This thesis discloses how I explored free improvisation through minimalism and composition.  My initial aims were to merge minimalism with free improvisation. I wanted to combine the hypnotic and meditative effect of the former with the co-creative aspect and element of surprise of the latter. In continuing experiments together with fellow musicians, I tried out different kinds of composing for improvisers, focusing on for instance repetition and motivic development. Experiments were recorded and reflected upon throughout.  However, halfway into my studies I wanted to focus more on co-creation in-the-moment and therefore left composing behind, but instead used my compositions as practice tools for free improvisation. At this pivotal part of the process, new challenges regarding “improvisation vs. composition” emerged. These were overcome thanks to a change of mindset.  As a result of these studies, I expanded my vocabulary as improviser, for instance a creative use of repetition, a broader range of interaction and a deeper understanding of free improvisation in general.

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New free improvisers may come across six major problems as they learn to improvise: imbalance between technique and music, incorrect perception of limitation, imbalance between rationality and emotion, lack of enthusiasm, inability to view criticism as a source of creativity, and misunderstanding of mistakes and risks. In this thesis, I propose a set of effective pedagogical tools as possible solutions for students and groups interested in exploring the beauty of free improvisation.

Este artigo consiste na utilização da técnica de viewpoints como ferramenta de composição para o ambiente da livre improvisação musical. Para isso, iremos esclarecer inicialmente alguns conceitos relativos ao ambiente da livre improvisação, entre outras questões centrais como o que são viewpoints e quais são seus recursos para criação no contexto das artes performativas. Nosso objetivo final será um cruzamento entre viewpoints e a prática da livre improvisação musical, utilizando alguns procedimentos comuns a ambos ambientes de criação como a composição coletiva e a improvisação. / This article is the use of viewpoints technique applied in the free musical improvisation environment. For this, we will clarify key issues such as; what are viewpoints, resources for collaborative composition in the context of performing arts, and a conceptual approach to the creative environment of free improvisation. Our ultimate goal will be a crossover between viewpoints with the practice of free musical improvisation, using some common procedures present in both authoring environments, such as the collective composition and improvisation.

Este artigo consiste na utilização da técnica de viewpoints como ferramenta de composição para o ambiente da livre improvisação musical. Para isso, iremos esclarecer inicialmente alguns conceitos relativos ao ambiente da livre improvisação, entre outras questões centrais como o que são viewpoints e quais são seus recursos para criação no contexto das artes performativas. Nosso objetivo final será um cruzamento entre viewpoints e a prática da livre improvisação musical, utilizando alguns procedimentos comuns a ambos ambientes de criação como a composição coletiva e a improvisação. / This article is the use of viewpoints technique applied in the free musical improvisation environment. For this, we will clarify key issues such as; what are viewpoints, resources for collaborative composition in the context of performing arts, and a conceptual approach to the creative environment of free improvisation. Our ultimate goal will be a crossover between viewpoints with the practice of free musical improvisation, using some common procedures present in both authoring environments, such as the collective composition and improvisation.

This thesis takes the linguistic concept of metonymy and examines its potential as a creative structural principle both in poetry and in music. I explore the role of metonymy in the work of the poet J.H. Prynne, the improvising guitarist Derek Bailey, and the composer Helmut Lachenmann. I have also deployed some of the ideas arising from this exploration in a modular composition for improvisers entitled Representations, recordings of which accompany this thesis. My argument is that metonymy provides a means by which a work of poetry or of music can be highly sensitive to the world which it inhabits, but can do so by itself being an inextricably linked part of this world, rather than an attempt to reproduce or represent it, or to simply pass judgement from the sidelines. In my introduction I outline the literary theory of metonymy. I discuss the way that metonymy encompasses relationships both of contiguity and causality, and make the case that the many limitations inherent in metonymy (which have often led to its being perceived as inferior to metaphor) can in fact be seen as advantanges, because of the way that they can bind the work of art to the real. I briefly discuss some previous applications of metonymy to music, and outline an understanding of musical metonymy based on linear dissimilarity, historical and social contiguity, the origins and agency behind particular sounds, and an occlusion of the structural middleground. The first chapter discusses the work of J.H. Prynne. I argue that a use of metonymy as a productive constraint is illuminated by a philosophical position according to which the world is known to be real because of the resistances it presents to the actualisation of our desires. I discuss the role of metonymy in the development of Prynne’s poetic oeuvre, before illustrating my argument with a detailed analysis of the 2001 sequence Unanswering Rational Shore. In the second chapter I turn to the work of Derek Bailey. Drawing heavily on unpublished items from the Incus archive, I demonstrate the meticulous way in which Bailey constructed his improvisational vocabulary, and the senses in which that vocabulary and its deployment could be characterised as metonymic. I explore the influence on Bailey of Stockhausen, Beckett and Musil, and show how form and material in his work are inextricably entwined. The third chapter examines the work of Helmut Lachenmann and in particular the 1992 composition „... zwei Gefühle ...“, Musik mit Leonardo. I examine the role of the listener and the productive activity that metonymic structures require of them. I focus on Lachenmann’s deployment both of actual and pseudo-causality in his music, as well as his use of historical reference in an indexical fashion. In my fourth chapter I present my composition for improvisers, Representations. I discuss its mechanics, development, and influences, and I set forth its relationship to the concepts of musical metonymy I have elucidated in the body of this thesis, under the headings of “arbitration”, similarity, referentiality and the relationship between material and the middleground. In a short concluding chapter I take another angle on the links between the themes of this thesis by discussing the role of rubbish in the work of Prynne, Bailey and Lachenmann, and its apparently paradoxical relationship with a certain concept of purity. This allows me to conclude by considering the relationship of metonymic structures to a conception of truth which, I believe, has a certain urgency in the contemporary artistic climate.

