entrevistados os fornecedores destes estabelecimentos buscando a identificação do segmento distribuidor de carne bovina e dos procedimentos para controle da segurança do alimento nesta etapa. A análise dos dados obtidos permitiu firmar a relevância preponderante da cotação de preços para determinar a aquisição de carne bovina em restaurantes comerciais tipo self service e churrascarias, cujo abastecimento foi caracterizado pela utilização de fornecedores variados e relações de parcerias sem contrato formal. Demonstrou-se grande diversidade de formas de contrato fixo no abastecimento das maiores redes de fast food, que utilizam fornecedores específicos por força da necessidade de evidenciar a padronização de suas marcas. Entre os cinco critérios mais apontados para seleção de fornecedor, a procedência vinculada à inspeção sanitária foi o único atributo de segurança sanitária relacionado. Foi relevante a importância dada por estes estabelecimentos ao papel do governo para melhorias das condições sanitárias da cadeia produtiva da carne bovina, em detrimento do seu próprio monitoramento de fornecedores. Foi constatada empiricamente situações de risco tanto em relação aos procedimentos operacionais no recebimento dos produtos nos restaurantes, que se apresentaram, de forma significativa, desprovidos de instrumentos como termômetros, formulários de controle, responsável técnico qualificado, como também se demonstrou frágil participação destes estabelecimentos em organizações de classe e não houve visibilidade de políticas publicas e/ou privadas abrangentes para estímulo à adoção de sistemas de gestão da segurança do alimento para o segmento. Com exceção dos estabelecimentos tipo fast food, destacou-se a grande incidência da gestão dos negócios efetuados pelos próprios donos, que, na maioria dos casos, também eram responsáveis pela compra de carne bovina. No que se refere ao mercado distribuidor de carne bovina, o estudo apontou os frigoríficos como principal fornecedor direto ou indireto de todos os tipos de restaurantes comerciais investigados. Apesar da diversidade de porte dos frigoríficos, os resultados encontrados apontaram 46,8% dos citados na presente pesquisa, representados por apenas três firmas, entre as maiores do país nesse ramo de atividade. Foi relevante a fragilidade apontada para a segurança do alimento relacionada à cadeia do frio no fluxo entre fornecedores representados pelas categorias açougues, lojas atacadistas e comércio atacadista de carnes e derivados, e o comprador/restaurante, embora a legislação em vigor tenha parâmetros para esse fim. Foi constatado que os maiores impactos para melhoria da segurança do alimento no abastecimento da carne bovina nos restaurantes comerciais, vêm sendo muito mais provenientes do setor abastecedor, que da gestão dos próprios restaurantes quando estabelecem seus critérios de seleção de fornecedores, compra e recebimento. Por outro lado, demonstrou-se a deficiência dos restaurantes comerciais no que se refere à apropriação de conhecimentos e técnicas necessárias para assegurar procedimentos corretos na aquisição de matéria prima e abastecimento. Aparentemente, os incentivos públicos e privados no âmbito da segurança dos alimentos são ainda insuficientes para incluir o segmento nos padrões necessários para cumprir adequadamente seu papel na saúde pública, mesmo na região identificada em situação de privilégio no universo brasileiro de produção e consumo de bens e serviços / Abstract: Eating away from home has been a frequent habit in the current life style mainly in the great urban centers. The commercial restaurants have represented the most frequent form of attendance of this demand encompassing a sector whose adoption of standards to guarantee the safety of food has meant an emergent public health necessity. The use of great amounts and varieties of foods prepared and distributed directly to the consumer requires the adoption of adequate procedures. And, among these procedures the acquisition of raw material is a key factor to guarantee the safety of the produced meals. Accordingly, the general purpose of the present study was to analyze the supplying strategies of beef in commercial restaurants, and its degree of safety management influence on the production chain agents. Indeed, it is worth to stress the high frequency of beef in the Brazilian menu, and the relation between sanitary risks and their high costs. Furthermore, the study was performed in Campinas, São Paulo state, a city located in a well-known Brazilian region by the largest market, appropriate urban infrastructure and more qualified human resources. This research was one of the descriptive type having three parts. In the first