A quoi sert la responsabilité contractuelle ? « Réparer » répond la doctrine classique. « Payer ! » conteste un courant doctrinal audacieux. « Punir ? » s’interrogent quelques voix ici et là. La responsabilité contractuelle cherche à reconstituer une situation à l’image de celle qui aurait découlé de l’exécution du contrat. Ce faisant, elle ne remplit pas une fonction unique mais plusieurs fonctions. Elle est d’abord tournée vers le créancier, auquel elle offre un substitut en argent de l’exécution elle-même (fonction de paiement) et la compensation des préjudices consécutifs à l’inexécution (fonction de réparation). Les dommages et intérêts en lieu et place de l’exécution et les dommages et intérêts compensatoires se complètent et permettent le rétablissement du créancier. La responsabilité contractuelle est ensuite tournée vers le débiteur : elle punit l’inexécution d’une particulière gravité en le condamnant à verser une somme supérieure à celle due au titre du paiement et de la réparation (fonction de peine privée). Cette punition peut notamment prendre la forme d’une restitution des profits, sanction de portée générale de la violation lucrative du contrat. L’étude des fonctions de paiement, de réparation et de peine privée révèle le caractère hybride de la responsabilité contractuelle, lequel forge sa spécificité et fonde son autonomie. Des fonctions qui sont reconnues à la responsabilité contractuelle dépendent directement les conditions qui président à sa mise en oeuvre, les effets qui sont les siens, la place qu’elle occupe au sein du droit de l’inexécution, son articulation avec les autres sanctions et la frontière qui la sépare de la responsabilité délictuelle. Cette étude de droit comparé, qui inclut, aux côtés du droit français, les droits allemand et anglais, examine les interactions entre les fonctions et les sanctions de la responsabilité contractuelle en vue d’une meilleure compréhension et d’une possible reconstruction de cette institution. / What is the purpose of contractual liability? “To compensate” will be the classical answer. “To provide a substitute for performance!” will dissent some daring scholars. “To punish?” will ask some voices here and there. Contractual liability aims at reproducing a situation similar to the one that would have resulted from performance. In doing so, it fulfils not one, but several functions. Firstly, looking at the creditor, contractual liability offers him a monetary substitute for performance itself (satisfactory function) and a compensation for the consequential loss suffered due to the breach of contract (compensatory function). Secondly, turning to the debtor, contractual liability punishes particularly serious breaches of contract by allowing an amount of damages greater than the cost of performance and compensation (punitive function). In case of a profit-oriented breach, this punishment can take the form of an account of profits. The clarification of these three functions reveals the hybrid nature of contractual liability that forges its specificity and provides the conceptual foundations for its autonomy. On these functions depend the conditions and effects of contractual liability, its place in contract law and its articulation and combination with the other remedies for breach of contract, as well as its borderline to tortious liability. This comparative work in French, German and English Law examines the interactions between the functions and the sanctions within contractual liability in view of a better understanding and a possible rational reconstruction of the concept of contractual liability.

This diploma work is focused on the Cloud Computing and its possible applications in the Czech Republic. The first part of the work is theoretical and describes accessible sources analysis related to its topic. Historical circumstances are given in the relation to the evolution of this technology. Also few definitions are quoted, followed by the Cloud Computing basic taxonomy and common models of use. The chapter named Cloud Computing Architecture covers the generally accepted model of this technology in details. In the part focused on theory are mentioned some of the services opearating on this technology. At the end the theoretical part brings possibility of the Cloud Computing usage from the customer's and supplier's perspective. The practical part of the diploma work is divided into sections. The first one brings results of the questionnare research, performed by the author in the Czech Republic, focused on the usage of the Cloud Computing and virtualization services. In the sekond section is pre-feasibility study. The study is focused on the providing SaaS Services in the area of long-term and safe digital data store. Lastly there is an author's view on the Cloud Computing technology future and possible evolution.

