Drilling is a standard process for producing holes in metal materials. With an increased hole depth the demands increase on both machine and tool. Deep hole drilling is a complex process which ischaracterized by a high metal removal rate and hole accuracy. A hole deeper than ten times the diameter can be considered a deep hole which requires a specialized drilling technique. During adeep hole drilling process, the forces generated on the deep hole drill give a rise to a resultant radial force. The resultant radial force pushes the drill in a radial direction during a drilling operation. The radial force direction is of crucial importance in regard of tool guidance, stability and hole size accuracy. This force affects tool performance, reduces tool life and has an impact on the bore surface. Due to the complex nature of deep hole drilling, Sandvik Coromant wishes to get a better understanding of how their current deep hole drilling tools are balanced. The purpose of this study is to conduct a survey of a number of drills of Sandvik Coromant deep hole drill assortment. The main aim of this study is to calculate and measure the resultant radial force generated during a deep hole drilling operation. The forces are calculated with the aid of a calculation program and test-runs on a number of drills. This report presents the calculated magnitude and direction of the resultant radial force duringentrance, full intersection and at the exit of the workpiece. In addition to the measured values of theresultant radial force during entry and full intersection. Four different drill geometries are evaluated which of two are competitor drills. A deep hole drill geometry is re-modified in aspect to drill stability based on the outcome of the measured and calculated results. The results acquired from the performed calculation and measurements of the resultant showed that the resultant radial force acts in an angular direction that was outside the range between the support pads. This true for three of the four evaluated drill geometries. There were minor differences between the measured and calculated forces which enforce the reliability of the used calculation program. The modified drill geometry of a deep hole drill gave an indication of which geometry variables have impact on the resultant radial force magnitude and angular direction. The data presented in this report can be a base for future development of a deep hole drill toolgeometry in regard to the resultant radial force. Variables affecting the calculated results and theresultant radial force are presented and discussed. The study is concluded with suggestions of futurework based on the acquired data.

The coupling of macroscopic objects via the optical near-field can generate strong attractive and repulsive forces. Here, I explore the static and dynamic optomechanical interactions that take place in a geometry consisting of a silicon nanomembrane patterned with a square-lattice photonic crystal suspended above a silicon-on-insulator substrate. This geometry supports a hybridized optical mode formed by the coupling of eigenmodes of the membrane and the silicon substrate layer. This system is capable of generating nanometer-scale deflections at low optical powers for membrane-substrate gaps of less than 200 nm due to the presence of an optical cavity created by the photonic crystal that enhances both the optical force and a force that arises from photo-thermal-mechanical properties of the system. Feedback between Brownian motion of the membrane and the optical and photo-thermal forces lead to dynamic interactions that perturb the mechanical frequency and linewidth in a process known as ``back-action.'' The static and dynamic properties of this system are responsible for optical bistability, mechanical cooling and regenerative oscillations under different initial conditions. Furthermore, solid objects separated by a small distance experience the Casimir force, which results from quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field (i.e. virtual photons).The Casimir force supplies a strong nonlinear perturbation to membrane motion when the membrane-substrate separation is less than 150 nm. Taken together, the unique properties of this system makes it an intriguing candidate for transduction, accelerometry, and sensing applications. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

