Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the background of the commentary of academic authors. An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het. Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van Duitse akademiese skrywers. 'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel van die Internet.

No description available.

Design is an aspect that can potentially enhance a nations brand, Swedish design is highly regarded in the rest of the world and that is something that the Swedish government happy highlights. Despite this, the government has significantly reduced the grant to Svensk Form, which is the organization with the main task to promote Swedish design internationally. This paper aims to investigate and analyze how Svensk Forms efforts to promote Swedish design internationally affects the Swedish nation brand. Furthermore, the study investigates whether there are cultural differences that affect the communication of the Swedish nation brand. The study has been carried out by applying the theories of nation branding, interculturalcommunication and neoclassical perspective to the collected empirical data which consisted of interviews, two key articles and four documents from the government. The authors of the study therefore use the method of triangulation with a deductive approach.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Multiculturalism, as a set of ideas and policies, is one of the normativeapproaches to the current situation of cultural diversity in multicultural cities.But how can the ideas of multiculturalism be translated into the reality of urbanform? The overall aim of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical andconceptual frame of reference for distilling and identifying the ideas ofmulticulturalism which can be translated into spatial form, and in this way, tohighlight the role urban form may play in addressing the situation of living‘together-in-difference’. In this study, the relation between the materiality ofurban form and the political framework of multiculturalism is at the core of thediscussion.In its exploration into multiculturalism, the thesis identifies theoretical lacunae inexplaining the spatial dimensions of multiculturalism. To be able to discussmulticulturalism in urban form terms, the dissertation chooses the position of a‘civility of indifference’, developed by Amin (2012), as one of many possiblestances within this discourse as an operative conception for such an exercise.Adopting the logical argumentation as the research strategy, the thesis delvesdeep into the conceptual domain mapped by space syntax theory as a primarysystem in this endeavour, and accordingly, describes how the spatial form of thecity, by way of human movement, has the potential to create a variety of socialgroupings. Thereupon the thesis develops a secondary conceptual system withexplanatory applicability to the relation between multiculturalism and spatialform. Supported by these systems of argumentation, the study describes how thespatial morphology of the city may have influence on the situation of livingtogether. It is suggested that overlapping spaces represent the spaces whereurban structure potentially can provide the spatial viability for the emergence ofa ‘civility of indifference’ and its two organizing principles of co-presence andmultiplicity.Hence, the dissertation intends to contribute to theoretical efforts into theexperience of living ‘together-in-difference’ from architectural and urban designperspectives, and argues that multiculturalism distinctly possesses spatialdimensions, which should be conceptualized and addressed through thetheoretical lens of spatial form. Hence, the thesis defends that notwithstandingbeing a complex of social processes, the spatial dimensions of multiculturalismshould not be belittled in efforts to address the situation of living together in themulticultural cities of the West. / <p>QC 20150522</p>

No description available.

This dissertation examined the impact of species, physiological age and spacing on tree form and branching at a Nelder experiment located near Rolleston, Canterbury. Two species were compared, Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus nitens, at a range of stockings from 271 stems/ha to 40,466 stems/ha. Within the P. radiata, two different physiological ages were compared. Stocking and species significantly affected (p-value <0.05) tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), crown depth, branch mortality, branch angle, branch size and internode length. Only stocking was statistically significant for crown width, and height from the ground was also statistically significant for branch angle and branch mortality. DBH, crown width, crown depth, branch size and branch survival decreased with increasing stocking for both species. Branch angle and average internode length increased as stocking increased for both species, and branch angle and average internode length also increased as you moved away from the base of the tree. DBH, average internode length and branch size were significantly larger for P. radiata across all stockings, however branch mortality and branch angle were significantly larger for E. nitens. Physiological age was not statistically significant for any aspects of tree form or branching examined in this study.