Este trabalho busca apresentar uma análise focada na interpretação de cinco obras sacras para coro à cappella do compositor Ernani Aguiar. As obras são: Três Motetinos n° 1 (1975-1978), Três Motetinos n° 2 (1982), Três Motetinos n° 3 (1980-1986), Três Motetinos n° 4 e Três Motetinos n° 5 (1992). A metodologia de análise musical está sustentada a partir do Referencial Silva Ramos de Análise de Obras Corais, respondendo as questões pertinentes e depois transformando-as em texto corrido. Apresentamos um pequeno texto sobre sua trajetória de vida, mostrando sucintamente a atividade de Ernani Aguiar como compositor, regente e professor. Em seguida elencamos o conjunto de sua obra coral sacra para coro à cappella, apresentando informações como data de composição, texto utilizado, estreias e gravações das mesmas. Ainda, apresentamos a fundo outros detalhes sobre as composições das cinco obras estudadas. Na continuidade, apresentamos as análises de cada uma das cinco obras e discutimos pontos que ocorreram durante nosso processo de chegada a uma concepção para performance das mesmas. E é na esteira desse trabalho que abordamos as constâncias composicionais de Aguiar, seu modo de escrita e algumas de suas escolhas estéticas, concluindo assim esta dissertação. / This study aims to present an analysis focused on the interpretation of five sacred works for choir a cappella from the composer Ernani Aguiar. The works are: Três Motetinos No. 1 (1975-1978), Três Motetinos No. 2 (1982), Três Motetinos No. 3 (1980-1986), Três Motetinos No. 4 and Três Motetinos No. 5 (1992). The methodology of the musical analysis is sustained from the Silva Ramos Reference of Coral Work Analysis, answering the relevant questions and then turning them into plain text. We present a small text about his life story, succinctly showing Ernani Aguiar\'s activity as a composer, conductor and teacher. Then we list his sacred choral work\'s ensemble to the a cappella choir, presenting information, such as composition date, text used, premieres and its recordings. We also thoroughly present other details about the compositions of the five studied works. Continuing, we present the analysis of each of the five works and we discuss points which occurred during our process of arriving at a guideline for its performance. And it is in the wake of this work that we approach the compositional constancies of Aguiar, his writing mode and some of its aesthetic choices, thus concluding this dissertation.

Can pay-for-performance increase the motivation of public employees? By providing a basis for personnel decisions, particularly linking rewards to performance, performance appraisals aim to increase employees' work motivation and ultimately to improve their work performance and organizational productivity. With the emphasis on results-oriented management, performance appraisals have become a key managerial tool in the public sector. Critics charge, however, that pay-for-performance is ineffective in the public sector, largely because the link between performance and rewards is weak. However, no one has empirically measured the strength of the linkage. If performance ratings do have an impact on career success in the federal service, they might contribute to race and gender inequality. Although many studies have examined factors affecting gender and racial differences in career success, studies that try to connect gender and racial inequalities to managerial tools are scarce. Using a one percent sample of federal personnel records, the first essay examines the impact of performance ratings on salary increases and promotion probabilities, and the second essay explores whether women and minorities receive lower ratings than comparable white males, and women and minorities receive lower returns on the same level of performance ratings than comparable white males. The first essay finds that performance ratings have only limited impact on salary increases, but that they significantly affect promotion probability. Thus, the argument that performance-rewards link is weak could be partially correct, if it considers only pay-performance relationships. The second essay finds that women receive equal or higher performance ratings than comparable white men, but some minority male groups, particularly black men, tend to receive lower ratings than comparable white men. On the other hand, the returns on outstanding ratings do not differ between women and minority male groups and white men, though women groups seem to have disadvantages in promotion with the same higher ratings as comparable men in highly male-dominant occupations.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att ur ett ledningsperspektiv undersöka vilka belöningssystem småsom gare nämnde nämnde prestation. hur vi kommer in på just ett belöningssystem som främjar. lvis kopplingen emellan prestation företag använder och jämföra detta med företagens tillväxt och de anställdas prestation. Metod: Metoden använder en tvärsnittsdesign med induktiv karaktär. Primärdata består av kvalitativa intervjuer som kombineras med en kvantitativ enkätundersökning ur ett  företagsledarperspektiv. Urvalet baseras på företagens storlek, år de grundades samt  bransch. TeoriUppsatsskribenterna avser att använda agentteorin, Hertzbergs tvåfaktorteori, teorier kring belöningssystem och motivationsteorier som uppsatsen teoretisk ramverk. Resultat: Resultatet visar att fast lön och prestationsbelöningar är mest använt. De anställdas prestation har en avgörande roll för hur företaget presterar. Rörlig lön i form av provision och bonus är det som anses motivera de anställda mest till att prestera och företag med hög tillväxt föredrar prestationsbelöning. Analys: Belöningssystem måste vara kopplat till företagens målsättningar för att främja ett  företags prestation. Eftersom detta innebär att anställda då styrs att arbeta mot  företagsmålet. Slutsatser: En kombination av rörlig lön och fast lön verkar flest företagsledare att föredra när det gäller att främja ett företags prestation. Detta förutsatt att de är tydligt kopplade till  företagets mål. Företagsledare har olika belöningssystem för olika anställda inom företaget. / Purpose: From a managerial perspective examine which reward systems small Swedish businesses are using and compare it to the companies growth and  the employers work performance. Methodology: The method used a cross-sectional design with an inductive standpoint. Primary data is conducted with qualitative interviews combined with a structured survey study from the managers’ point of view. The selection is based on the companies’ number of employees, year of startup and type of business. Theory: The authors used theoretical models such as Agent theory, Herzberg two-factor theory, Reward system theory and motivation theories. Results: The result shows that salaried and pay-for-performance systems are used the most. The employees’ achievements determine how well the company is going to preform. Pay-for-performance in the matter of commission and bonus is what motivates the employees most to perform and high performance companies prefers pay-for-performance. Analysis: The reward system must correlate with the companies’ goals in order to control that the employee works in the same direction as the company. Conclusion: A combination of pay-for-performance and salaried wage seems to be most preferred by managers, to the extent that the rewards are explicitly correlated to the companies’ goals. Managers use different reward systems for varies employees within the companies.