part, a data base was made up with commercial meals production units represented by their lines of attendance: self service, grill and fast food. In the second part 91 restaurants sample from these three segments was studied to obtain the characterization and the dimension of the beef supplying and safety aspects. And finally, these units of beef suppliers were interviewed to identify their beef delivering segments and the food control procedures in this production step. The data analysis allowed to ascertain the quotation of prices as preponderantly relevant to determine the acquisition of beef in commercial restaurants of the self service type and grill restaurant whose supplying was characterized by the use of varied suppliers and partnerships relations without written contract. Besides that, a great diversity of fixed contract was seen in the supplying of the biggest fast food chains which use specific suppliers driven by the necessity of making evident their brand standardization. For this reason, among the five most elected criteria by the suppliers, the origin joined with sanitary inspection was the only attribute related with safety. Additionally, these restaurants attributed a relevant importance to the government role in improvements on beef productive chain sanitary conditions in detriment of their own suppliers monitoring. Thus, situations of risk were evidenced in operational procedures of receiving the products in the restaurants which presented a significantly lack of instruments as thermometers, control questionnaires, qualified technicians in charge, and the participation in restaurants associations was weak, plus an absence of an outspread public and/or private policy visibility in order to stimulate this segment to adopt food safety management systems. With exception of restaurants of fast food type, a great incidence of business management done by the proper owners was remarkable being in the most of the cases responsible for the beef purchase. Regarding the beef delivering market, the study identified the cold-storage companies as the main direct or indirect supplier of all types of investigated commercial restaurants. Despite the size diversity of the cold-storage plants, the observed results indicated that 46.8% of these plants were represented by only three companies that were the greatest ones in a national level for this branch of activity. However, the fragility shown concerning the safety of the food associated with the cold-storage chain was evident in its flowing from suppliers represented by the categories butcher shops and beef and by-products wholesale shops and market to the purchaser/restaurant even though the legislation that came in force has parameters to this case. All things considered, the biggest impacts on the safety of the food improvement in commercial restaurants beef supplying have been verified much more on supplying sector than in the restaurants management whenever it establishes the election criteria for suppliers, purchases and receiving. On the other hand, the commercial restaurants indicated deficiencies of knowledge appropriation and necessary techniques to assure correct procedures in the raw materials acquisition and supply. Apparently, the private and public assistance in the field of the food safety is still insufficient to embrace the restaurant segment in the necessary standards to accomplish adequately its public health role even in a region identified by its privileged situation in the Brazilian realm of goods and services production and consumption / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This research analyzes the Peruvian organic production coffee industry, the relationship between Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Supply Chain Integration (SCI) concerning the performance of the Cooperatives and the Coffee Associations in Junin Region of Peru. It also analyzes the current scenario of the Coffee Sector and the participation of the Supply Chain (SC) in the processing and distribution of Organic Coffee in Junin, Peru. A diagnosis was made to the certified organizations from the market. The diagnosis and the surveys indicated that they do not have a correct flow of information, shared goals and objectives, strategic decisions, and sourcing materials among the different parties demonstrating the lack of interrelationship among the members. The final objective of this research is to improve the competitiveness of these organizations through the increase in the performance of the SC, for which a model of supply chain integration is proposed. / Revisión por pares

MSCAEC / Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness

No description available.

