Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2007. / Title from title screen; viewed on July 9, 2007. "13 May 2007." Electronic version of original print document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-70).

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2007. / Vita. "National Defense Univ Norfolk VA"--DTIC cover. "13 May 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-70). Also available via the Internet.

Fratricide is one of the most devastating consequences of any military conflict. Target identification failures have been identified as the last link in a chain of mistakes that can lead to fratricide. Other links include weapon and equipment malfunctions, command, control, and communication failures, navigation failures, fire discipline failures, and situation awareness failures. This research examined the effects of degraded vision and combat identification reliability on the time-stressed decision of a dismounted infantryman to engage friendly or threat targets. Twelve soldiers with the Military Occupational Specialty 95B (Military Police) participated in several live-fire scenarios while wearing goggles with various levels of transmissivity and shooting an M16A2 containing a combat identification system operating at 100% and 60% reliability. As expected, there was a significant main effect of Transmissivity Level [F(2, 22) = 8.168, p = 0.002] and Combat Identification Reliability [F(2, 22) = 38.467, p < 0.001] and a significant interaction effect of Transmissivity Level x Combat Identification Reliability [F(4, 44) = 3.111, p = 0.024] on the Number of Friendly Targets engaged. The main effects of Transmissivity Level and Combat Identification Reliability and their interaction effect on the Number of Missed Threat Targets were nonsignificant. An unexpected result was no practical increase in Mean Reaction Time using a combat identification system on the M16A2. As technology continues to improve the lethality of military weapon systems, a corresponding increase in target identification is required to avoid friendly fire causalities. Designers of future combat identification systems for the dismounted force will need to focus on operational reliability and ease of use to maximize the system benefits. / Master of Science

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / Lynn E. Hancock / The enterococci are gaining much notoriety as common nosocomial pathogens. One aspect of their pathogenesis, especially characteristic to infectious endocarditis and urinary tract infections, involves their ability to transition from the sessile state of existence to surface adherent structured communities called biofilms. Existence as biofilms, affords enterococci protection against a number of growth limiting challenges including antibiotic therapy and host immunity. In the current study a mechanistic role for two Fsr quorum-regulated extracellular proteases- gelatinase (GelE) and its cotranscribed serine protease (SprE), were explored in biofilm development of E. faecalis V583. Confocal imaging of biofilms suggested that GelE[superscript]– mutants were significantly reduced in biofilm biomass compared to V583, whereas the absence of SprE appeared to accelerate the progression of biofilm development. Culture supernatant and biofilm analysis confirmed that decreased biofilms observed in GelE[superscript]– mutants resulted from their inability to undergo autolysis and release extracellular DNA (eDNA) in planktonic and biofilm cultures, whereas SprE[superscript]– mutants produced significantly more eDNA as components of the biofilm matrix. The governing principle behind GelE mediated autolysis and eDNA release in E. faecalis V583 was demonstrated to be fratricide. GFP reporter assays of V583 populations confirmed that GBAP (gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone encoded by fsrD) quorum non-responders (GelE[superscript]–SprE[superscript]–) were a minority subpopulation of prey cells susceptible to the targeted fratricidal action of the quorum responsive predatorial majority (GelE[superscript]+SprE[superscript]+). The killing action is dependent on GelE, and the GelE producer population is protected from self-destruction by the co-production of SprE as an immunity protein. Targeted gene inactivation and protein interaction studies demonstrate that extracellular proteases execute their characteristic effects following downstream interactions with the primary autolysin, AtlA. Finally, comparison of virulence effects of isogenic extracellular protease mutants (∆gelE, ∆sprE and ∆gelEsprE) relative to parental strain (V583) in a rabbit model of enterococcal endocarditis confirmed a critical role for GelE in the infection process. In conclusion, the data presented in this thesis are consistent with significant roles for GelE and SprE in biofilm mediated pathogenesis of enterococcal infections.