Esta pesquisa trata da interação no contexto da livre improvisação a partir de conexões entre essa prática musical e o comportamento performático do clown. No decorrer dos estudos procuramos por estratégias de interação que fomentem ações intencionadas à criação colaborativa. Descobrimos permeabilidades entre o modo de interação musical do/a livre improvisador/a e o modo de interação performática do clown. Dessas conexões depreendemos reflexões sobre interação e performance. Também elaboramos exercícios para explorar essas questões no contexto da livre improvisação por meio do trabalho com parâmetros específicos, restrições pontuais e roteiros de eventos. Os exercícios foram realizados pelo grupo laboratório vinculado à nossa pesquisa, a Orquestra Errante. Assim, no decorrer dos encontros e mediante o trabalho realizado, exploramos estratégias de interação entre os/as músicos/musicistas, além de apresentamos performances que foram realizadas pelo grupo dentro e fora da Universidade de São Paulo. Para expor nossa argumentação a respeito da interação, nos apropriamos das experiências realizadas pelo grupo, acionando relatos de alguns ensaios e apresentações. Nesse sentido, todos os encontros da Orquestra Errante foram registrados em áudio e parte desse material foi editado e se encontra nos CDs anexos. / This research deals with the interaction in the context of free improvisation according to connections between this musical practice and the performative behavior of the clown. In the course of the studies we looked for interaction strategies that encouraged actions of collaborative creation. We discovered permeabilities between the musical interaction mode of the free improviser and the performative interaction mode of the clown. From these connections, we could infer reflections on interaction and performance. We also elaborated exercises to explore these issues in the context of free improvisation by working with specific parameters, transient restrictions and event scripts. The exercises were carried out by the laboratory group linked to our research, the \"Orquestra Errante\". Thus, during the meetings and by means of the work done, we explored interaction strategies among the musicians, besides holding performances inside and outside the University of São Paulo. To expose our argumentation on the interaction, we assumed the experiments conducted by the group, applying the reports of some rehearsals and performances. In this sense, all meetings of \"Orquestra Errante\" were recorded in audio and some of this material has been edited and is available in the CDs attached.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-21T19:56:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Carlos Santos Meira - 2017.pdf: 2939816 bytes, checksum: 9d91563d7420c7c89429b61b8b221cd7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-22T10:41:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Carlos Santos Meira - 2017.pdf: 2939816 bytes, checksum: 9d91563d7420c7c89429b61b8b221cd7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T10:41:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Carlos Santos Meira - 2017.pdf: 2939816 bytes, checksum: 9d91563d7420c7c89429b61b8b221cd7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research is a proposal directed at the practice of free improvisation, elaboration of performances and compositions in the contemporary music perspective. Seeking throughout the text to understand this musical practice in context of its emergence, aesthetic influences and its development to the present. This text is divided into three parts. The first part discusses through a literature review the nascent aesthetics of free improvisation. The second part analyzes the poetics of content related to sound and the initiation of poetry within the form. The third part is the development of process involving new technologies and analysis of free improvisation sessions. / Essa pesquisa é uma proposta direcionada para a prática de Livre Improvisação, elaboração de performances e composições na perspectiva musical contemporânea. Procura no decorrer do texto entender esta prática musical no contexto de seu surgimento, influências estéticas e seus desdobramentos até a atualidade. Este texto se subdivide em três partes. A primeira parte discute através de revisão bibliográfica a nascente estética da Livre Improvisação. A segunda parte analisa a poética do conteúdo relacionada a sonoridade e a poética de abertura no âmbito da forma. A terceira parte constitui da elaboração de processos que envolvam novas tecnologias e análise em sessões de Livre Improvisação.