Forces are increasingly recognized as major regulators of cell physiology and function, and the mechanical properties of cells are essential to the mechanisms by which cells sense forces, transmit them to the cell interior or to other cells, and transduce them into chemical signals that impact a spectrum of cellular responses. Furthermore, cells can sense their extracellular environment and regulate their own mechanics and biology. Due to limitation of methodology, the cortical property of cells has been extensively characterized; however, the mechanics and dynamics of cytoplasm which consists all key cellular organelles, remains poorly understood. Moreover, a basic understanding of cell mechanics, such as which parameters correlates with cell stiffness and therefore impact cell biology is unknown. In this thesis, we firstly present a thorough investigation of the mechanical and dynamic properties of the cytoplasm, including direct measurement of cytoplasmic material property using optical tweezers, and visualization of intracellular dynamics by tracer particles. By combining these two measurements we obtain a directly characterization of the cytoplasmic forces; we further apply this method to study cancer cells and cells without vimentin intermediate filament, and find that cancer cells have significantly stronger intracellular forces, which vimentin intermediate filament does not have effect on the force generation. Secondly, we present our result on the role of cell volume in cell mechanics and cell biology. We show that the volume of a cell changes upon the property of the extracellular environment; the change in cell volume directly induces change in the mechanical property of both cytoplasm and cell cortex. We further show that the change in cell volume is due to intracellular water influx/efflux, and this has significant impact on cell biology, such as stem cell differentiation. Finally, we present a direct characterization of the equation of state of living cells by measuring cell volume under increasing osmotic pressure. We show that a living cell, under osmotic compression, behaves as Van der Waals gas with a hard sphere excluded volume; the minimum volume of cells is determined by cellular proteins, which the equation of state of living cells is dominated by intracellular ions. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

This report examines the book Forces for Good: The Six Practices of High-Impact Nonprofits, by Leslie R. Crutchfield and Heather McLeod Grant as it applies to a particular nonprofit organization: The Miracle Foundation. The Miracle Foundation is a nonprofit based in Austin, Texas, with a mission of empowering orphans, primarily in rural India, to reach their full potential “one child at a time” in an effort to break the cycle of poverty. After an examination of The Miracle Foundation in the context of the Six Practices, the author presents a seventh practice. Additionally, this report discusses shortcomings of the nonprofit and a series of recommendations to ensure The Miracle Foundation is on a course toward being high impact. There is a particular focus on the branding and marketing strategy, as well as the unique position of The Miracle Foundation. / text

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When designing work tasks, one goal should be to enable postures that maximize the force capabilities of the workers while minimizing the overall muscular demands; however, little is known regarding specific shoulder tissue loads during pushing and pulling. This study quantitatively evaluated the effects of direction (anterior-posterior pushing and pulling), handle height (100 cm and 150 cm), handle orientation (vertical and horizontal), included elbow angle (extended and flexed) as well as personal factors (gender, mass and stature) on hand force magnitudes, shoulder and L5/S1 joint moments, normalized mean muscle activation and electromyography (EMG)/force ratios during two-handed maximal push and pull exertions. Twelve female and twelve male volunteers performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions under 10 push and pull experimental conditions that emulated industrial tasks. Hand force magnitudes, kinematic data and bilateral EMG of seven superficial shoulder and trunk muscles were collected. Results showed that direction had the greatest influence on dependent measures. Push exertions produced the greatest forces while also reducing L5/S1 extensor moments, shoulder moments with the 150 cm height and overall muscular demands (p < 0.0001). The 100 cm handle height generated the greatest forces (p < 0.0001) and reduced muscular demands (p < 0.05), but were associated with greater sagittal plane moments (p < 0.05). Females generated, on average, 67% of male forces in addition to incurring greater muscular demands (p < 0.05). The flexed elbows condition in conjunction with pushing produced greater forces with reduced overall muscular demands (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, horizontal handle orientation caused greater resultant moments at all joints (p <. 0.05) The results have important ergonomics implications for evaluating, designing or modifying workstations, tasks or equipment towards improved task performance and the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries and associated health care costs.

This thesis examines the implications of the operation of the Armed Forces (Jammu &amp; Kashmir) Special Powers Act 1990 (&ldquo;Act&rdquo;) on Kashmir from human rights perspective. It draws a comparison between the Act and the existing penal legislations in India. It proposes that the Act should be repealed and actions of the armed forces should be governed by the already existing penal legislations. It suggests amendment of similar state and central legislations conferring immunity to the armed forces. The precondition of approval of the Central Government for instituting a legal proceeding should be removed. It proposes constitution of special grievance cells at district levels to adjudicate cases against the armed forces before being referred to the higher courts. The thesis urges the Indian Government to approach the issue of Kashmir following principles of Ahimsa (&ldquo;non&ndash;violence&rdquo;) and Satyagraha (&ldquo;insistence on truth&rdquo;) adopted by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian independence struggle.