<p>Vådabekämpningar är inget nytt fenomen när det kommer till militära operationer. För att kunna lösa detta problem så måste man ta reda på vilka de största orsakerna till vådabekämpning är samt vilka lösningar det finns för att minska risken. I denna uppsats har det genomförts kvalitativa litteraturstudier om fenomenet vådabekämpning, från <em>Operation Desert Storm</em> och framåt.</p><p> Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur arbetet med att förhindra vådabekämpningar skulle kunna se ut, samt ta reda på vilka de största anledningarna är till att vådabekämpningar uppstår.</p><p> Analysen visar att det finns en rad olika orsaker till att vådabekämpningar uppstår. Vidare så visas ett antal åtgärder som kan vidtas för att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Resultatet visar på att det går att reducerar riskerna, men att fenomenet aldrig helt kan försvinna.</p> / <p>When it comes to military operations, fratricide is not a new phenomenon. In order to solve the problem of fratricide, one has to be aware of its major cause as well as the means by which the risk of fratricide can be decreased. This paper presents a qualitative study of literature concerning the phenomenon of fratricide from the time of <em>Operation Desert Storm</em> and after.</p><p>The purpose of the paper is to learn how the work to prevent fratricide might be organized as well as outlining the major causes of fratricide.</p><p> The analysis shows that there are several causes to fratricide. It also presents a number of actions that can be taken to decrease the risk of it happening. The result shows that even though the risk can indeed be reduced the phenomenon as such will never disappear completely.</p>

Vådabekämpningar är inget nytt fenomen när det kommer till militära operationer. För att kunna lösa detta problem så måste man ta reda på vilka de största orsakerna till vådabekämpning är samt vilka lösningar det finns för att minska risken. I denna uppsats har det genomförts kvalitativa litteraturstudier om fenomenet vådabekämpning, från Operation Desert Storm och framåt.  Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur arbetet med att förhindra vådabekämpningar skulle kunna se ut, samt ta reda på vilka de största anledningarna är till att vådabekämpningar uppstår.  Analysen visar att det finns en rad olika orsaker till att vådabekämpningar uppstår. Vidare så visas ett antal åtgärder som kan vidtas för att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Resultatet visar på att det går att reducerar riskerna, men att fenomenet aldrig helt kan försvinna. / When it comes to military operations, fratricide is not a new phenomenon. In order to solve the problem of fratricide, one has to be aware of its major cause as well as the means by which the risk of fratricide can be decreased. This paper presents a qualitative study of literature concerning the phenomenon of fratricide from the time of Operation Desert Storm and after. The purpose of the paper is to learn how the work to prevent fratricide might be organized as well as outlining the major causes of fratricide.  The analysis shows that there are several causes to fratricide. It also presents a number of actions that can be taken to decrease the risk of it happening. The result shows that even though the risk can indeed be reduced the phenomenon as such will never disappear completely.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa möjligheter och begränsningar med olika tekniska system för att identifiera kontakter på stridsfältet, främst med avseende på att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Uppsatsen skall också belysa om införande av tekniska system för identifiering av kontakter är den enskilt bästa metoden för att undvika vådabekämpningar. Syftet är att läsaren skall uppnå en förståelse för vad olika typer av system för identifiering kan bidra med för att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Utöver detta belyses andra nackdelar och fördelar med de olika tekniska systemen förutom just inom området identifiering. Uppsatsen beskriver olika händelser där vådabekämpningar skett och kopplar dessa mot hur olika tekniska system eventuellt hade kunnat minska risken för att vådabekämpningen skulle ha skett. Uppsatsen beskriver också ett antal olika tekniska system för identifiering av kontakter på stridsfältet. / The purpose of this essay is to shed light on possibilities and limitations regarding different systems for identification of contacts on the battlefield, mainly for the purpose of reducing fratricide. The essay will also shed light on if the introduction of systems for identification on the battlefield is the best one single method that will reduce fratricide. The purpose is that the reader will achieve an understanding of how different systems for target identification will reduce the risk for fratricide. In addition the possibilities and limitations of other systems in the field of combat identification will also be addressed. The essay describes different events where fratricide has occurred and connects these events with the possibilities and limitations of the identification systems described and how these systems could have reduced the risk for fratricide. The essay also describes different systems for target identification and combat identification.