This thesis explores how to conduct a regional foodshed assessment and further provides guidance to local and regional planners on the use of foodshed assessments. A foodshed is the geographic origin of a food supply. Before the 1800s, foodsheds were predominantly local — within the city or neighboring countryside. Today most urban areas are supported by a global foodshed. While the global foodshed can present many benefits, it also creates tremendous externalities. In an attempt to address these concerns, promotion of alternative local foodsheds has re-emerged. A foodshed assessment serves as a planning tool for land use planners, as well as for local food advocates, offering an understanding of land use implications that is not often carefully considered. By determining the food needs of a region’s population, the land base needed to support that population can then be identified. In this way, planners can have a stronger basis for promoting working farmland preservation measures and strengthening the local foodshed. This thesis compares the approaches of five previous foodshed assessments and presents a model for conducting an assessment on a regional level. This model is then applied to the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts with the goal of determining how much the agricultural production in the Pioneer Valley fulfills the food consumption needs of the region’s population. The assessment also compares the amount of current working farmlands to open lands available for farming, and the extent of farmland necessary to meet regional food demand for various diet types.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Concern over significant increase in obesity has prompted interdisciplinary research to address the physical food environment in various regions. Empirical studies analyze units of geography independently of each other in studying the impact of the built environment in the health of a region. However, we know that geographical spaces have neighbors and these adjacent areas should be considered in analytical analysis that attempt to determine the effects present. This research incorporates the first neighbor influences by developing a refined hierarchical regression model that takes spatial autocorrelation and associated problems into account, based on Relative Risk of corporate supermarkets, to identify clustering of corporate supermarkets in Marion County. Using block groups as the unit of analysis, 3 models are run respectively incorporating population effect, environment effect, and interaction effects: interaction between population and environmental variables.Lastly, based on network distance to corporate supermarkets as a cost matrix, this work provides a solution to increase supermarkets in an optimal way and reduce access issues associated with these facilities. Ten new sites are identified where policy should be directed towards subsidizing entry of corporate supermarkets. These new sites are over and above the existing block groups that house corporate supermarkets. This solution is implemented using TransCAD™

Konsumentbeteende påverkas av olika faktorer, oro för kriser är något som kan förändra konsumentbeteendet och ha en stor påverkan på livsmedelskedjan. Under covid-19 syntes dess förändringar tydligt då rädsla och oro fick människor att bunkra. Liknande beteenden märktes även under början av kriget mellan Ryssland och Ukraina. Det har märkts av i form av tomma butikshyllor och att vissa butiker haft problem med beställningar. I nuläget har inte kriget stor påverkan på Sveriges försörjningskedja men det är svårt att bedöma hur det kommer se ut längre fram. På grund av den ökade efterfrågan leder det till variationer i beställningar som ökar längre bak i kedjan, detta fenomen kallas för bullwhip-effekten och startar hos konsumenter. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka effekter i försörjningskedjan på grund av ändrat konsumentbeteende i en kris. För att uppfylla syftet och svara på frågeställningarna valdes ett kvantitativt förhållningssätt. Vi valde att göra en enkätundersökning för att få en stor representation av befolkningen. Enkäten syftar till att ge en uppfattning om konsumenters val och hur kriget och covid-19 påverkat deras konsumentbeteende och se exempelvis om de köper mer av vissa livsmedel eller bygger lager för att få en uppfattning om hur det påverkar försörjningskedjan.Slutsatsen blev att konsumentbeteendet från covid-19 inte har en stor påverkan på försörjningskedjan idag. Pandemin visade hur viktigt det är att livsmedelskedjan är flexibel och bör resultera i mer kontroll av lagerhållning och delning av information för att mildra bullwhip-effekten. En del respondenter uttryckte känslor av stress när de såg tomma hyllor i livsmedelsbutikerna sedan kriget i Ukraina började. Respondenterna visade också sig mer påverkade från sociala medier än vänner och familj. Trots antagande att de ej känt sig påverkade av kriget har ca 40% köpt extra av framför alltkonserver. Studien påvisade att många respondenter är oroliga för att framtida kriser kommer påverka försörjningskedjan. Om en ny kris skulle uppstå kommer vi förmodligen se liknande konsumentbeteende som i de två föregående kriserna. Detta resulterar i fortsatta störningar i kedjan och bullwhip-effekten. / Consumer behavior is affected by various factors, concern about crises is something that can change consumer behavior and have a major impact on the food chain. During covid19, the changes were seen clearly when fear and anxiety made people start hoarding food. Similar behaviors were also noticed during the beginning of the war between Russia and Ukraine. It has been noticed in the form of empty store shelves and that some stores have had problems with orders. At present, the war does not have a major impact on Sweden's supply chain, but it is difficult to assess what it will look like in the future. Due to the increased demand, it leads to variations in orders that increase further back in the chain, this phenomenon is called the bullwhip-effect and it starts with the consumers. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects in the supply chain due to changes in consumer behavior in a crisis. In order to fulfill the purpose and answer the questions, a quantitative approach was chosen. We chose to do a survey to get a large representation of the population. The survey aims to provide an idea of consumers choices and how the war and covid-19 affected their consumer behavior and see whether they buy more of certain foods or perhaps stockpile, to get an idea of how it affects the supply chain.The conclusion was that consumer behavior from covid-19 does not have a major impact on the supply chain today. The pandemic showed how important it is for the food chain to be flexible and should result in more control over inventory and information sharing to mitigate the bullwhip effect. Some respondents expressed feelings of stress when they saw empty shelves in grocery stores since the war in Ukraine began. The respondents also proved to be more influenced by social media than friends and family. Despite assuming they did not feel affected by the war, about 40% bought extra food, especially canned goods. The study showed that many respondents are worried that future crises will affect the supply chain. Should a new crisis arise, we will probably see similar consumer behavior as in the two previous crises. This results in continued chain disruptions and the bullwhip effect.

Både globalt och här i Sverige så sker en befolkningsökning och enurbanisering som resulterar i att städer behöver utvecklas och bli större. Föratt kunna bygga bostäder och infrastruktur behöver mark tas i anspråk som idagsläget används för något annat. I dagsläget så är det mycket jordbruksmarksom ligger i anslutning till tätorter som blir exploaterad. Men för att klara avden livsmedelsproduktion som krävs så finns det även ett behov av att behållajordbruksmarker för det ändamålet. Dessa allmänna intressen ställs motvarandra och det är i kommunernas fysiska planering avvägningar ska ske ochdet är lagstiftningen som ligger till grund för att dessa avvägningar sker på etthållbart sätt för dagens behov men även för en hållbar framtid. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka om det finns en problematik ochsvårigheter att göra dessa avvägningar för en hållbar framtid samt om rådandelagstiftning är relevant för att säkerställa en ändamålsenlig markanvändning närefterfrågan på mark för såväl bebyggelse som jordbruksmark förväntas öka. För att besvara studiens frågeställning genomfördes både kvantitativa ochkvalitativa metoder i form en enkätstudie och en intervjustudie. Enkätstudienskickades ut till alla kommuner i Sverige för att få svar på om det ser enproblematik inom ämnet och hur de ställer sig till den isåfall. I resultatet kanman se att många kommuner ser att det finns en problematik i att göra dessaavvägningar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sexrespondenter från kommun, Länsstyrelse, Lantmäteriet och Jordbruksverketför att få en bredd och olika synvinkel på frågeställningen. I resultatet kan manse att det finns en problematik när det gäller att prioritera mellan att behållajordbruksmark och att exploatera den och att det skapar intressekonflikter.Det var även tydligt att någon form av ändring i lagstiftningen eller nyariktlinjer behövs för att säkerställa behovet av såväl jordbruksmark sombostadsbebyggelse. / Both globally and here in Sweden, there is a population increase andurbanization, resulting in the need for cities to develop and expand. In orderto build housing and infrastructure, land needs to be used, which is currentlybeing used for something else. Currently, a lot of agricultural land locatednear urban areas is being exploited. The need to preserve agricultural land forfood production is also important for meeting the demand for food. Thesepublic interests are weighed against each other, and it is the responsibility ofmunicipalities to make sustainable decisions in their physical planning, basedon legislation, for both present needs and a sustainable future.  The purpose of this study was to examine the difficulties in making thesedecisions for a sustainable future and whether current legislation is relevant inensuring appropriate land use when demand for both residential andagricultural land is expected to increase.  Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used, including a survey sentto all municipalities in Sweden to determine if there is a problem and howthey approach it. The results show that many municipalities face difficulties inmaking these decisions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with sixrespondents from municipalities, County Administrative Boards, the NationalLand Survey of Sweden, and the Swedish Board of Agriculture to gain abroader perspective on the issue. The results show that there is a challenge inprioritizing between preserving agricultural land and exploiting it, leading toconflicts of interest. It was also evident that changes to legislation or newguidelines are needed to ensure the preservation of agricultural land andhousing supply.