Tyrimo tikslas – pateikti apibendrintą Lietuvos kariuomenės įvaizdžio formavimo modelį išnagrinėjus organizacijos įvaizdžio formavimo teorinę medžiagą ir atlikus Šiaulių miesto gyventojų bei Lietuvos kariuomenės karių/civilių darbuotojų anketinę apklausą. Baigiamajame darbe išnagrinėta organizacijos įvaizdžio sąvoka, aptarti pagrindiniai įvaizdžio formavimo elementai. Taip pat pateikti užsienio ir Lietuvos autorių sudaryti modeliai susiję su organizacijos įvaizdžio kūrimu bei pateikiamas sudarytas apibendrintas Lietuvos kariuomenės įvaizdžio valdymo modelis. Patvirtinama hipotezė, kad Lietuvos kariuomenė vis dar formuoja teigiamą ir šiuolaikišką įvaizdį. / Work aim – to create the general Lithuanian Armed Forces image formation model after analyzing the organization’s image formation theoretical material and performing the questioner research with Siauliai city citizens and Lithuanian Armed Forces soldiers and civilian workers. Final work analyzes the organization’s image concept, and discusses the main image formation elements. Also presented foreign and Lithuanian authors models that are related to image creation and presented a designed general Lithuanian Armed Forces image formation model. The hypothesis is proved that Lithuanian Armed Forces is still forming a positive and modern image.

This thesis suggests that architectural interventions can aid in reintegrating an ethos of interconnectedness between recreationists and nature, as well as between recreationists and community, by emphasizing and intertwining natural forces and cultural flows. The analogy of a skier in motion, interacting with the landscape and gravity, inspires architectural moves. Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada, a prime example of a mountain community that has experienced a shift to corporate-based skiing, is the location for this exploration.

Tree-planters are likely to suffer from musculoskeletal injuries during their short work season. The objective of this research is to identify the biomechanical mechanisms that contribute to these injuries with an overall goal of reducing injury frequency and severity. Pre- and post-season discomfort questionnaires were administered to workers in two tree-planting camps to identify areas of the body most prone to injury. Musculoskeletal pain and discomfort were significantly higher post season. Greatest pain and discomfort were reported in the feet, wrists and back, while the highest frequency of pain was reported in the back. Upper body and trunk postures were recorded during the tree-planting task in the field using digital video and inclinometers. Results indicated that deep trunk flexion occurred over 2600 times per day and workers spent at least half of their workday in trunk flexion greater than 45 degrees. Although results provide useful insight into injury mechanisms, postural data were two dimensional. Inertial motion sensors were used in a second field study the following season to examine differences in three-dimensional upper limb and trunk relative joint angles during commonly used tree seedling unloading methods. Results showed trunk rotation up to 50 degrees combined with deep trunk flexion during parts of the task. Trunk flexion and rotation were significantly less when the tree seedling load was distributed asymmetrically as compared to symmetrically. Joint reaction forces in the lower body and trunk during the same unloading methods was examined during a simulated planting task in a lab environment. Greatest joint reaction forces and non-neutral postures occurred when the tree was inserted into the ground. Right-loaded planting bags resulted in more substantial differences in posture and joint reaction forces than either left-loaded or even-loaded bags. Axial forces were greater in the right leg than the left throughout the task, regardless of loading condition. In conclusion, underlying biomechanical mechanisms for injury during tree-planting seem to be a combination of awkward postures (particularly the trunk), repetitive motions, and carrying of heavy loads. Different seedling unloading strategies did not result in substantial overall differences in posture or joint reaction forces. / Thesis (Ph.D, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-04-14 10:02:32.385