En réponse au traumatisme de la division nationale suscitée par la guerre civile et cristallisée pendant le franquisme, la figure d’Antigone resurgit avec force dans la dramaturgie espagnole. Le parcours de résistance de cette héroïne grecque devient, sous la plume des auteurs espagnols du XXème siècle, l’emblème de la « juste mémoire » (Ricœur, 2000). Partant de l’hypothèse que le corpus des Antigones espagnoles constitue un ensemble relevant d’une dynamique commune de relecture de l’histoire, cette thèse recherche, à travers un travail comparatif des structures et des symboliques, la cohérence des versions catalanes, galiciennes et castillanes, de l’exil comme de l’intérieur, pour la période comprise entre 1936 et 1989. Dix-huit pièces sont ainsi mises en perspective pour démontrer la conquête de discours mémoriels et compensatoires à partir des sources hypotextuelles que constituent la tragédie de Sophocle, mais aussi les autres versions théâtrales du mythe. La première partie examine les procédés de réécriture du mythe, de l’histoire et de la tragédie, pour qualifier les pièces et déterminer un éventuel noyau mythique ou un schéma référentiel récurrent. La notion de « (re)configurations contemporaines » au prisme du contexte politique émerge alors pour désigner les objets de ce travail. La deuxième partie analyse les convergences esthétiques et les motifs récurrents dans les textes, car les Antigones espagnoles contemporaines placent au centre de la scène la métaphore de la marge pour figurer l’exclusion politique, ou encore celle du chemin pour représenter les destins brisés et l’exil. Fondamentalement, ces œuvres forgent un tombeau littéraire pour les défunts oubliés, mais aussi un monument en l’honneur des invisibles. La dimension esthétique de cette place théâtrale compensatrice ouvre une réflexion sur son sens cathartique dans une société en recomposition pendant la Transition. En effet, le troisième volet de cette thèse est centré sur la théâtralisation de l’histoire : il s’agit d’étudier les dispositifs de déconstruction des récits nationaux à travers les différents réagencements du mythe des Labdacides. Cette clé de lecture révèle les stratégies de démythification-remythification qui président aux nouvelles charges sémantiques des épisodes mythiques, dépeignant un autoportrait déformant de la communauté espagnole en crise. À l’horizon de ces pratiques de réécriture, se lit la conception d’une époque historique comme une épopée, que la parole cérémonielle et le dispositif scénique peuvent contribuer à purger, par une distance qui englobe un large prisme, de la sacralité au grotesque. / Echoing the traumatic conflict within the nation caused by the Civil War and crystallized during Franco’s era, Antigone’s reappearance was extremely intense in Spanish dramatic creation. In contemporary rewritings, the resistance of this tragic character from Greek mythology turned out to be the emblem of a “fairer memory” (Ricoeur, 2000). This work asserts that the Spanish Antigones converge and share a common signification when it comes to rewriting History; and resorts to a comparative study of structures and symbols to shed light on the continuity between the Castilian, Catalan and Galician versions, between those written in exile or not, from 1936 to 1989. In order to establish the common dynamic, eighteen plays are compared, whose key idea is to create a memorial and a redeeming discourse based on the Greek sources but also inspired by other versions of the tragedy. Therefore, the first part examines the strategies implemented to rearrange the mythical pattern, the historical context and the tragic genre. This leads to the conclusion that there is no permanent mythical core nor a fully recurrent referential scheme. As such, the notion of “contemporary (re)configurations” through the prism of politics seems relevant to describe the rewritings. The second part analyses the aesthetic convergences and the recurring themes and metaphors throughout the texts and concludes that in the contemporary Spanish Antigones, the image of the margins embodying exclusion takes on centre stage while the image of the path is resorted to in order to evoke broken destinies and exile. Basically, these plays create a literary tomb for the forgotten deceased but also a monument in honour of the invisible –alive– ones. The aesthetic dimension of this compensatory play requires a reflection upon its cathartic sense in a transforming society during the Transition to democracy. Indeed, the third part of this work focuses on the dramatization of History, making it crucial to study the scenic devices that dismantle the official stories and political myths. This reveals the strategies of “demystification” followed by new mythifications that portray a distorting image of the Spanish community in crisis. Ultimately, these practices of rewriting show that the playwrights conceived their time as an epic and mythical phase which could be purged by theatrical ceremonial thanks to a distancing effect that covers a large prism, from sacred to grotesque.