No / Local procurement by public bodies is one type of short food supply chain (SFSC), which have been argued to contribute to economic regeneration and local sustainable development. In the current UK policy environment, quantifying actual local economic gains could add much-needed weight to arguments in favour of local procurement in the NHS and other public bodies. To aid such quantification, this paper exemplifies and evaluates the use of a “quick and simple” tool called LM3, designed to measure the local economic benefit of initiatives like SFSCs. LM3 is calculated for the Cornwall Food Programme (CFP), a localised procurement initiative. The findings confirm that the CFP has a considerable impact on the local economy. Notwithstanding this conclusion, difficulties in data collection combined with inaccuracies inherent to the LM3 process created a large margin of error in the findings. Moreover, a qualitative evaluation of the CFP added a valuable understanding of the wider economic impact of the CFP. The use of an even simpler and more reliable “LM2” multiplier tool is recommended for future studies, accompanied by some qualitative evaluation to create a fuller picture of local economic impacts.

Although food insecurity is a major problem in South African society, there is limited community level information on what constitutes it and related causative socio-economic factors. This study fills this information gap by analysing food insecurity in Ward 3 of Jozini Local Municipality in uMkhanyakude district in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Specifically, the study explored the local understanding of food security and its socio-economic causes. A qualitative study was conducted using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques through a four-day workshop, supplemented with stakeholder interviews. The techniques used were historical timeline, seasonal calendar, focus group discussions, transect walk, problem tree analysis, social and resource mapping and semi-structured interviews. A four-day workshop was conducted with 44 participants that included traditional leadership, adult men and women, and young members of the community. The people of Ward 3 of Jozini Municipality regarded food insecurity as hunger that resulted in many socio-economic effects such as collapse of household unity and stability that enhanced erosion of dignity among household members. Hunger was commonly associated with “not eating enough”. Other effects of hunger included household heads, especially men resorting to alcohol and drug abuse as a way of escaping from indignity. The youth were said to be involved in crime, prostitution and alcohol abuse. As result of hunger, sick people defaulted from taking treatment against tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Indicators of food secure households were access to funds, ownership of cattle, possession of arable land and access to water. Very irregular emissions of smoke from kitchens of food insecure households indicated that they had nothing to cook and eat. The people of Ward 3, Jozini revealed the choices made in the context of limited income to buy food. The choices included migration to urban areas in search of employment, women resorting to sex work, livelihoods activities such as gardening and craftwork. In the absence of an adult, many child headed households were said to be food insecure. The socio-economic factors causing food insecurity were poverty, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS pandemic, unemployment, illiteracy, low household food production, limited access to resources such as water and land. The HIV and AIDS pandemic exacerbated food insecurity at household level. Furthermore, poverty forced women into sex work which places them at high risk of contracting HIV and spreading it to their multiple partners. In addition, as a coping mechanism men committed crime such as poaching of animals from game reserves which further expose them to loss of livelihoods and food security options. The socio-economic factors contributing to food insecurity were so intertwined such that an integrated approach is recommended as the best approach for solving the compounded problems. Further local population should be engaged to define solutions to the problems. To enhance self-reliance and self-drive among communities, adult basic education training should be incorporated to reduce the high illiteracy rate. The local leaders should be engaged to bring the large tracts of land owned by old people into full utilisation. The non-government, government and institutions working in the area should strengthen and diversify livelihoods to promote livelihoods sustainability and enable communities to survive shocks by reducing asset poverty. / Thesis (M.Agric)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermarizburg, 2011.