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T15:24:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diuliano Vitor Lucena - 2017.pdf: 2410127 bytes, checksum: bbbd8f84cb6ee5c5514c52c8675ef9f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T15:24:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diuliano Vitor Lucena - 2017.pdf: 2410127 bytes, checksum: bbbd8f84cb6ee5c5514c52c8675ef9f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T15:24:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diuliano Vitor Lucena - 2017.pdf: 2410127 bytes, checksum: bbbd8f84cb6ee5c5514c52c8675ef9f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This paper addresses interpretative and pedagogical aspects of double bass works within Brazilian popular music genders. The major objective is to update the Brazilian Online Catalog of Erudite Work for Double Bass (RAY, 2005), and discuss interpretative and teaching aspects from the selection of work which presents characteristics of brazilian popular music genders in this collection. The methodology is qualitative and it presents, at first, a discussion of the addressed repertoire. Next, it develops a proposal for pedagogical and interpretation possibilities applicable to the bassist training. The work is organized in three parts: process of catalog update, selection of the work which was debated and discussion about the performance the performance and suggestions for studies of the workpieces. As a result, 81 new workpieces, which were accumulated from 2006 to 2016, were listed and included in the catalog that bear 136 compositions. After this update, the catalog currently bears 222 workpieces, and 81 of these workpieces hold elements of the Brazilian Popular Music Gender. It is concluded with the proposal of a possible pedagogical path in order to study and solve technical problems as articulation (bow stroke and bowing) in repertoire with choro and baião citations, in order to exemplify and suggest how to perform works with citations of MPB genders in concert music. / Este trabalho trata de aspectos pedagógicos e interpretativos em obras para contrabaixo que se enquadram em gêneros da música popular brasileira. O objetivo principal é atualizar o Catálogo Brasileiro de Obras Eruditas para Contrabaixo On-Line (RAY, 2005) e discutir aspectos pedagógicos e interpretativos, a partir da seleção de obras que apresentam características dos gêneros da música popular brasileira neste acervo. A metodologia tem caráter qualitativo e apresenta, num primeiro momento, uma análise reflexiva sobre o repertório abordado. Em seguida, desenvolve uma proposta pedagógica e de interpretação aplicável nos estudos do contrabaixista. O trabalho está organizado em três partes: processo de atualização do catálogo, seleção das obras discutidas, discussão sobre a performance e sugestões de estudo das obras. Como resultado, foram listadas e incluídas no catálogo que continha 136 composições, mais 81 novas peças que foram acumuladas de 2006 até 2016. Com essa atualização o catálogo está atualmente com 222 peças, sendo que 81 dessas contêm elementos de Gênero da Musica popular Brasileira. Conclui-se com a proposta um possível caminho pedagógico para o estudo e resoluções de problemas técnicos como a articulação (golpe de arco e arcadas) em repertório com citação de choro e baião, a título de exemplo e sugestão de como lidar com citações de gêneros da MPB na música de concerto.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à plusieurs questions posées par l’introduction et la généralisation, en France, d’incitatifs économiques de type P4P appliqués à la médecine générale. Ces schémas incitatifs (CAPI, ROSP) ont pour objectif d’améliorer la qualité des soins, mais ils sont débattus en termes d’efficience et d’effets indésirables potentiels. Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons l’impact du CAPI sur différents indicateurs de la qualité des soins : la durée de la consultation et le dépistage des cancers. Puis, nous étudions les modalités d’une meilleure implication du médecin généraliste (MG) dans le dépistage des cancers, en appliquant la méthodologie des choix discrets. Enfin, nous analysons la relation entre motivations intrinsèques et extrinsèques des MGs français. Nous montrons que le CAPI n’a pas eu d’impact significatif sur les indicateurs de qualité considérés et que les MGs seraient sensibles à d’autres dispositifs non monétaires potentiellement moins coûteux. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence une relation de substituabilité entre motivations intrinsèques et extrinsèques. Ces résultats invitent à davantage de prudence dans la définition des incitatifs économiques en médecine générale. / This thesis addresses several issues raised by the introduction in France of economic incentives such as pay-For-Performance applied to general practice. These incentive schemes are designed to improve the quality of care, but they are discussed both in terms of effectiveness and potential side effects. Initially, we assess the impact of the CAPI scheme on various indicators of quality of care: the consultation length and cancers screening. Then, using the discrete choice experiment methodology, we reveal general practitioners (GPs) preferences for devices aimed at improving the early detection of cancers. Finally, we analyse empirically the relationship between French GPs' intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. We show that the CAPI has not had a significant impact on the selected quality indicators. In addition, GPs would be sensitive to potentially less costly nonmonetary devices. Eventually, we highlight a negative relationship between GPs' intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Our results call for greater caution in the definition of economic incentives in general practice.