Government increasingly contracts out public functions to the private sector. While theory about contract performance management is abundant, there is little empirical evidence on contract performance. Additionally, the public management contract literature emphasizes management strategies to produce desired performance but largely disregards how the structure of ex post contract settings influences individual contract performance. In this dissertation, I develop theory and measures to assess how structural variables influence contract performance on quality dimensions. I focus on networked structures of exchange between contracted programs and government funders and the way exchange is situated in a larger environment. The empirical basis for my dissertation is a set of government funded residential services programs for delinquent youth. The outcome variable is a measure of program quality created by the government funder. Predictor variables include competition at the program and parent organization level and the overall presence of public and nonprofit programs in the contract network. I also examine the effects of organizational form on performance. Most programs are contracted to nonprofit and for-profit organizations with a small number of programs directly provided by government. The mixed market provides an opportunity to test existing theory about organizational form and performance. I use hierarchical linear models (HLM) and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to examine how structural variables influence performance. In the HLM analysis, I find some support for my hypotheses about structural predictors of performance. In the QCA analysis, I find that effects of organizational form are conditional upon structural variables. It appears that nonprofit and public programs perform well under a variety of conditions while for-profit programs are more likely to perform acceptably when they are constrained by structural factors like competition. This dissertation makes theoretical, empirical and practical contributions to the field of public management. Following recent, scholarly tradition, I examine the changing role of government and its increasing use of the nonprofit and for-profit organizations to deliver government services. I incorporate structural theory into the contract management literature and demonstrate the structure of contract settings influences performance. I also develop formal measures of competition in contract settings. I also find that HLM and QCA can be complementary analytical tools and provide a richer picture of causal processes when used on the same dataset.

No description available.

Romėnų teisininkai aiškino, jog sutarčiai sudaryti vien šalių vidinės valios, noro nepakanka - vidinė valia, kol nėra išreikšta, negali sukelti teisinių padarinių, nes žmonės apie ją tiesiog nieko nežino. Kadangi šalys privalo aiškiai išreikšti savo valią sudarant sandorį, šiandien toks valios išreiškimas dažniausiai pasireiškia įtvirtinant ją sutartyse. Tačiau sudarius sutartį, neretai šalys atitinkamai veikia, ko pasėkoje siekia pakeisti savo sutartinių santykių turinį, to neįtvirtindami sutarties pagrindu. Todėl natūraliai kyla klausimas – ar toks valios išreiškimas (konkliudentiniais veiksmais) gali lemti tai, jog rašytinės sutarties nuostatos bus pakeistos? Būtent į šį klausimą ir mėginama atsakyti šiame darbe. Siekiant atsakyti į aukščiau įvardytą klausimą, darbe analizuojami sutarties formos reikalavimai nuo pat Romos teisės laikų. Pateikiamas šiandieninis reguliavimas dėl keliamų reikalavimų sutarties formai Anglosaksų ir Kontinentinės tradicijos šalyse, tai lėmusios priežastys ir ateities vizija pagal Troikos (CISG, Unidroit ir PECL principų) reguliavimą. Išsamiai atskleidžiami sutarties formos laisvės bei contrarius actus principai. Daugiausia dėmesio šiame darbe skiriama contrarius actus principo išimčiai, vadinamai Estoppel taisyklei Anglosaksų tisinėje tradicijoje, kurią yra perėmę dauguma Kontinentinės tradicijos šalių, o taip pat ir Troikos reguliavimas. Paskutiniame šio darbo skyriuje analizuojama Lietuvos teisėje įtvirtinta Estoppel taisyklė, kuri yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Rome lawyers annotated that only the will or desire of the parties to conclude a contract is not enough, until it is expressed bilateral. In other way the contract would be concluded because parties would not know each other will . Since parties must express their will unequivocal, today they will generally is expressed in written contracts. But sometimes parties after concluding a contract takes some kind of performance expecting that this action will change content of the contract, without amendments established in the contract. This situation brings to light a question – whether these actions can amend content of concluded contract? Exactly this question is observed in this work. With a view to answer above set question, author of this work researches requirements of contract form starting from ancient Rome regulation. Author also overlooks contract form requirements in common law and continental traditions law systems, named regulation reasons and the vision of the future in accordance with the Troika (CISG, Unidroit and PECL principles). Disclosed in details principles of freedom of the contract form and contractus actus. The focus of this work is granted exceptionally about contrarius actus principle exemption which is known as Estoppel rule in common law tradition system, which is also detected in continental tradition law system and Troika. The last chapter of this work analyzes the Estoppel rule in Lithuanian law system and how it is successfully applied in... [to full text]