Esta pesquisa trata da interação no contexto da livre improvisação a partir de conexões entre essa prática musical e o comportamento performático do clown. No decorrer dos estudos procuramos por estratégias de interação que fomentem ações intencionadas à criação colaborativa. Descobrimos permeabilidades entre o modo de interação musical do/a livre improvisador/a e o modo de interação performática do clown. Dessas conexões depreendemos reflexões sobre interação e performance. Também elaboramos exercícios para explorar essas questões no contexto da livre improvisação por meio do trabalho com parâmetros específicos, restrições pontuais e roteiros de eventos. Os exercícios foram realizados pelo grupo laboratório vinculado à nossa pesquisa, a Orquestra Errante. Assim, no decorrer dos encontros e mediante o trabalho realizado, exploramos estratégias de interação entre os/as músicos/musicistas, além de apresentamos performances que foram realizadas pelo grupo dentro e fora da Universidade de São Paulo. Para expor nossa argumentação a respeito da interação, nos apropriamos das experiências realizadas pelo grupo, acionando relatos de alguns ensaios e apresentações. Nesse sentido, todos os encontros da Orquestra Errante foram registrados em áudio e parte desse material foi editado e se encontra nos CDs anexos. / This research deals with the interaction in the context of free improvisation according to connections between this musical practice and the performative behavior of the clown. In the course of the studies we looked for interaction strategies that encouraged actions of collaborative creation. We discovered permeabilities between the musical interaction mode of the free improviser and the performative interaction mode of the clown. From these connections, we could infer reflections on interaction and performance. We also elaborated exercises to explore these issues in the context of free improvisation by working with specific parameters, transient restrictions and event scripts. The exercises were carried out by the laboratory group linked to our research, the \"Orquestra Errante\". Thus, during the meetings and by means of the work done, we explored interaction strategies among the musicians, besides holding performances inside and outside the University of São Paulo. To expose our argumentation on the interaction, we assumed the experiments conducted by the group, applying the reports of some rehearsals and performances. In this sense, all meetings of \"Orquestra Errante\" were recorded in audio and some of this material has been edited and is available in the CDs attached.

Submitted by PEDRO LOPES DA SILVA MACEDO null (umagoma@gmail.com) on 2016-07-21T17:27:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Entrega.pdf: 1228145 bytes, checksum: b6cbf98c3c7f226762d43d7450907eb0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-25T18:43:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 macedo_pls_me_ia.pdf: 1228145 bytes, checksum: b6cbf98c3c7f226762d43d7450907eb0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T18:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 macedo_pls_me_ia.pdf: 1228145 bytes, checksum: b6cbf98c3c7f226762d43d7450907eb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A improvisação livre, por suas características sui generis, traz ao campo da preparação para performance uma problemática diversa daquela encontrada a partir do seu estudo fundado na música tradicional, idiomática, seu objeto preferencial. Este trabalho investiga os elementos e a eficácia da preparação para a performance do contrabaixo na improvisação livre, visando a um só tempo contribuir para o estudo da preparação para performance musical, como também fornecer subsídios para a preparação e prática da improvisação livre no contrabaixo. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os temas da improvisação livre e da preparação para performance, busca-se definir os elementos específicos necessários à preparação para performance da improvisação livre, fazendo uma análise de sua aplicação na preparação para performance musical. Discute-se também as bases conceituais da improvisação livre, buscando uma maior compreensão desta prática. Por fim, sugere-se guias para a prática da improvisação livre no contrabaixo através de estratégias e exercícios, com o intuito de estimular o conhecimento e o uso desta prática entre estudantes e músicos em geral. / Free improvisation, regarding its unique characteristics, brings to the performance field of research a diverse problematic that is found in studies based on the traditional, idiomatic music, its preferential object. This work investigates the elements and efficiency of the free improvisation performance preparation on the double bass, aiming both to contribute to the musical performance study and to provide subsidies to the free improvisation preparation and practice on that instrument. From a literature review on the themes related to the free improvisation and performance preparation, this paper seeks to define the specific elements needed to the free improvisation performance preparation, analyzing its application in musical performance, broad sense. It also discusses the conceptual basis of the free improvisation, in order to enlarge this practice’s comprehension. Guides to the initial approach to free improvisation on the double bass are presented, in order to stimulate the student and general musician to this practice.