In this thesis, I apply the sophisticated tools made available by the econometrics of panel data and treatment models to a range of different issues. In the first Chapter, an ECM model is used to test on the existence of financing constraints in firms’ investment and R&D, taken a proxy for the efficiency of market institutions and governance rules in different countries. In the second chapter we test an agency model linking pay-performance contracts of CEOS to the financial situation of a firm by using a UK panel data. In the third chapter I use a sophisticated treatment model to evaluate the effectiveness of Italian public subsidies to R&D. Finally, in the fourth chapter I try to evaluate the efficiency of Italian regional systems of public healthcare by controlling for socio-economic factors and quality of healthcare in a composite model using panel data estimation and efficient frontier techniques.<p>The first Chapter analyzes the investment behavior of a sample of R&D intensive firms which are quoted on the stock market from USA, UK and Japan for the period 1990-1998. By using an error correction model we test the elasticity of investment and R&D to cash flow in these countries to see by which measure different market institutions and corporate governance rules affects the cost of external financing. Contrary to previous studies, we find significant differences in the sensitivity to cash flow of the two types of investment, with R&D expenditure being much less sensitive than ordinary investment. This is not surprising given the more long-term nature of R&D expenditures. For what concerns the comparison between the different systems/countries, the USA stock markets confirms as the most efficient market providing outside financing at a much lower cost compared to other markets, especially for young, smaller firms.<p>The second Chapter is a joint work with Biagio Speciale. It uses the data on a panel of quoted UK firms over the period 1995–2002 to study the effects of financial leverage on managerial compensation. The change in the investors’ expectations that caused the recent collapse of the stock market tech bubble is a perfect example of natural experiment that has been used as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in the firm’s debt. The estimates show that pay-for-performance sensitivity is increasing in financial leverage, with the exception of the 10% most levered firms, giving rise at the end to a non-linear (inverted U-shape) relationship between the two variables. The chapter includes also a theoretical model accounting for this relationship where an higher leverage increases both the expected returns and the expected variance of investment returns: the first effect (determining increased pay-performance sensitivity) prevails for low leverage values and the second effect (determining decreased pay-performance sensitivity) prevails for high leverage values.<p>The third Chapter undertakes an empirical estimation of the additionality of public funding on both the propensity to initiate R&D activity and the intensity of R&D spending of Italian enterprises for the period 1998-2000, using data from the Third Community Innovation Survey and from firms' financial accounts. The chosen methodology (Endogenous Switching Type II-Tobit) takes into account the possibility that decisions about both starting an R&D activity (sample selection effect) and applying for/obtaining public funding (essential heterogeneity) are influenced by private knowledge of enterprises' idiosyncratic propensities in R&D spending. The present analysis shows that both these effects are indeed important and that they contribute to explain most of the additionality found with less sophisticated models.<p>The fourth Chapter investigates the underlying causes of variability of public health expenditure per capita (SSPC henceforth) between Italian regions. A fixed-effect panel data estimate on the SSPC (for the period 1997-2006) is used in the first part of the paper to account for regional differences in terms of physical, demographic, socio-economic characteristics and in terms of other variables that affect demand and supply of health services. In the second part, we take the ‘adjusted’ SSPC and proceed to estimate an "efficient production function" of the quality of health services through Data Envelopment Analysis. This procedure allows us to separate the share of expenditure used for the improvement of the quality from the one that can be traced only to an inefficient use of financial resources. A comparison of regional SSPC after factoring out the socio-economic factors and the quality of healthcare shows that big differences still remain and are even exacerbated, signalling big pockets of inefficiency and correspondingly a huge potential for cost savings. Finally, a preliminary analysis shows a positive correlation between the efficiency of regional public spending in healthcare and the level of social capital. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Currently, the SEP laboratory has developed a system to automatically generate PDF reports summarizing the results of evaluation tests. This system works well in production but has several limitations. In fact, the use of OriginPro software is an obstacle because of the need for a paid license and hence its use is often limited to researchers and therefore not accessible by coaches and athletes. This means that coaches and athletes cannot access the results directly and must always go through the researchers to obtain the PDF report. Moreover, the PDF report is fixed and not dynamic, i.e. once it is generated, it is not possible to interact with it nor to obtain additional information than the ones presented in the report. Thus, this project aims at developing a web interface to visualize the results of the evaluation tests to improve the follow-up of the French elite athletes and coaches, in order to allow them to access in a simpler and faster way the test results but also to offer them new insights and information. Therefore, a prototype of a web interface integrating results dashboards for 22 out of the 28 different evaluation tests, was developed. This prototype was then evaluated on its usability and user experience in order to obtain subjective but also quantitative evaluations. Finally, it was shown that the use of such an interface is of great interest for athletes and coaches. Indeed, it would save them a lot of time compared to the current process of submitting test reports and there would be a real added value with the dynamic aspect of the interface, and this could be integrated into their daily practices in order to individualize the training, capitalize on the data collection, as well as to follow their athletes longitudinally. / För närvarande har SEP-laboratoriet utvecklat ett system för att automatiskt generera PDF-rapporter som sammanfattar resultaten av utvärderingstesterna. Detta system fungerar bra i produktionen men har flera begränsningar. Användningen av OriginPro-programvaran är i själva verket ett hinder eftersom det krävs en betald licens och därför är användningen ofta begränsad till forskare och därför inte tillgänglig för tränare och idrottare. Detta innebär att tränare och idrottare inte kan få tillgång till resultaten direkt utan alltid måste gå via forskarna för att få PDF-rapporten. PDF-rapporten är dessutom fast och inte dynamisk, dvs. när den väl är genererad är det inte möjligt att interagera med den eller att få ytterligare information än den som presenteras i rapporten. Detta projekt syftar därför till att utveckla ett webbgränssnitt för att visualisera resultaten av utvärderingstesterna för att förbättra uppföljningen av franska elitidrottare och tränare, för att ge dem tillgång till testresultaten på ett enklare och snabbare sätt, men också för att ge dem nya insikter och information. Därför utvecklades en prototyp av ett webbgränssnitt som integrerar resultatinstrumentpaneler för 22 av de 28 olika utvärderingstesterna. Prototypen utvärderades sedan med avseende på användbarhet och användarupplevelse för att få subjektiva men också kvantitativa utvärderingar. Slutligen visade det sig att användningen av ett sådant gränssnitt är av stort intresse för idrottare och tränare. Det skulle spara dem mycket tid jämfört med den nuvarande processen med att skicka in testrapporter och det skulle finnas ett verkligt mervärde med den dynamiska aspekten av gränssnittet, och detta skulle kunna integreras i deras dagliga praxis för att individualisera träningen, dra nytta av datainsamlingen och för att följa sina idrottsmän i ett längre perspektiv.

The investigation of the relationship between the learning culture and academic achievement is the focal point of this research. Owing to the poor scholastic performance of particularly black matric pupils in the erstwhile Department of Education and Training, an investigation was launched into the Department with a view to identify the possible causes of poor matric performance. As a point of departure an in-depth study was made into aspects of the Department of Education and Training, including those which did not fall within the ambit of the Department, which would shed light on the possible causes of poor matric results. The study revealed many signs and incidents which are symptomatic of an eroded culture of learning in a considerable number of schools. Subsequently, a comprehensive study of the establishment of a learning culture was made. According to this study the establishment of a learning culture should transcend the boundaries of the school because pupils do not only learn and study at school, but at home and in the community as well. After concluding this study it immediately became evident that a considerable number of black schools fall far short of the requirements of a learning culture. The responsibilities of the principal as the manager and instructional leader of his school, together with the selection of the principal and teachers for employment, were the next to be studied. Proper performance of the aforementioned functions as well as proper selection of either the principal or teachers for employment can contribute enormously towards establishing a positive school climate. In the empirical research data was gleaned by means of questionnaires. Thereafter the Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between variables and the t-test and chi-square test were used to test the null hypothesis. From the empirical investigation it emerged that there is a relationship between a learning culture and academic achievement. The ultimate conclusion reached is that the establishment of a learning culture is a prerequisite for academic achievement. Arising from this research certain conclusions were drawn, recommendations were made and areas for possible future research were suggested. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)